Desertec

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Desertec Foundation
logo
founding January 20, 2009
Seat "Ensure climate protection, energy security and development by using the world's most energy-rich locations to produce sustainable electricity from renewable energies."
precursor TREC network, 2003–2009
Action space Europe, Middle East, North Africa, East Asia
people Gerhard Knies , inventor of Desertec
Andreas Huber , director of the Desertec Foundation
Website www.desertec.org

Desertec (spelling: DESERTEC) is an initiative that aims to generate green electricity in energy-rich locations around the world. It will be used there for local consumption, but will also be exported to industrial regions, e.g. B. by means of high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC). The focus is on sunny deserts. One goal is to create energy partnerships to enable development prospects. Desertec has started some projects (in 2014 their total volume was 3 GW); however, the goal of covering a considerable part of Europe's electricity supply was abandoned and most of the shareholders left the organization in 2014. In 2019, Desertec stated that it would also aim to produce hydrogen from green desert electricity.

The energy supply concept was developed by the Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation ( TREC ), an international network of politicians, scientists and economists founded in 2003 by the Club of Rome and the Jordanian Energy Research Center. The Desertec Foundation emerged from this network and is a non-profit foundation . In 2009, the Desertec Foundation, together with companies from the industrial and financial sector, founded Dii GmbH , an industrial initiative whose primary objective is to review the economic viability and profitability of the Desertec vision in the EUMENA ​​region ( Europe, Middle East, North Africa - Europe, Middle East and North Africa ) was. Since 2014 Dii GmbH has been working as a smaller advisory team.

Scientific studies on Desertec were carried out between 2004 and 2007 by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The scenario of the studies envisaged that by 2050 the use of wind and desert sun would enable seawater desalination for the MENA region , cover around two thirds of the increasing regional energy demand and have enough energy for exports, around 17% of the forecast To meet EU electricity needs. The studies showed that these goals - assuming certain assumptions e.g. B. with regard to prices and demand - be technically and economically feasible and offer economic and / or ecological advantages for all partners.

On October 14, 2014, the downsizing of the DII initiative was announced. The 17 shareholders decided to dissolve the planning company and relocate the headquarters from Munich to Dubai in order to ensure optimal funding of the initiated projects through the spatial proximity. A small part of the company has been converted into a consulting firm supported by three partners.

concept

Sketch of a possible infrastructure for a sustainable supply of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (EU-MENA)

The concept envisaged generating green electricity at suitable locations around the world and conducting this to consumption centers by means of high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC). This concept was and is pursued by various actors from politics and business. Sometimes they only cooperate loosely with one another or are completely independent of one another. In Germany, the project was mostly reduced to the DII initiative and the electricity export planned by this consortium. A shortening of the Desertec project to "Electricity for Europe" was rejected by the initiators of this project. Although mainly identified with the export of green electricity to Europe, the main objective was always primarily to supply the countries in which the power plants are built.

The basic idea of ​​producing green electricity in regions with high levels of radiation has been explored since at least the late 1980s. A number of different scenarios and plans for the development of solar power capacities in North Africa have been developed on the scientific side. In 2009 the private sector initiative DII was founded, the aim of which was to cover 15% of Europe's electricity needs with solar power from North Africa.

The first focus region to implement this concept should be the MENA region . Here, with the help of solar thermal power plants, possibly also photovoltaics and wind parks , the generation of electricity and then also water desalination are to be promoted. The clean electricity should initially cover a significant part of the MENA countries' own needs and, from 2020, it should also be conducted to Europe by means of high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) with low transmission losses. The feeding of desert electricity into the European power grid is intended to serve as a complementary measure to the use of European renewable energy resources. For the people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), this should mean jobs, income, seawater desalination without CO 2 emissions and an improvement in infrastructure.

