Pocket hit
| Shilha language ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ |
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|---|---|---|
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Spoken in |
Morocco , also in the diaspora in Europe | |
| speaker | approx. 6-8 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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| ISO 639 -2 |
ber |
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| ISO 639-3 |
shi |
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Taschelhit or Schlöh , also Tassussit , French Chleuh or Souss-Tamazight , own name depending on the dialect tašǝlḥit ~ tašǝlḥᵃit ~ tašǝlḥiyt , is a Berber language spoken by the Schlöh people in Morocco .
The number of speakers is estimated at around 6 to 8 million. The estimate is uncertain because the language flows towards the northeast into the Central Atlas Tamazight , with which there is a dialect continuum. If the number is correct, it is still before the Kabyle to the largest living Berber language. A large community from southern Morocco lives in France and Belgium and continues to use the language.
The pocket hit has a rich and old tradition of writing in North Africa. As early as the Middle Ages, around 1100 AD, there is evidence in Berber language that is regarded as the early form of the Taschelhit. More extensive works begin with the poet Muhammad Awzal (1680–1758). New literary productions in this language have been available since the 1970s. The Koran has been translated into this language in recent years.
The historical language area of the Taschelhit is southern Morocco ( Essaouira , Marrakech , Agadir , Tiznit , Taroudannt , Ouarzazate ). Taschelhit speakers are often trilingual: in addition to Taschelhit, they speak French and Arabic .
According to the system
Consonants
The Taschelhit distinguishes the following consonants :
| Labials | Dental |
emphatic dentals |
Palatal | Velare | Labiovelare | Postvelare | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| voiceless plosives | t | ṭ | č | k | kw | q | |
| voiced plosives | b | d | ḍ | ǧ | G | gw | |
| voiceless fricatives | f | s | š | x | xw | ||
| voiced fricatives | z | ẓ | ž | γ | γw |
In addition there are m, n, l, r, w, y, as well as h and the pharyngals ḥ (voiceless) and ʕ (voiced) only in Arabic words .
The consonants ṭ and q are usually only available as lengths (ṭṭ, qq) and then correspond to a simple ḍ or γ, which are normally not lengthened. Due to the presence of foreign Arabic words in which individual einzelne and q also occur, this rule does not apply consistently.
The pronouncing of the emphatic consonants corresponds to the corresponding sounds of Arabic, i.e. they are spoken with a narrowed mouth and lead to a characteristic discoloration (centralization) of neighboring vowels.
Vowels
There are only four different vowels : a, i, u and ǝ. In contrast to the consonants, the vowels of the Taschelhit do not differentiate between shortening and length, apart from the fact that ǝ is generally to be spoken short, whereas a, i and u can be of medium length.
Marble vowel
The marble vowel ǝ only stands between groups of consonants that are difficult to pronounce, and its position can be almost completely predicted. Hence, it could be omitted from the notation and not viewed as a phoneme. But here it is noted as also u. a. in the grammar of Aspinion. In morphology, the ǝ is often shifted in order to achieve a better syllable structure; compare:
- f ǝ hmǝγ "I understood", but ifh ǝ m "he understood"
- tǝsk ǝ rt "you do", but tǝskǝrm "you do"
- eat ǝ n "he knows", but ssn ǝ γ "I know"
The rules for inserting ǝ are not straightforward, but two important principles can be stated:
- ǝ is never an open syllable
- ǝ is preferably inserted before consonants with high sonority , e.g. B. rather before m, n, r, l than before t, k, s.
Due to the latter rule, one says skǝr “to do”, but sǝrs “to lay” (both verbs belong to the same conjugation class).
Emphasis
The stress is considered to be of little relevance in the hit pocket hit and is rarely noted or discussed in grammars.
grammar
Personal pronouns
The pronouns of the Taschelhit make a gender difference in most grammatical persons (except in the 1st person Sg.) , While German only in the 3rd person. Sg. Differentiated between "he" and "she".
| independent |
Suffixes after preposition |
Possessive suffixes | accusative object suffixes |
dative object suffixes |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. sg. "I" | nəkki | Ø or -i | -inu | -yyi | -yyi |
| 2. so. mask. "you" | kiyyi | -k | -nnək | -k | -ak |
| 2. so. fem. "you" | kəmmi | -m | -nnəm | -kəm | -at the |
| 3rd sg. mask. "he" | nətta | -s | -nnəs | -t | -as |
| 3rd sg. fem. "she" | nəttat | -s | -nnəs | -tt | -as |
| 1. pl. mask. "we" | nəkkni | -nəγ | -nnəγ | -aγ | -aγ |
| 1. pl. fem. "we" | nəkkənti | -nəγ | -nnəγ | -aγ | -aγ |
| 2. pl. mask. "her" | kwənni | -U.N | -well | -kwən | -awən |
| 2. pl. fem. "her" | kwənnimti | -unt | - well | -kwənt | -awənt |
| 3rd pl. mask. "she" | nəttni | -sən | -nnsən | -tən | -asən |
| 3rd pl. fem. "she" | nəttənti | -sənt | -nnsənt | -tənt | -asənt |
noun
genus
The nouns distinguish between two genera : masculine and feminine. The gender can generally be recognized by the shape:
Masculine words usually begin with a vowel a- or i-, less often with u- or wa-. Feminine put a t- in front of it and begin with ta-, ti or tu-, and they also have an ending -t, which always comes after a consonant, but can be missing after a vowel. The formation of the genera can be illustrated with examples like the following:
- afullus "cock" - tafullust "chicken"
- izǝm "lion" - tizǝmt "lioness"
- aγaḍ "male goat" - taγaṭṭ "female goat" (ṭṭ from ḍ + t)
- ašǝlḥi "Schǝlh-Mann" - tašǝlḥit "Schǝlh-Frau" (also the name of the language)
You can see from the morphology (details below) that at least the prefix vowels a- and i- did not originally belong to the stem . In particular, the a- is still dropped in certain forms of the noun. But there are also nouns in which a- or i- is to be assumed as part of the stem and is therefore always retained.
