Butterbur
| Butterbur | ||||||||||||
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Asiatic butterbur ( Petasites japonicus ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Petasites | ||||||||||||
| Mill. |
The butterbur ( Petasites ) constitute a genus within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The 15 to 18 species are common in the northern hemisphere . Some species are used as medicinal plants . The scientific name is derived from the Greek word πέτασος (pétasos), which means umbrella-shaped leaf.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The butterbur species are mostly deciduous, perennial , herbaceous plants that, depending on the species, usually reach heights of 10 to 25, rarely up to 120 centimeters. They form rhizomes as persistence organs. The upright stems are not branched. The stems of the male plants will soon wither. The stems of the female plants lengthen after the flowering period until the seeds are mature.
The basal, relatively large leaves appear mostly after the inflorescences and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are in some species with a width of up to 30 up to 60, rarely up to 100 centimeters wide and the widest of the Central European flora. The leaf margin is smooth, lobed or toothed. The upper side of the leaf blade can be hairy bald to somewhat woolly and the underside is hairy woolly. The alternately distributed stem leaves are bract-like (they are basically enlarged petioles that sometimes have spreading at the end).
Generative characteristics
Butterbur species are dioecious or monoecious ( subdiocyte ). Many cup-shaped partial inflorescences are often grouped together in umbrella-clustered , clustered or panicle-like total inflorescences ; rarely are the flower heads individually. The circular to disc-shaped flower heads only contain tubular flowers . With a diameter of 6 to over 15 millimeters, the cup shell is inverted-conical to circular and enlarges until the fruit is ripe. The usually 12 to 15 long-lasting bracts are rarely one, usually two rows and are often purple, upright, free or fused, narrow-elongated to linear (one to five-nerved), almost the same with more or less dry-skinned edges. The basket floors are flat to convex and fine-grained. There are no chaff leaves.
The flowers are unisexual or hermaphroditic. The male flower heads are mostly circular and have 1 to 20, rarely up to 70 originally female, but sterile or neutral flowers on the outside and 11 to 78 flowers on the inside, which are mostly functionally male, rarely hermaphroditic and fertile. The female flower heads are usually circular and rarely have 1 to, usually 30 to over 130 flowers on the outside, which are purely female and fertile, and 1 to 12 functionally male flowers on the inside.
The five whitish or pink, rarely yellow petals are fused into a thin tube that ends in linear to elongated corolla lobes. The linear to swept styles are not or are divided into two style branches that are short-conical and papilose , sometimes lanceolate to elongated and more or less short-haired.
Narrow-cylindrical, slightly spindle-shaped to more or less prismatic achenes are formed, which are five or ten-ribbed and mostly bald, rarely shaggy hairy. The slightly sloping or fragile pappus consists of 60 to over 100 white, smooth or bearded bristles that enlarge until the fruit is ripe.
The basic chromosome number is x = 30.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Petasites was established by Philip Miller . A synonym for Petasites Mill. Is Nardosmia Cass. The genus Petasites belongs to the tribe Senecioneae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family of Asteraceae .
The overall distribution in the northern hemisphere includes boreal North America , southwards to the western Cordillera and Eurasia .
The so far several North American species are sometimes combined into one kind of Petasites frigidus with some varieties.
There are around 15 to 18 species of butterbur ( Petasites ):
- White butterbur ( Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn. )
- Petasites amplus Kitam.
- Petasites anapetrovianus Kit Tan & al. : It only occurs in Greece.
- Petasites doerfleri Hayek : It occurs only in Albania, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in Montenegro.
- Petasites fominii Bordz. : It occurs in Transcaucasia, Georgia and Russia.
- Petasites formosanus Kitam. : It only thrives in Taiwan at altitudes between 1500 and 2500 meters.
- Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. (Syn .: Petasites alaskanus Rydb. , Petasites arcticus A.E.Porsild , Petasites corymbosus (R.Br.) Rydb. , Petasites dentatus Blankinship , Petasites gracilis Britton , Petasites hyperboreus Rydb. , Petasites nivalis Greene , Petasites palmatus (Ait.) A.Gray , Petasites sagittatus (Pursh) A.Gray , Petasites speciosus (Nuttall) Piper , Petasites trigonophyllus Greene , Petasites warrenii H.St.John , Petasites vitifolius Greene ): It occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Siberia, Canada and the United States.