Energy situation

If Europe and the Middle East or North Africa (EU-MENA) were to share their renewable energy resources, this would put the EU-MENA region in a much better position to switch to a clean and secure energy supply quickly and economically to be able to accomplish. In the MENA region itself, energy and water consumption can also be expected to rise sharply by 2050. Studies predict (as of 2011) that electricity consumption in North Africa and the Middle East will increase to approx. 3000 TWh / a by 2050, and will thus be of a magnitude comparable to that in Europe. At the same time, the energy-intensive seawater desalination will increase due to the need for drinking water, so that solar thermal power plants offer themselves as an emission-free supplier of energy for thermal water desalination.

Studies on Desertec

EU-MENA connection with existing and planned lines before 2020 (blue) and three routes investigated by DLR (orange)

The fundamental scientific studies on Desertec were carried out by TREC in collaboration with the German Aerospace Center , under the direction of DLR researcher Franz Trieb. The research institutions for renewable energies of the governments of Morocco (CDER), Algeria (NEAL), Libya (CSES), Egypt (NREA), Jordan (NERC) and Yemen (universities of Sana'a and Aden) were also significantly involved . The studies were funded by the German Federal Environment Ministry (BMU).

The DLR studies “MED-CSP” and “TRANS-CSP” examined, among other things, the renewable energy resources available in MENA, the expected demand for electrical energy and water in EU-MENA by 2050 and the establishment of an electricity network between Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (EU-MENA connection). The “AQUA-CSP” study on the need, potential and effects of solar seawater desalination in MENA was completed at the end of 2007. The studies found that solar thermal power plants in an area of ​​less than 0.3% of the desert area of ​​the Middle East and North Africa can generate enough electrical energy and desalinated water to meet the growing needs of these countries as well as Europe. Wind power generation is particularly attractive in Morocco and the Red Sea. Solar and wind power can be transmitted to Europe by means of high-voltage direct current transmission with losses of around 3% per 1000 km (i.e. a total of 10–15%). The Union for the Mediterranean , in which all MENA countries except Libya participate, is interested in such cooperation.

In June 2012, Dii GmbH published a further study entitled “Desert Power 2050”, in which Fraunhofer ISI examined further scenarios. According to the results of the study, the MENA region can meet its electricity needs with renewable energies and also build an export industry with an annual turnover of over 60 billion euros. Europe could save around 30 billion euros annually by importing desert electricity.

technology

Sketch of a parabolic trough collector. So-called Fresnel lenses offer a technically less complex alternative to parabolic troughs .
Parabolic trough power plant in California / USA, Kramer Junction

Solar thermal power plants (including C oncentrated S olar P ower ( CSP called) -Plants) work well in contrast to photovoltaics to generate solar energy large amounts of adjustable power. These power plants use mirrors to focus sunlight, convert it into thermal energy and thus drive steam turbines . Heat storage (e.g. molten salt tanks) can absorb heat gained during the day and drive the steam turbines at night. In the event of prolonged bad weather, so-called hybrid power plants can use additional firing with oil, natural gas or biomass to ensure security of supply without having to start up expensive replacement power plants. A technical challenge is the cooling necessary for every heat engine, in classic power generators mostly water-based cooling towers. The operators are therefore dependent on dry cooling technology, sufficient water supply or locations near the coast. The desalination of seawater and the use of combined heat and power as part of a system network with nearby settlements and industries is seen as additional benefits to be sought for the development of local industry and agriculture.

Photovoltaics is also considered a possible technology - it is included in the planning for the reference project in Morocco. Although photovoltaic electricity can be generated more cheaply than solar thermal, as long as no technology for storing electrical energy on a large scale is available, only the latter variant is able to feed electricity from solar energy into the grid at night.

Since twice as much solar energy can be obtained in MENA as with the same systems in southern Europe to the north, solar power from the deserts is economically advantageous thanks to the relatively low transmission losses of around 3% over 1000 km. Up to now, high-voltage direct current transmission has been more efficient than the production, transport and renewed generation of electricity from hydrogen, as considered in hydrogen economy concepts, or than the production of artificial natural gas or methanol as fuel using CO 2 .