Further examples of masculine characters:
- amlal "sand"
- iḍ "night"
- ul "heart"
- warǝẓẓan "wasp"
- laẓ "Hunger" (one of the rarer examples without an initial vowel)
- amjut "bald head"
More examples of feminine:
- tafukt "sun"
- tiyni "date" (an example without a final -t)
- does "middle"
Sometimes a masculine term denotes a collective and the corresponding feminine denotes the individual:
- aẓalim "onion (s) (collective)" - taẓalimt "(individual) onion"
In some cases, the feminine derivative can have the meaning of a diminutive:
- afus "hand" - tafust "little hand"
Arabic nouns
Numerous Arabic nouns were borrowed from the pocket hit . These are also either masculine or feminine, but in most cases they do not show the characteristic prefixes, but the feminine suffix -t. Instead, they begin with the Arabic definite article (l-, often assimilated, which leads to a double consonant), which however has lost the meaning of an article, because the Taschelhit does not distinguish between definite and indefinite nouns:
Examples of masculine Arabic origin:
- lkas "glass"
- ttažǝr "dealer"
- ssuq "market"
Examples of feminines of Arabic origin:
- lǝʕfit "fire"
- nnqwǝrt "silver"
- ddunit "world"
Plural
Nouns distinguish the two numbers singular and plural. The way they are formed is complicated and difficult to predict. The following rules can be specified:
The typical endings are -ǝn for masculine and -in for feminine, with -in replacing the ending -t of the singular. In addition, for most nouns beginning with a- this vowel is replaced by i-, correspondingly with feminine ta- by ti-. It can be assumed here that a- does not belong to the stem of the noun, but is a singular sign that is replaced by a plural sign i-. Examples of masculine characters:
- adrar "mountain" - idrarǝn "mountains"
- argaz "man" - irgazǝn "men"
- ašǝlḥi "Schǝlh-Mann" - išǝlḥiyn "Schǝlh-Men" (-i becomes -iy before the plural ending)
Examples of feminine:
- tamγart "woman" - timγarin "women"
- tafullust "chicken" - tifullusin "chicken"
- tašǝlḥit "Schǝlh woman" - tišǝlḥiyin "Schǝlh women"
In other nouns, however, an a- remains stable. Here it can be assumed that the a- belongs to the stem of the noun:
- agwmar "horse" - agwmarǝn "horses"
- tagant "forest" - taganin "forest"
The initial i- and u- generally remain unchanged:
- igigil "orphan" - igigilǝn "orphans"
- tizlǝft "ears of corn" - tizǝlfin "ears of corn"
- urar "song" - urarǝn "songs"
Many nouns show different ending variants, e.g. B .:
- usu "bed" - usutǝn "beds"
- igǝr "field" - igran "fields"
- isǝm "name" - ismawǝn "name"
- taγawsa "thing" - tiγawsiwin "things"
- itri "star" - itran "star"
- awal "word" - iwaliwǝn "words"
Another characteristic of the plural can be that a vowel -a- is inserted in the stem or another vowel is replaced by -a-. Longer words also include -ia- or -ua-. If there are such vowel changes, the plural ending is usually not used. Examples of masculine characters:
- usmǝn "lightning" - usman "lightning"
- amǝddakkul "friend" - imǝddukkal "friends"
- iḍ "night" - aḍan "nights"
- amǝẓẓuγ "ear" - imǝẓẓaγ "ears"
- uššǝn "jackal" - uššann "jackals"
- ass "day" - ussan "days"
- agḍiḍ "bird" - igḍaḍ "birds"
- amǝdlu "cloud" - imǝdla "clouds"
Examples of feminine:
- tazzwit "bee" - tizzwa "bees"
- taḥanut "business" - tiḥuna "business"
- tamazirt "country" - timizar "countries"
- tagǝrtilt "Matte" - tigǝrtal "Matten"
- timǝzgida "mosque" - timǝzgadiwin "mosques"
- tasarut "(the) key" - tisura "(the) key"
Occasionally there is a doubling of consonants in the plural:
- afus "hand" - ifassǝn "hands"
Some expressions that do not have any of the common prefixes form their plural by placing an element in front of id-:
- baba "my father" - id-baba "my fathers"
- warǝẓẓan "wasp" - id-warǝẓẓan "wasp"
Quite irregular are u. a .:
- tiṭṭ "eye" - allǝn "eyes"
- gwma "my brother" - aytma "my brothers"
- aydi "dog" - iḍan "dogs"
- illi "my daughter" - isti "my daughters"
Nouns of Arabic origin typically retain their Arabic plural form, e.g. B. in the pocket hit shows otherwise unusual vowel changes:
- lktab "book" - lktub "books"
- ssuq "market" - laswaq "markets"
- lbhimt "animal" - lbhaym "animal"
- luqt "time" - lawqat "times"
Some nouns, including some names for liquids, only occur in the plural:
- idammǝn "blood"
- tillas "darkness" (fem.pl.)
