Alpine throat

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Alpine throat
Alpine throat (Tozzia alpina)

Alpine throat ( Tozzia alpina )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Summer root family (Orobanchaceae)
Genre : Tozzia
Type : Alpine throat
Scientific name of the  genus
Tozzia
L.
Scientific name of the  species
Tozzia alpina
L.

The alpine throat ( Tozzia alpina ) is the only kind of the plant genus Tozzia within the family of the summer root plants (Orobanchaceae). With a holoparasitic youth and a hemiparasitic flowering stage, this type combines semi and full parasites.

description

Illustration from Atlas of Alpine Flora

Vegetative characteristics

The Alpine throat is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 10 to 50 centimeters. The square stem is bare in the lower part, hairy on the edges in the middle and upper part or is provided with two downward sloping, opposite, short-haired hairlines in each internode , which arise at the node between the bases of the leaves.

The constantly against arranged on the stem leaves are sessile. The simple, juicy-fleshy, light green and glossy leaf blade is 1 to 3.5 centimeters long and ovoid with a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base and a pointed upper end. The edge of the leaf is provided with one to three coarse saw teeth on both sides.

Zygomorphic flowers

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to August. The flowers sit in short racemose inflorescences individually in the leaf axils of the bracts . The bracts have a 3 to 10 millimeter long, thin, hairy stalk on one side.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The calyx is suggestively two-lipped, 1.5 to 3 millimeters long and shorter than the corolla tube. The yellow corolla with reddish brown dots is 4 to 10 millimeters long and has two lips. The lower lip is three-lobed and the upper lip is two-lobed. The corolla tube is narrow, funnel-shaped and only rough-haired and otherwise bald on the outside on the top and inside in the throat area. The corolla tube stretches in the course of the anthesis . The corolla lobes are broadly tongue-shaped and curly ciliate on the edge. The stamens protrude somewhat from the corolla; they are inserted in her throat. The stamens and anthers are yellowish and bare. The ovary is bare. The scar is very small.

The fruit is spherical with a diameter of 2 to 2.5 millimeters. The seeds are almost spherical, smooth and white with a round black spot.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

ecology

The alpine throat is a geophyte . He is a gauze creeper and a penumbra plant .

In the first year of its growth, the alpine throat feeds as a parasite on large-leaved herbaceous plants such as the alpine dock , alpine easter or butterbur . From the second year onwards, the alpine throat is a semi-parasite that has its own assimilation but still draws nutrients from the host plant .

From an ecological point of view, it is actually lip flowers and fly flowers. The cross-pollination is usually by hoverflies , but always Diptera (Diptera). If there is no cross-pollination, self- pollination also leads to seed formation.

Diaspores are the seeds.

Site conditions and plant sociology

The Alpine throat grows in Hochstaudenfluren , butterbur societies and green alder thickets. He is in Central Europe, a characteristic species of the order Adenostyletalia and particularly occurs in Cicerbitetum. It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 2600 meters. In the Allgäu Alps , it rises on the Linkerskopf in Bavaria to an altitude of 2200 meters. It thrives on lime and nutrient-rich, seep- fresh to moist loam and clay soils . The Alpine throat prefers northern orientations (NW to NE exposure ), while southern locations are largely avoided.

Systematics and distribution

Tozzia alpina was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné . The generic name Tozzia was given in 1729 by Pier Antonio Micheli in honor of Bruno Tozzi (1656-1743), a monk and later abbot of the monastery of Vallombrosa near Reggello in Tuscany, who in 1703 published a table about Tuscan plant species.

The distribution area of Tozzia alpina extends from the Pyrenees over the Alps to the Balkans and the Carpathian Mountains.

One can distinguish between two subspecies:

  • Tozzia alpina L. subsp. alpina : It occurs in Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy and in the former Yugoslavia. This subspecies has a golden yellow corolla, which is 6-10 millimeters long.
  • Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica (Wolł.) Pawlł. (Syn .: Tozzia carpathica Wolł. ): It occurs in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine and Bulgaria. In this subspecies, the corolla is pale yellow and only 4–7 millimeters long.

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Hans Christian Weber : Parasitism of flowering plants. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X .
  • Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others. Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Hans Christian Weber: On the biology of Tozzia alpina L. (location, host plants, development, parasitism). In: Contributions to the biology of plants , Volume 49, 1973, pp. 237-249, ISSN  0005-8041 .
  2. ↑ Hans Christian Weber: Comparative considerations on the subterranean organs of Lathraea squamaria L. and Tozzia alpina L. (Scrophulariaceae). In: Contributions to the biology of plants , Volume 51, 1975, pp. 1-15, ISSN  0005-8041 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Dimitri Hartl: Scrophulariaceae. In: Dimitri Hartl, Gerhard Wagenitz (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume VI. Part 1: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 4 (1) (Scrophulariaceae - Plantaginaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-446-10471-2 , pp. 451–456 (published in deliveries 1965–1974).
  4. ↑ a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  847 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Alpine throat . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 461.
  7. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  8. ↑ a b c d Karol Marhold, 2011: Scrophulariaceae. : Data sheet Tozzia alpina In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  9. ↑ a b D.A. Webb: Tozzia L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 3, page 257. Cambridge University Press 1972. ISBN 0-521-08489-X

Web links

Commons : Alpenrachen ( Tozzia alpina )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files