HVDC lines with capacities of up to 3 GW have been built by ABB and Siemens over long distances for many years. In July 2007, Siemens received the contract to build the HVDC Yunnan – Guangdong , which is fed by two hydropower plants at the Xiaowan Dam and the Manwan Dam . At the World Energy Dialogue 2006 at the Hanover Fair , speakers from both companies confirmed that the implementation of a Euro Supergrid with an EU-MENA connection was technically possible.

Due to the higher solar irradiation, power purchase contracts can already be realized more cheaply in good locations in America or MENA. If solar thermal power plants are built on a large scale over the next few decades, according to calculations by the DLR, generation costs can be reduced to as low as 0.04 to 0.05 € / kWh. Since the raw material prices for solar thermal power plants are currently rising more slowly than the prices of fossil fuels, CSP could be competitive earlier than calculated despite the higher costs.

In order to build up an export capacity of 100 GW (the output of around 80 nuclear power reactors) in addition to the MENA countries' own needs by 2050, a small amount of state start-up aid should be sufficient to make the construction of power plants and lines more attractive for state and private investors (see Realization by Desertec ). A cost / performance forecast for the TRANS-CSP scenario was drawn up by DLR (see table).

Similar projects

The Gobitech project, for example, pursues the idea of ​​delivering solar and wind power from Mongolia to the densely populated and industrially highly developed areas of eastern China, Korea and Japan. A similar project is the proposal by the Australian National University in Canberra to supply Southeast Asia with solar power from northern Australia. In March 2012, a plan was also presented to network Asian countries with a supergrid . The electricity grids of Japan, South Korea, China, Mongolia and Russia are to be connected to one another via HVDC lines. A cooperation agreement was signed with the 'Japan Renewable Energy Foundation'; a feasibility study on potential power line corridors was carried out.

Cost and performance forecast in the TRANS-CSP scenario
year 2020 2030 2040 2050
Number of lines × power GW 2 × 5 8 × 5 14 × 5 20 × 5
Transfer TWh / year 60 230 470 700
Average utilization of the lines 60% 67% 75% 80%
Turnover billion € / year 3.8 12.5 24 35
Land area CSP km 2 225 900 1600 2500
Land area HVDC km × km 3100 x 0.1 3600 x 0.4 3600 x 0.7 3600 x 1.0
total investment CSP billion € 42 134 245 350
total investments in HVDC billions € 5 16 31 45
Electricity generation costs CSP € / kWh 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.040
Transport costs HVDC € / kWh 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.010
Cost / performance forecast: possible parameters of the EU-MENA connection (line HVDC) and the solar thermal power plants for electricity export (line CSP) from 2020 to 2050, according to the TRANS-CSP scenario

Security of supply

By the year 2050, around 10–25% of Europe's electricity needs could be met from the deserts. In the TRANS-CSP scenario, the domestic renewable energy share in European electricity consumption is around 65% and the MENA import share around 17%. Every well-developed power grid has sufficient control reserve capacity (TRANS-CSP about 25%) to compensate for fluctuating energy sources and unexpected failures of lines or power plants. Excessive dependency on one country or on a few power plants can be avoided, as shown in the diagrams, by networking a large number of solar thermal and PV power plants as well as wind power plants in many countries and by using several HVDC line routes to Europe. Security of supply can be increased if the facilities were owned by many public and private owners. If Southern Europe is less dependent on electricity imports from Central Europe due to the first solar power imports, the pressure in Europe to build new coal and nuclear power plants will decrease. Until the MENA region proves stable enough and the European HVDC supergrid has been expanded, the existing European grid can be used for the transmission of solar power.

Increasing electricity supplies to Europe would lead to stronger economic growth in MENA and should stabilize this region itself and its relations with Europe. International trade in renewable energies would increase the number of cheap sources available and improve international cooperation. Jobs in MENA would be created in the construction and operation of power plants as well as in the generation of electrical energy and drinking water for the regional population. The possibility of producing cheap hydrogen with clean electricity could make the transport sector less dependent on dwindling fossil fuels in the long term. In addition, increased use of biomass in the transport sector instead of the electricity sector would be possible.