- l flow "money"
- mǝddǝn "people"
- aman "water"
Etat d'annexion
This French term (such as “connected status”, Berberology is traditionally influenced by French) denotes a special form of the noun and distinguishes it from the normal form, the état libre (“free status”). This form is used:
- for the subject , it is provided immediately after the verb is
- after prepositions including the genitive particles n
The état d'annexion is formed by changing the beginning of the word. Occurrences after prepositions are given here as examples. The rules are as follows:
The noun prefix a- masculine nouns is dropped and replaced by u-. The prefix of ta- feminine nouns becomes t (ǝ) -. In both cases the a is lost:
- argaz "man" - i-urgaz "the man"
- amγar "boss" - d-umγar "with the boss"
- tamγart "woman" - i-tǝmγart "the woman"
- taḥanut "business" - γ-tḥanut "in business"
- tašǝlḥit "Taschelhit (language)" - s-tšǝlḥit "on taschelhit (to speak)"
However, some nouns keep the a- or ta- in the état d'annexion. If they are masculine, they are also given a prefix w-. They are more or less the same nouns, which also preserve the a- in the plural, even if both sets are not completely congruent. With these nouns it can be assumed that the a- is not a prefix, but belongs to the stem of the noun:
- aman "water" - γ-waman "in the water"
- tagant "forest" - γ-tagant "in the forest"
Here is an overview of the different behavior of nouns with a variable prefix vowel and those with a constant vowel (belonging to the stem):
| tribe | Normal form | état d'annexion | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Woman" | -mγar- | ta-mγart | tǝ-mγart | ti-mγarin |
| "Forest" | -agan- | t-agant | t-agant | t-aganin |
In the case of the noun prefix i- there are similarly those nouns that lose it (i- is a prefix) and those that get it (i- belongs to the stem). This is best seen in feminine:
- tigǝmmi "house" - s-tgǝmmi "into the house" (tribe gǝmmi)
- tisǝnt "salt" - s-tisǝnt "with salt" (stem isǝnt)
In principle, there are also two groups of masculine nouns, namely those nouns that keep the i- and those that change it to yi-:
- ifri "cave" - γ-ifri "in the cave"
- igǝr "field" - γ-yigǝr "on the field"
The rather subtle difference between i- and yi- is not audible with all speakers.
It is assumed that the état d'annexion of masculine nouns on i- is generally formed with the prefix y-. igǝr "field" has a constant vowel to which the y- is added. ifri "cave" has a variable vowel that falls off, which theoretically results in a * y-fri, which is then implemented as ifri again. The plural of the nouns on i- does not reveal this difference at all, since the plural prefix is also i- and you cannot tell whether the initial i- is retained or whether it falls off and is replaced by the plural prefix:
| tribe | Normal form | état d'annexion | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Cave" | -fr- | i-fri | (* y-fri)> i-fri | i-fran |
| "Field" | -igǝr- | igǝr | y-igǝr | igran |
Masculine nouns on u- form the état d'annexion on wu-:
- urti "garden" - γ-wurti "in the garden"
The plural prefix i- is not considered constant, so it falls off in the état d'annexion:
- timγarin "women" - d-tǝmγarin "with women"
With masculine the i- apparently remains; in reality it is a realization of the y-:
- irgazǝn "men" - d-irgazǝn (for * dy-rgazǝn) "with the men"
Nouns that do not have any of the regular prefix vowels, including in particular the nouns of Arabic origin, remain unchanged in the état d'annexion:
- ssuq "market" - γǝ-ssuq "on the market"
- lǝbḥar "sea" - γǝ-lbḥar "on the sea"
- baba "my father" - i-baba "my father" (i is dative preposition )
Demonstrative
The demonstrative is given by immutable suffixes on the noun and applies to singular and plural, e.g. B. -ad "this", "this":
- afrux-ad "this boy"
- irgazǝn-ad "these men"
- tafruxt-ad "this girl"
- tifrax-ad "these girls"
- tamghart-ad "this woman"
- timgharin-ad "these women"
Possession
Nominal possession
In the pocket hit , as in all Berber languages, the possessor always follows the possessum. If the possessor is nominal , it is preceded by the connecting element n (to be understood as the preposition “von”, for example), and the possessor enters the état d'annexion. The n is often assimilated to the following consonant :
- argaz "man" - aydi n-urgaz (or w-wrgaz) "the man's dog"
- uššǝn "jackal" - aḍar n-wuššǝn (or w-wuššǝn) "the jackal's foot"
- atay "tea" - lkas n-watay (or w-watay) "the glass of tea"
- tigǝmmi "house" - imi n-tgǝmmi "the entrance (literally: mouth) of the house"
- lʕarba "Wednesday" - ssuq n-lʕarba (or l-lʕarba) "the Wednesday market"
Pronominal possession
In the case of the pronominal possessor, the possessive suffixes listed above in the "Personal Pronouns" section are used:
- agwmar-inu "my horse" - agwmar-ǝnnǝk "your horse" - etc.