- Petasites glacialis (Ledeb.) Polunin : It was first described from Siberia.
- Petasites gmelinii (Turz. Ex DC.) Polunin : It wasfirst describedfrom Siberia and Russia's Far East .
- Common butterbur ( Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn. Et al. , Syn .: Petasites officinalis Moench )
- Asiatic butterbur ( Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. ): It is widespread in China, Japan , Korea, and Russia's Far East . It is used as a medicinal plant.
- Carpathian butterbur ( Petasites kablikianus Tausch ex Bercht. ): It occurs in Southeastern and Eastern Europe as well as in Turkey .
- Alpine butterbur ( Petasites paradoxus (Retz.) Baumg. )
- Fragrant butterbur ( Petasites pyrenaicus (L.) G.López , Syn .: P. fragrans (Vill.) C.Presl ): It is naturally widespread in northern Algeria, Tunisia and Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily). It is a neophyte in some areas of the world.
- Petasites radiatus (JFGmel.) J.Toman : It is common in Russia .
- Petasites rubellus (JFGmel.) J.Toman : It is common in Korea, Mongolia , Russia from Siberia to the Far East and in the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning (in China it thrives at altitudes of 1,800 to 2,800 meters).
- Petasites sibiricus (JFGmel.) Dingwall : It occurs in northern Russia.
- Felty butterbur ( Petasites spurius (Retz.) Rchb. ): It is widespread in Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.
- Petasites tatewakianus Kitam. : It occurs in the Chinese province of Heilongjiang and in Russia's Far East and on Sakhalin .
- Petasites tricholobus Franch. : It is common in India , Bhutan , Nepal , Vietnam and China (in China it thrives at altitudes between 700 and 4300 meters). It is used as a medicinal plant.
- Petasites versipilus Handel-Mazzetti : It thrives at altitudes of 2,700 to 3,800 meters in the Chinese provinces of northwestern Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan .
use
Archaeological finds in the world's oldest salt mine , the so-called Salzberg near Hallstatt , have shown that the leaves of a butterbur species were also used as toilet paper in the Bronze Age . The popular name for the plant is still used in Bavaria today .
The petasins ( sesquiterpene esters of the eremophilan type) contained in some Petasites species are said to have a spasmolytic effect. The Common butterbur ( Petasites hybridus ) is due to its antispasmodic and anti- allergic used medicinally active ingredients.
Two relatively large-leaved Petasites species are used as ornamental plants in areas with a temperate climate : the European common butterbur ( Petasites hybridus ) and the Asian butterbur ( Petasites japonicus ). They are occasionally garden refugees , so they run wild; for example, there are established stocks in Michigan .
The Asian butterbur is prepared as a vegetable in Japan and Korea .
swell
- Randall J. Bayer, A. Linn Bogle, Donna M. Cherniawsky: Petasites. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2 (Astereae, Senecioneae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7 , pp. 635 (English). , online. (Sections Description, Distribution, Use and Systematics)
- Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , pp. 551-552 . ,
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 2nd, improved edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-7643-1399-4 .
- ^ A b Petasites in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Werner Greuter: Compositae (pro parte majore) : Petasites. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
- ↑ a b Tatjana Shulkina: Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union. A botanical guide for travelers and gardeners. Rostok, Saint Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-946680-32-3 , online.
- ↑ Anonymous: Flora of Taiwan Checklist: Petasites. on-line.
- ↑ a b c d e f Yilin Chen, Bertil Nordenstam: Petasites. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 461 (English). , PDF file , online.
- ↑ John Robert Press, Krishna Kumar Shrestha, David Andrew Sutton: Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal. Natural History Museum, London 2000, ISBN 0-565-09154-9 , updated version online.
- ↑ ZDF.de , Terra-X , broadcast on September 7, 2008. ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hildebert Wagner: Medicinal drugs and their ingredients. 6th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, 1999, page 420.
- ↑ Randall J. Bayer, A. Linn Bogle, Donna M. Cherniawsky: Petasites. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2 (Astereae, Senecioneae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7 , pp. 635 (English). , online.