The energy supply of a state from external sources harbors the risk of political dependence on other states and - in the case of conflicts - blackmail. It is argued that the import of electricity carries a political risk as soon as the share exceeds a certain percentage. Furthermore, the HVDC links would represent possible targets for terrorists.

Proponents counter this by saying that all available sources must be used for the German energy transition. With a share of 15% in desert electricity imports in a European network with 65% domestic renewable energies and a corresponding reserve of gas-fired power plants to compensate for the control power, as the TRANS-CSP study examined in its scenario, one can even use the simultaneous Compensate for the failure of all HVDC connections between MENA and Europe until they are repaired or a political solution is found. An interruption in electricity exports would therefore damage one's own country - through the loss of income from electricity exports, the trust of future investors and jobs. Furthermore, Europe is already partially dependent on energy imports from politically not completely stable areas, as the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute in winter 2008/2009 and 2014 showed. The Federal Association of the Solar Industry saw the domestic expansion of regenerative energies already covering 50% of the demand in Germany by 2020, among other things because photovoltaics is developing strongly. So the purpose for Desertec could no longer exist. In addition, solar modules are becoming significantly cheaper. It is questionable whether “Concentrated Solar Power” can compete with the lower electricity generation costs in Europe, even though there are better solar radiation conditions in the desert. For the Desertec project, there is therefore the risk that business will prefer to invest its money in local systems. For the Desertec Foundation, solar thermal power plants do not compete with photovoltaics because of their controllability, but they complement fluctuating renewable energies such as wind and photovoltaics, and thus contribute to the fact that these energy sources can be used more in the grid without destabilizing it.

The political situation in the region is very fragile. The Arab Spring made it clear how vulnerable such large-scale systems are, just as Desertec would be.

Organizations and fields of action

TREC

Theoretical space requirement for solar collectors in order to generate the electricity demand of the world (i.e. around 17% of the total world energy demand ), Europe (EU-25) or Germany in solar thermal power plants . (Data from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) , 2005)

The Desertec concept was developed by the Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC), which was founded in 2003 on the initiative of the Club of Rome , the Hamburg Climate Protection Fund and the Jordanian National Energy Research Center (NERC). The core of TREC was an international network of politicians, scientists and economists. The physicist Gerhard Knies and Prince Hassan ibn Talal of Jordan, the then President of the Club of Rome, were the driving forces behind the founding and development of the network. The fundamental scientific studies on Desertec were carried out by TREC in collaboration with the German Aerospace Center (DLR), under the direction of DLR researcher Franz Trieb .

Desertec Foundation

The Desertec Foundation emerged from the TREC network on January 20, 2009 . The non-profit foundation was established with the aim of spreading and promoting the implementation of the Desertec concept globally. The founders of the foundation are the German Society Club of Rome e. V., members of TREC as well as private sponsors and long-term supporters of the Desertec idea. It is registered as a foundation in Berlin and has its seat in Hamburg. The Desertec Foundation has two board members: Andreas Huber and Manfred Bohnen, former chairman of the board as well as board member and chief financial officer of numerous corporations, such as Konrad Hornschuch AG, Jägermeister AG or TUI AG.

On May 22, 2015, the Desertec Foundation began the next phase of realizing the global vision together with its new Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Roland Berger . After Dii GmbH confirmed the feasibility of the vision from an industrial perspective in several reports, the foundation now sees the vision in the implementation phase. On May 22nd, 2015, Berger signed a generation contract with young people from all over the world with the aim of producing desert electricity for local consumption on the one hand, and creating awareness that desert electricity can also help industrialized nations accelerate their national energy transition on the other.