- ism-ǝnnǝs "his name" - ism-ǝnnsǝn "her (pl.) name"
-inu "my" is only -nu after a vowel:
- tarwa-nu "my children"
Kinship terms
There are a number of kinship terms that have the following special features:
- The basic form already inheres "my", consequently no possessive suffix of the 1st person is used. used.
- A -t- is also inserted in front of the plural suffixes.
- A direct connection with a nominal possessor is not possible, but there must also be a possessive suffix of the 3rd person.
Examples:
- baba "my father" - baba-s "his father" - baba-t-nǝγ "our father"
- iwi "my son" - iwi-s "his son" - iwi-s n-umγar "the boss' s son"
Imma “(my) mother”, illi “(my) daughter”, gwma “(my) brother” and ultma “(my) sister” behave in the same way. With the terms “my brother” gw-ma and “my sister” ult-ma, Berber documents the old kinship relationship of Berber society that runs through the mother. Because gw-ma literally means: "my mother's son" and ult-ma means "my mother's daughter". The whole relationship runs through the mother, and even the maternal uncle plays a very important role for his sister's children. It is better to write these expressions like this: U-ma (my brother = son of my mother) and Ult-ma (my sister = daughter of my mother). The expressions u "son of" and ult "daughter" as well as their plural ayt "sons of" and is "daughters" of form the peculiarity of Berber as a whole:
- u brahim "the son of Brahim"
- ayt brahim "the sons of Brahim"
- ayt-ma "sons of my mother = my brothers"
- ult-ma "daughter of my mother = my sister"
- is-ma "daughters of my mother (pl) = my sisters" (plural)
verb
imperative
The imperative singular is the shortest form of the verb and is identical to the stem. Two plural forms are formed using the endings -at (masculine) or -amt (feminine):
- skǝr "do!" - skrat, skramt "do!"
- ini "say!" - iniyat, iniyamt "says!"
Personnel affixes
The verb takes personal affixes that congruent with the subject . As in other Berber languages, these are partly in front of and partly behind the verb. The affixes are the same for all verbs and tenses . Since they clearly designate the subject, in contrast to German, additional subject pronouns can usually be dispensed with.
The following table shows the affixes in isolation as well as an example of the past tense of the two verbs ǝfk “give” and skǝr “do”. In general, the insertion and skipping of the ǝ-vowel should be observed in order to improve the syllable structure.
| Affixes | "gave" | "did" | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. sg. | ─γ | fkiγ | skrǝγ |
| 2. so. | t─t | tǝfkit | tǝskǝrt |
| 3rd sg. mask. | i─ | ifka | iskǝr |
| 3rd sg. fem. | t─ | tǝfka | tǝskǝr |
| 1. pl. | n─ | nǝfka | nǝskǝr |
| 2. pl. mask. | t─m | tǝfkam | tǝskrǝm |
| 2. pl. fem. | t─mt | tǝfkamt | tǝkrǝmt |
| 3rd pl. mask. | ─n | fkan | skrǝn |
| 3rd pl. fem. | ─nt | fkant | skrǝnt |
Stem forms
The most important root forms of the verbs are the aorist , the simple past , the variant of the simple past that is used after the negation of the primary “not”, as well as the durative . In the following, these forms are always used in the 3rd person. so called mask., i.e. with the prefix i- (y-). The form of the aorist without this prefix is identical to the imperative. Overall, the formation of the durative is the most difficult. Not infrequently there are several variants and dialect differences here.
The stems of many verbs consist of three consonants and contain only ǝ as a vowel. The usual pattern here is that the aorist and simple past are the same, but the negated simple past adds a -i- before the last consonant. In the durative, the middle consonant can be doubled (lengthened):
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "get up" | incǝr | incǝr | ur inkir | ar inǝkkǝr |
| "to bury" | imḍǝl | imḍǝl | ur imḍil | ar imǝṭṭǝl |
| "enter" | ikšǝm | ikšǝm | ur ikšim | ar ikǝššǝm |
Other verbs have no consonant doubling in the durative, but insert the vowel -a- between the second and third consonants:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "lay" | isǝrs | isǝrs | ur isris | ar isras |
| "to do" | iskǝr | iskǝr | ur iskir | ar iskar |
Still other verbs have a prefix tt- in the durative. This applies in particular to those verbs whose first two consonants are identical:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "conclude" | iqqǝn | iqqǝn | ur iqqin | ar ittǝqqǝn |
| "knowledge" | eat | eat | ur issin | ar ittǝssǝn |
Still other verbs combine the tt prefix with the -a infix in the durative. This applies particularly to a large number of verbs of Arabic origin:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "work" | ixdǝm | ixdǝm | ur ixdim | ar ittǝxdam |
| "understand" | ifhǝm | ifhǝm | ur ifhim | ar ittfham |
| "Live" | izdǝγ | izdǝγ | ur izdiγ | ar ittǝzdaγ |
Other stems only have two consonants and also only ǝ as a vowel. Most of these verbs add a variable vowel in the simple past (but not in the aorist). This is in the 1st person sg. and 2nd person sg. -i, in the other persons -a, in the negated past tense -i throughout. A fully conjugated example of a verb with a variable vowel (ǝfk “to give”) can be found above in the section “Personal affixes”. In the durative, the second consonant can be doubled and followed by an -a:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "see" | iẓǝr | iẓra | ur iẓri | iẓǝrra |
| "kill" | inǝγ | inγa | ur inγi | inǝqqa |
Other stems of this kind do not double the second but the first consonant in the durative and then add -a- after this too. These verbs conjugate partly according to the type skǝr “do”, partly according to the type ẓǝr “see”, that is, with a variable vowel in the past tense:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Fall" | iḍǝr | iḍǝr | ur iḍir | ar iṭṭar |
| "to buy" | isǝγ | isγa | ur isγi | ar issaγ |
| "Leave, leave" | ifǝl | ifǝl | ur ifil | ar iffal |
| "grind" | iẓǝḍ | iẓǝḍ | ur iẓiḍ | ar iẓẓaḍ |
| "demonstrate" | imǝl | imla | ur imli | ar immal |
Verbs ending in -i are actually to be understood as verbs ending in -y, in which * -ǝy is only realized as -i. They are basically regular, but -i and -iy sound the same, so that the special form of the negative past tense is omitted:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "to water" | iffi | iffi | ur iffi | ar ittǝffi |
| "to take" | iγwi | iγwi | ur iγwi | ar iqqway |
| "pass" | izri | izri | ur izri | ar izray |
Most of the verbs ending in -u have a variable vowel instead of -u in the simple past. They tend to form duratives with doubling of consonants:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "to build" | ibnu | ibna | ur ibni | ar ibǝnnu ~ ar ibǝnna |
| "go" | iftu | ifta | ur ifti | ar ifǝttu |
| "smell" | ikḍu | ikḍa | ur ikḍi | ar ikǝṭṭu ~ ar ikǝṭṭa ~ ar ittǝkḍu |
A vowel can be used instead of the first consonant. In the aorist this reads a-, in the (positive and negative) past tense u-. The durative stem of such verbs usually begins with tta-:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Give birth" | yaru | yuru | ur yuriw | ar ittaru |
| "to take" | yamẓ | yumẓ | ur yumiẓ | ar ittamẓ |
| "Send" | yazǝn | yuzǝn | ur yuzin | ar ittazǝn |
Some verbs of this type also have a variable vowel in the past tense:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Find" | yaf | yufa | ur yufi | ar ittaf |
| "write" | yara | yura | ur yuri | ar ittara |
or contrast (like the type ibnu "build") a -u of the aorist with a variable vowel in the past tense:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Come back" | yaḍu | yuḍa | ur yuḍi | ar ittaḍu |
Then there are verbs whose stem begins with i- in the aorist and without this vowel in the past tense. Instead, the past tense shows a doubling of consonants in some verbs:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "say" | yini | inna | ur inni | ar ittini |
| "To be (in one place)" | yili | illa | ur illi | - |
| "want" | yiri | ira | ur iri | ar ittiri |
Some preterital forms of such verbs:
- nniγ "I said" - tǝnnit "you said" - inna "he said" - nnan "they said"
- riγ "I wanted" - joins "you wanted" - ira "he wanted" - ran "they wanted"
A vowel within the root can also change between the aorist and the past tense. Several types of abutments are used here:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "to be born" | ilal | ilul | ur ilul | ar ittlala |
| "can" | iẓḍir | iẓḍar | ur iẓḍar | ar ittiẓḍir |
| "precede" | izwur | izwar | ur izwar | ar izǝggur |
| "hand back" | irar | irrational | ur irrational | ar ittrara |
Some verbs are "rigid" and use the same stem in the aorist and positive and negative past tense:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "demand" | iḍalǝb | iḍalǝb | ur iḍalǝb | ar ittḍalab |
| "Listen" | issfǝld | issfǝld | ur issfǝld | ar issflid |
| "say" | iγal | iγal | ur iγal | ar ittγal |
| "beat" | yut | yut | ur yut | ar ikkat |
| "speak" | isawl | isawl | ur isawl | ar isawal |
With some verbs it can be observed that an initial labial is omitted in the durative and the vowel a appears in its place:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "kick off" | ibdu | ibda | ur ibdi | ar yadda ~ ar yaddu |
| "give" | ifk | ifka | ur ifki | ar yakka |
| "share" | ibḍu | ibḍa | ur ibḍi | ar yaṭṭa ~ ar yaṭṭu |
Finally, there are verbs that represent mixed types of different kinds or are otherwise irregular. Examples:
| Aorist | preterite | negated simple past |
Durative | comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "eat" | išš | išša | ur išši | ar išǝtta | irregular durative |
| "call" | iγǝr | iγra | ur iγri | ar yaqqra | irregular durative |
| "to die" | always | immutely | ur immutely | ar itmǝttat | Insertion of -u in the simple past is unusual |
| "drink" | isu | iswa | ur iswi | ar issa | Stem sw, in the aorist * isw is realized as isu |
Aorist
The simple aorist has no independent tense meaning, but continues the tense of a preceding verb. In the following example it continues an imperative:
ftu s-lǝmdint taḍut s-tgǝmmi-nnǝk
go in-town you-return-back (AOR) to-house-your
"go to town and then return to your house / to your home!"