Together with regional country coordinators, the foundation is working on the worldwide implementation of Desertec through several measures:

Promotion of knowledge transfer and scientific cooperation
In 2010 the Desertec Foundation initiated the Desertec University Network as a scientific and academic cooperation platform. Its aim is to enrich research and teaching in the desert countries with Desertec-relevant content. Founding members are the Desertec Foundation and 18 universities and research institutions from the MENA region. Further universities from Europe and MENA have since joined.
School supplies
Greenpeace and the German Society Club of Rome developed teaching material for the Desertec Atlas together with the Desertec Foundation.
RE generation MENA
is a project for students in Egypt and Tunisia that has been funded by the German Foreign Office since 2011 . The aim is to make the Desertec concept and its positive effects known and to create a better understanding of the advantages and support measures for renewable energies.
Desertec Knowledge Platform
The knowledge platform will be launched in 2012 to simplify the international exchange of knowledge and cooperation between the Desertec community. This project is funded by the German Federal Environment Foundation (DBU) and is freely accessible.
Creation of suitable framework conditions
The aim of the network of local volunteers is to establish contacts and relationships with NGOs, scientific institutions and companies in the respective country in order to further spread the Desertec concept. There are regional country coordinators in Egypt, Belgium, China, France, Gambia, Japan, Mexico, Austria, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Tunisia and the United Kingdom.
Evaluation and initiation of projects that should serve as models
The Desertec Foundation began evaluating projects in 2011 and identified an initial pilot project that met its Desertec criteria. TuNur is a 2 gigawatt CSP project in Tunisia, which is currently in the planning phase and is expected to deliver the first electricity in 2016. It saves 90% water through air cooling and is said to be able to create up to 20,000 direct and indirect jobs. The criteria on which the evaluation is based are continuously refined in dialogue with civil society in North Africa. The DESERTEC Dialogue project is funded by the Federal Foreign Office.
Dissemination of information about Desertec
The Desertec Foundation informs civil society and politicians about Desertec through the press, its website, newsletter and social media, films about Desertec and the energy transition, flyers, articles and books such as the Desertec Atlas, international lectures, political work with ministries, the Arab League , the European Union and active participation in international climate protection conferences.

Dii GmbH

From 2009 to 2014, a merger of several companies examined and evaluated the possibilities of realizing the Desertec vision in the Mediterranean region and in the Middle East from an industrial perspective. To this end, the Desertec Foundation signed an agreement ( Memorandum of Understanding ) on July 13, 2009 with the Munich Reinsurance Company and eleven other companies . On October 30th, 2009 Dii GmbH was founded by the following partners from Europe and North Africa:

* FIG * Enel Green Power * Munich Re * Schott Solar
* Abengoa Solar * E.ON * Nareva * Terna
* ACWA Power * First solar * Red Eléctrica de España * Terna Energy SA
* Cevital * Flagsol * RWE * UniCredit
* Deutsche Bank * HSH Nordbank * Avancis * State Grid Corporation of China

The 56-year-old Dutch energy manager Paul van Son was appointed managing director .

Like the Desertec Foundation, the Dii did not want to build its own power plants. Rather, she worked with many partners on the implementation of four main goals:

  1. Development of a long-term perspective for the period up to 2050 including investment and financing recommendations
  2. Development of suitable framework conditions to enable investments in power plants and pipeline networks
  3. Development of early reference projects to demonstrate feasibility
  4. In-depth studies on individual subject areas

These main goals were largely achieved by 2014. At the end of 2014, most of the shareholders did not renew their contracts with Dii. RWE, State Grid Corporation of China and ACWA Power have remained as shareholders. The new mission is to promote the development of renewable energy projects and to ensure that these are integrated into the connected networks. In particular, the focus is on identifying and removing obstacles for projects (grid and generation).

At a shareholders' meeting in Rome in October 2014, the 17 remaining shareholders decided to change the planning company in its previous form. Since then, the Industry Initiative has been working from its base in Dubai for the accelerated integration of renewable energies in the MENA region and the integration into the world energy market. The companies RWE, ACWA Power (Saudi Arabia) and the State Grid Corporation (PR China) continue to run the company. The company is to use the acquired expertise to advise countries in the Arab region and North Africa on the development of renewable energy generation. The regional development of regenerative power plant capacity to supply North African countries will continue to be pushed. From 2009 to 2014 around 70 individual projects were realized or are under construction. In 2014 the project volume is 3 GW, by 2020 it should be 35 GW. In January 2019 Paul van Son and Thomas Isenburg published a book on the history of Dii and Desertec with the title: Energy transition in the desert. The Desertec 1.0 versions now exist. 2.0 and 3.0