Very often the aorist is combined with an ad- prefix, which then corresponds to a desired form:
- ad-ftun "they should go"
The final -d of this prefix is assimilated before t- and n-, and before i- / y- in the 3rd Pers.sg.mask. it can fail completely (this failure does not occur in all dialects):
- ad-amẓǝγ "I may take"
- at-tamẓt "you may take"
- a-yamẓ or ad-yamẓ "may he take"
- at-tamẓ "she may take"
- an-namẓ "we like to take"
- ad-amẓǝn "they may take"
This form also comes after modal verbs; one can then think of ad- roughly as the equivalent of the German "dass":
- riγ a-iftu "I wanted him to go"
- riγ ad-ftuγ * “I wanted me to go”, d. h .: "I wanted to go"
- ssnǝγ ad-sawlǝγ s-tšǝlḥit "I can speak taschelhit"
If an r- is put in front of it (which is probably shortened from iri “want”), a future tense is created:
- r-ad-amẓǝγ "I'll take"
- ra-iskǝr "he will do"
- azǝkka r-ad-ftuγ s-ǝssuq "tomorrow I will go to the market"
Durative
The durative is usually combined with an ar prefix. This form denotes a straight or repeated action and often corresponds to our present tense :
- ar išǝtta “he is eating; he usually eats "
In general, however, most verbal forms can also be formed from the durative stem instead of the normal stem, whereby the element ar is then missing. This concerns the imperative:
- ut "beat!" - (durative stem :) kkat "beat (repeatedly)!"
But a desired form based on durative is also possible (then with the prefix ad- instead of ar-). Such formations are rarely used.
participle
The verb forms a form called the participle . You can translate it with a relative clause whose subject is identical to the reference word. The past participle has two forms:
- Singular: formally consisting of the 3rd person sg.mask. of the simple past + an ending -n
- Plural: formally consisting of the 3rd person pl.mask. of the past tense + an ending -in
Some speakers do not use the plural form and always use the first form.
Examples:
- iskrǝn “of deed; the fact"
- skǝrnin "the deeds"
- yufan “who found; she found "
- ufanin "they found"
There is also a participle of the future tense, which starts with ra + the 3rd pers.sg.mask. of the aorist (no plural form is used here):
- ra-iskǝr “who will do; who will do; who will do "
- ra-yaf “who will find; who will find; who will find "
Finally, a participle can also be formed from the durative stem. This then has no element ar:
- ittinin “who says; who says "
- ikkatǝn “who strikes; she beats "
- kkatnin "they hit"
adjective
In Taschelhit, adjectives are divided into two subgroups: one that behaves more like verbs and one that behaves more like nouns.
Verb-like adjectives
This is where məqqur “be big”, məẓẓiy “be small”, ʕdəl “be good” and many other adjectives. When used predicatively, they take on the same personal affixes as verbs:
- iməqqur ufrux-ad "this child is big"
If they are used attributive, they come after the reference word, in the form of the participle:
- argaz iməqqurən "the great man"
- tamγart iməqqurən "the great woman"
- irgazən məqqurnin "the great men"
- timγarin məqqurnin "the great women"
Noun-like adjectives
Like nouns, this group of adjectives forms two genera and numbers. These include above all the color adjectives. Examples:
| mask. sg. | mask. pl. | fem. sg. | fem. pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| old (of things) | aqdim | iqdimǝn | taqdimt | tiqdimin |
| yellow | awraγ | iwraγǝn | tawraγt | tiwraγin |
| black | asǝggan | isǝggann | tasǝggant | tisǝgganin |
| White | umlil | umlilǝn | tumlilt | tumlilin |
The adjective comes after its reference word and is congruent with it:
- afullus umlil "the white rooster"
- tafullust tumlilt "the white chicken"
In a predictive function it appears with the auxiliary verb ga:
- afullus iga umlil "the rooster is white"
- tafullust tga tumlilt "the chicken is white"
- tifullusin gant tumlilin "the chickens are white"
Direct object
Nominal direct object
The nominal direct object is in the normal form of the noun (état libre) without any special marking.
Pronominal direct object
The pronominal accusative is represented by suffixes to the verb, which are listed above in the "Personal pronouns" section:
- fǝhmǝγ "I understood" - fǝhmǝγ-k "I understood you"
- zzənzəγ "I have sold" - zzənzəγ-t "I have sold it"
dative
Nominal dative
The nominal dative is formed with the preposition i.
Pronominal dative
The pronominal dative is represented by suffixes to the verb, which are listed above in the "Personal Pronouns" section:
- inna "he said" - inna-yyi "he told me" - inn-as "he said him / her"
If there is a dative suffix and an accusative suffix, the dative suffix comes first:
- fk-as-tǝn "give them (pl.) him / her!"
prepositions
Simple prepositions
The pocket hit has prepositions . This is either followed by a noun, which then appears in the état d'annexion, or a suffix pronoun (for forms see above in the section "Personal pronouns"). Most prepositions have different stems before noun and suffix pronoun:
- γ "in" - gi "in me" - gi-s "in him"
- s "to" - sr-i "to me" - sǝr-s "to him"
- d "with" - did-i "with me" - did-ǝs "with him"
- f "on" - fǝlla "on me" - fǝlla-s "on him"
- dar "with" - dar-i "with me" - dar-s "with him"
d "with" can also stand for "and":
- argaz t-təmγart "the man and the woman" (assimilated from d-təmγart)
- tamγart d-urgaz "the woman and the man"
However, it cannot be followed by a second preposition, whereas when coordinating in German, the preposition is often repeated:
- γ-tgəmmi d-wurti "in the house and garden", better German: "in the house and in the garden"
The preposition "bei" serves, mostly together with the verb ili "(in a place)," as an equivalent of our "have":
- illa dar-i aγyul "I have a donkey" = "I have a donkey"
Arabic prepositions
Some prepositions are of Arabic origin and behave differently: they are followed by the noun in état libre, and the pronoun is attached not in the form of a simple suffix, but a possessive suffix:
- bla "without" - bla argaz "without the man" - bla-nu "without me" - bla-nnǝs "without him"
- bǝʕd-inu "after me" - bǝʕd-ǝnnǝs "after him"
Complex prepositions
By combining simple prepositions with local expressions, you can form complex prepositions:
- γ-wammas n-waman “in the middle (ammas) of the water”, d. H. "In the middle of the water"
- γ-tγurdin n-tizi "on the back (tiγurdin) of the hill", d. H. "Behind the hill"
Verbal sentence
The normal word order in a sentence with a verbal predicate is either verb-subject-object or subject-verb-object. The subject is in état d'annexion if it follows the verb, otherwise in état libre:
- ifta urgaz ~ argaz ifta "the man went"
irgazǝn-ad kǝrzǝn igran
men-these worked fields
"these men worked the fields"
Non-verbal sentence
When a noun appears as a predicate , the verb ga usually appears as a copula :
- tgit lǝkddab "you are a liar"
In special twists, the copula can be absent:
- ma ism-ənnək "what's your name?" = "what's your name?"
In the case of a place name as a predicate, the verb ili "to be (in a place)" is used:
- afrux illa γ-tgǝmmi "the child is in the house"
- aγyul illa γ-yigǝr "the donkey is in the field"
negation
The negation is ur “not”. It comes before the verb. If the verb is in the past tense, it often takes a special form in conjunction with ur, as shown above.
- skrǝγ "I did" - ur skirǝγ "I did not"
The desired form with ad- is negated by ad-ur-:
- ad-skrǝγ "I may do" - ad-ur-skrǝγ "I may not do"
The imperative cannot be negated. Instead, the negative desired form occurs:
- skǝr “do!” - ad-ur-tǝskǝrt “you may not do; do not do!"
- skrat “do!” - ad-ur-tǝskrǝm “you may not do; does not!"
The future tense with r-ad- is negated by ur r-ad-:
- r-ad-skrǝγ "I will do" - ur r-ad-skrǝγ "I will not do"
In the durative, ur-ar- becomes ur-a:
- ar iskar "he does" - ur a iskar "he does not"
Relative clause
The reference word of a relative clause is usually given the suffix -ǝlli, which roughly corresponds to our "der / die / das eines". If the adjective of the relative clause is also its subject, the participle discussed above is used:
argaz-ǝlli ikǝrzǝn igǝr
man-the one working the field
"the man who worked the field"
irgazǝn-ǝlli kǝrznin igǝr
men-those who worked the field
"the men who worked the field"
tamγart-ǝlli ra-yili γ-tgǝmmi
woman-that FUT-OPT-is in-house
"the woman who will be in the house"
If the noun is the object in the relative clause, the normal verb form is simply used:
argaz-ǝlli zriγ
man-the one I-saw
"the man I saw" (construction as in English "the man I saw")
If the adjective is the complement of a preposition, the preposition is moved to the beginning of the relative clause. This construction takes some getting used to, but is also common in other Berber languages:
tigǝmmi-lli γ izdǝγ
house-the one in he-lives
"the house in which he lives"
aḥanu-lli γ illa baba
room-the one in is my-father
"the room in which my father is"
ssuq-ǝlli s r-ad-ftun
market-the one to FUT-OPT-they-go
"the market they will go to"
If the reference word is the dative object in the relative clause, the element mu appears at the beginning of the relative clause (instead of i):
argaz-ǝlli mu zzǝnziγ ayyis-inu
man-the one DAT I-sold horse-my
"the man to whom I sold my horse"
focus
A focus construction that has the following structure is not unimportant in the Taschelhit : focused element + copula ad (whose d is omitted before i- and is assimilated before some consonants) + participle. The plural form of the participle is not used in the focus construction. Examples:
nǝttni a izrin
they passed KOP
"it is they who passed"
nǝttni ar ra-izri
they go KOP FUT-OPT-by
"it is they who will pass by"
Question sentence
Verbal questions
Common question words are e.g. B. m "who; what ”, mǝnšk“ how much ”, manaku“ when ”. Questions with a question word must always have the form of a focus construction. If the question word is subject, the verb is in the participle:
ma innan awal-ad
who said KOP word-this
"who is it who said this word?" = "who said this word?"
mǝnšk n-waman a illan γ-wanu
how much of-water KOP being in-well
"how much water is it that is in the well?" = "how much water is in the well?"
ma illan
what KOP being
"what is it, what is?" = "what is there?"
If the question word is an object, there is no participle:
m at tǝskǝrt
what KOP you-did
"what is it what you did?" = "what did you do?"
mǝnšk at tǝššit
how much KOP you-ate
"how much is it what you ate?" = "how much did you eat?"
Same construction in:
manaku ar ra-iftu
when KOP FUT-OPT-er-goes
"when will he go?"