Realization of Desertec

The construction of new solar thermal power plants has started in Spain and the USA in recent years with systems such as Andasol 1 & 2 , Solar Tres , PS10 and Nevada Solar One . North African solar power plants are being built at the El Kureimat (Egypt), Hassi R'mel (Algeria), and Ain-Ben-Mathar (Morocco) power plants.

In order to build up an export capacity of 100 GW by 2050 in addition to the internal needs of the MENA countries, state start-up aid is necessary to make the construction of power plants and lines attractive for private investors in the early days. According to the DLR, state subsidies totaling a single-digit billion euro amount would be sufficient to advance the market launch of solar thermal power plants to such an extent that they would be competitive with electricity generation from fossil fuels before 2020 without further subsidies.

Investments in the construction of the lines and power plants could also be undertaken by state investors, but as the event “10,000 Solar GigaWatts” organized by TREC at the Hanover Fair 2008 showed, international banks and private investors are available to finance the construction as soon as the necessary framework conditions are created. So you need electricity purchase guarantees and, in some countries, guarantees as well as the financing of feed-in regulations for the currently more expensive renewable energies (in the course of time then the “single-digit billion euro amount”).

Morocco

In February 2010, Dii GmbH announced that the talks with the Moroccan government to set up a reference project in Morocco had been successful. In June 2011, Dii signed a memorandum of understanding with the Moroccan solar agency Masen (Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy) for the establishment of the Moroccan reference project. Masen acts as a project developer as part of the collaboration and is responsible for all steps in Morocco. Dii will advertise the project and its funding to the European Union in Brussels and to individual national governments. In April 2010, Dii GmbH declared that it was important that the construction not be placed in the Moroccan-occupied area of Western Sahara . This became necessary because the Moroccan government published plans for two power plants in this area. Since the end of October 2011 it has been clear that a system is to be built as part of the cooperation between Dii GmbH and Masen. Construction began in 2013 and the first power plant (Noor 1) of the world's largest solar energy complex ( Ouarzazate power plant ) went online in Morocco in 2016. In total, the plants should cover an area of ​​30 square kilometers and generate an output of around 580 megawatts. The total costs are estimated to be around 2.2 billion euros.

Morocco is particularly suitable as a partner, as there is already an electricity route via Gibraltar to Spain and the Moroccan government has decided on its own program to promote renewable energies (approx. EUR 6.6 billion / USD 9 billion in the years 2015 to 2019 for an installed capacity of 2 GW in five solar power plants). Electricity generation in Morocco in 2006 was around 21.88 terawatt hours (TWh) with self-consumption of 19.58 TWh. For comparison: Germany consumes 600 TWh, but only has twice the population of Morocco. In 2001 more than 95% of electricity was generated from fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas, the rest from hydropower. The share of wind power and solar energy in electricity generation in Morocco was 0% in the same period. At the same time, a 500 MW pilot plant in Morocco was decided under French leadership.

Tunisia

In Tunisia , further steps towards desert electricity were agreed in April 2011. In cooperation with the renewable energy subsidiary of the state energy group STEG in Tunisia, Dii GmbH started a feasibility study. In the course of this study, possible locations for large solar and wind energy projects in the deserts of the North African country are being explored. The technical and regulatory requirements for feeding energy into local networks and exporting the electricity to neighboring countries and Europe are examined. The financing of a possible reference project in Tunisia is also being analyzed.

The Desertec Foundation started evaluating projects in 2011 and identified TuNur as the first pilot project to meet its Desertec criteria. TuNur is a 2-gigawatt CSP project in Tunisia, which is currently in the planning phase and should deliver the first electricity in 2016. Commissioning for 2020 is currently (end of 2017) planned. It saves 90% water through air cooling and can create up to 20,000 direct and indirect jobs. A video on Youtube describes this project.

Algeria

The country of Algeria , which offers excellent conditions for renewable energies, is a possible location for another reference project. On December 9, 2011, during a meeting between Algeria and the EU in Brussels, the managing director of the Algerian state electricity company Sonelgaz - in the presence of the Algerian energy minister Youcef Yousfi and the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger - signed a declaration of cooperation with Dii GmbH . The focus of this strategic partnership is on strengthening and exchanging technical expertise, finding ways and means of accessing foreign markets and promoting the joint development of renewable energies in Algeria and abroad.

Awards

On 15 November 2008, the Desertec Foundation was two-fold with the Utopia Award of Utopia Foundation awarded. The awards were made in the Ideas category with the jury and audience awards. According to the jury, the Desertec concept shows that "[...] it is possible to make Europe energetically fit for the future with an investment package and infrastructure program that is exemplary for the world."

On March 17, 2010, the Desertec Foundation was named “Selected Location 2010” in the Germany - Land of Ideas competition, making it one of the 365 award winners in the competition.

literature

Web links

Commons : Desertec  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Desertec concept. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 19, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 .
  2. ↑ Desertec Global Mission. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 14, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 .
  3. ↑ Board of Directors Desertec Foundation ( Memento from April 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ Reuters: Desertec at the end: The dream of desert electricity has failed . Desertec at the end. In: FAZ.NET . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 14, 2014, ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed June 27, 2020]).
  5. ↑ ho: Desert hydrogen: New start with Desertec 3.0 - SOLARIFY. In: Solarify. Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Future Agency - Office for Sustainability Issues, November 26, 2019, accessed on June 27, 2020 (German).
  6. ↑ a b Desertec interim balance. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 18, 2015 ; Retrieved May 5, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dii-eumena.com
  7. ↑ Summary of the DLR studies (excerpt from the WhiteBook). (PDF; 1.7 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 7, 2012 ; Retrieved March 16, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  8. ↑ sueddeutsche.de
  9. ↑ a b Corporations let Desertec dream burst ( Memento from October 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: Tagesschau.de . October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  10. ↑ Desertec project Desert electricity will come to Europe in 2020 . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  11. ↑ Put in the sand . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . October 8, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  12. ↑ Joachim Nitsch , Frithjof Staiß: Perspectives of a solar energy network for Europe and the Mediterranean area. In: Hans-Günther Brauch (ed.): Energy policy. Berlin / Heidelberg 1997, pp. 473-486, p. 473.
  13. ^ Nadejda Komendantova, Anthony Patt: Employment under vertical and horizontal transfer of concentrated solar power technology to North African countries. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 40, (2014), pp. 1192-1201, p. 1194, doi: 10.1016 / j.rser.2014.07.072
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g Description in the Summary of the TRANS-CSP Study (PDF; 655 kB)
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h Researched in the TRANS-CSP Study (PDF; 6.3 MB)
  16. ↑ ARD W-Wie-Wissen
  17. ↑ Desertec Foundation ( Memento from June 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ^ Franz Trieb, Hans Müller-Steinhagen: Electricity import from the Sahara. Basics of the Desertec concept. In: Jürgen Renn, Rober Schlögel, Hans-Peter Zenner (ed.): Selected lectures of the 126th meeting of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors eV 2011, 123–160, pp. 129f.
  19. ↑ a b c Desertec milestones. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 16, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  20. ^ MED-CSP Study, Numerical data, Ecobalance, Summary
  21. ↑ TRANS-CSP study, Numerical data, Summary
  22. ↑ AQUA-CSP Study
  23. ↑ Collected news reports on the solar plan of the Union for the Mediterranean ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 141 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  24. ↑ Desert Power 2050 study. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 16, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dii-eumena.com
  25. ↑ Desert Power 2050 results. Retrieved October 1, 2012 .
  26. ↑ Concentrated Solar Power at Schott Solar