According to the usual rule, prepositions are at the beginning of the relative clause:
m ad d isawl
who KOP with er-spoke
"with whom did he speak?"
m ad dar insa
who KOP stayed with him
"with whom did he stay?"
ma mu tǝnnit awal-ad
who KOP DAT you-said word-this
"who did you say this word to?"
“Where?” And “where?” Are expressed in an analogous way with the prepositions γ “in” or s “to” (or to put it simply, “where” means maγ and “where” means mas):
ma γ izdǝγ
what KOP in he-lives
"where does he live?"
mas ifta
what KOP went to
"where did he go?"
“Why?” Can be expressed by “to what?” (Or, to put it simply, “why” means maf):
maf tukwǝrt
what KOP on you-stole
"why did you steal?".
Sentence questions
Sentence questions are introduced by the little word is:
is tǝftit s-ǝssuq iḍgam
QUESTION you-went to the market yesterday
"did you go to the market yesterday?"
is tgit ašǝlḥi
QUESTION you-are Schǝlh
"are you a Schǝlh?"
The element is can also mean "that":
- ssnǝγ is illa γ-ǝssuq "I know that it is on the market"
Enclitics
Certain elements such as accusative or dative object suffixes and combinations of prepositions and personal suffixes are considered enclitics . In principle, they are in the second position in the sentence, usually after the verb. For example, preceded by a particle such as ur “not”, is (question), ǝlli (relative particle) or a question pronoun, the enclitics come directly after this. Examples:
- fǝhmǝγ-k "I understood you" - ur-k fhimǝγ "I did not understand you"
- tǝnnit-as "you told him" - is-as tǝnnit "did you tell him?"
- illa darǝk "is with you / you have" - ur darǝk illi "you do not have"
- ifta sǝr-s "he went there" - is sǝr-s ifta "did he go there?"
- izzǝnza-t "he sold it" - maf-t izzǝnza "why did he sell it?"
afrux-ǝlli-t yutǝn
child-the one-hitting him
"the child who hit him"
ak-k iʕawn rǝbbi
OPT (ad) - God helps
you "may God help you!"
vocabulary
Some elements from the basic vocabulary; Verbs are quoted in the imperative:
| eye | tiṭṭ |
| three | kraḍ |
| one | yan |
| eat | əšš |
| woman | tamγart |
| five | səmmus |
| give | əfk |
| go | ftu |
| big | məqqur |
| Well | ʕdəl |
| hand | afus |
| Listen | ssfəld |
| man | argaz |
| mouth | imi |
| Surname | isəm |
| say | ini |
| see | ẓər |
| four | kkuẓ |
| water | aman |
| knowledge | ssən |
| two | sin |
The pocket hit not only has numerous foreign Arabic words, but also a considerable number of Latin borrowings from antiquity. Many of them belong in the field of agriculture. As far as nouns are concerned, they were often given the prefix a- or i- (in feminine ta-). Examples:
- tafarnut "oven" (<Latin furnus)
- tafirast "pear" (<Latin pirus)
- abaw "bean" (<Latin faba)
- ikikər "pea" (<Latin cicer)
- asnus "donkey filling, young animal from donkey" (<Latin asinus "donkey")
- arumi "European" (actually "Roman")
- ifilu "thread" (<Latin filum)
- igər "field" (<Latin ager)
- urti "garden" (<lat. hortus)
- afullus "chicken" (<lat. pullus)
- tayuga "team of oxen" (<Latin iugum)
- taγawsa "thing" (<Latin causa)
- tasarut "key" (<lat. sera)
- tanawt "sailing boat" (<lat. navis)
- tag belt "door" (<lat. porta)
- takira "wax" (<Latin cera)
This also includes all twelve month names, which are as follows: innayr, brayr, mars, ibril, mayyuh, yunyuh, yulyuz, γušt, šutanbir, ktubər, nuwanbir, dužanbir.
literature
- R. Aspinion: Apprenons le berbère. Initiation aux dialectes chleuhs . Rabat 1953 (textbook, also the best grammar available)
- E. Destaing: Étude sur la Tachelhît du Soûs: Vocabulaire français-berbère . 1920 (best available dictionary)
- M. Lahrouchi: La structure internal des racines triconsonantiques en berbère tachelhit . In: Études de phonétique et linguistique berbères , pp. 177–203
- H. Stroomer: Dialect differentiation in Tachelhiyt Berber (Morocco) . In: Actes du 1er Congrès Chamito-Sémitique de Fès , 1998, pp. 37-49
- H. Stumme: Handbook of Schilhischen by Tazerwalt: grammar - reading pieces - conversations - glossary . Leipzig 1899 (famous grammar at the time, outdated today)
Web links
References and comments
- ^ J. el Hannouche: Ghomara Berber . Leiden 2008, p. 17.
- ^ N. van den Boogert: Medieval Berber Orthography . In: S. Chaker (Ed.): Étude berbères et chamito-sémitiques. Mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse . Paris 2000, pp. 357-377.
- ↑ Aspinion does not write ǝ, but e according to French custom.
- ↑ More details in F. Dell, M. Elmedlaoui: Syllabic Consonants and Syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber . In: Journal of African Languages and Linguistics , 7, 1985, pp. 105-130.
- ↑ For some speakers -x.
- ↑ Before vowel y-.
- ↑ Some speakers ignore this rule and connect ur with the positive form of the past tense.
- ↑ If the verb is preceded by a subject, enclitics still come after the verb and not after the subject.