  27. ↑ a b Description in the Summary of the MED-CSP Study (PDF; 729 kB)
  28. ↑ a b Researched in the MED-CSP Study (PDF; 12.3 MB)
  29. ↑ Clean electricity from the deserts (PDF; 6.3 MB)
  30. ↑ Study of electricity generation costs for renewable energies, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems 2013 (PDF; 8.4 MB)
  31. ↑ List of HVDC systems List of HVDC projects.
  32. ↑ Asian super power grid for renewable energies. Desertec Foundation signs cooperation agreement. ( Memento of the original from October 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Desertec Foundation press release. Retrieved March 10, 2012.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  33. ↑ Capacity, Costs & Space: Main indicators of the total EU-MENA High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants from 2020–2050 according to the TRANS-CSP scenario. Source: Archive link ( Memento of the original dated December 5, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.trecers.net
  34. ↑ Desertec starting shot desert power project , star.
  35. ^ Fritz Vorholz: Desert electricity, a Fata-Morgana? In: The time . April 27, 2012, Retrieved November 10, 2012 .
  36. ↑ Desertec Foundation: Technologies. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 1, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  37. ↑ Desertec board members ( Memento from April 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ dl.dropboxusercontent.com ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dl.dropboxusercontent.com
  39. ^ Desertec organization. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 14, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  40. ↑ a b Desertec Focus EU-MENA ( Memento from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ content.globalmarshallplan.org ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / content.globalmarshallplan.org
  42. ^ Desertec Knowledge Platform. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desertec.org
  43. ↑ Desertec coordinators ( Memento from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ↑ a b TuNur. Retrieved October 1, 2012 .
  45. ↑ DesertecChannel on Youtube. Retrieved October 1, 2012 .
  46. ↑ a b Desertec Flyer ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  47. ↑ Desertec Atlas ( Memento from June 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  48. ↑ Desertec events. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 19, 2012 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 .
  49. ^ Dii partner. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 31, 2013 ; Retrieved October 23, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dii-eumena.com
  50. ↑ DII interim balance sheet. (No longer available online.) DII, December 31, 2014, archived from the original on April 19, 2015 ; accessed on May 7, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dii-eumena.com
  51. ↑ Dii Desertenergy. Retrieved October 14, 2017 (American English).
  52. ↑ Desertec power project is falling apart
  53. ↑ Dii is entering a new phase: Dii adapts its business model to provide concrete services for renewable energy projects ( Memento of the original from October 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dii-eumena.com
  54. ↑ DII interim balance sheet. SOLARIFY, December 30, 2014, accessed May 7, 2015 .
  55. ^ Paul van Son and Thomas Isenburg: Energiewende in the desert . Oekom Verlag, Munich, Germany.
  56. ^ Daniel Wetzel: Energiewende: Without Desertec 3.0 little hope for the climate . In: THE WORLD . August 6, 2019 ( welt.de [accessed May 1, 2020]).
  57. ↑ Solar and wind energy is booming in Egypt. (No longer available online.) In: ZDF Heute. December 9, 2009, formerly in the original ; Retrieved May 31, 2010 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heute.de  
  58. ↑ Desert power for Europe. In: Tagesspiegel. July 6, 2009, accessed May 31, 2010 .
  59. ↑ North Africa does not rely on Desertec. In: New Germany. July 14, 2009, accessed May 31, 2010 .
  60. ^ A b Desertec Foundation: Clean Power from Deserts. ( Memento of March 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.0 MB)
  61. ↑ ENERGY FORUM 10,000 SOLAR GIGAWATTS 23–24. APRIL 2008 ( Memento of December 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  62. ↑ af.reuters.com
  63. ↑ a b english.globalarabnetwork.com ( Memento from October 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  64. ^ Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy: Masen (Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy) et le consortium industriel Dii s'entendent sur un projet de coopération. ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 350 kB) from June 2, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.masen.org.ma
  65. ↑ derstandard.at ( Memento of the original from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / derstandard.at
  66. ↑ a b Z. Maung: Solar giant Desertec to avoid Western Sahara. In: The Guardian. dated April 10, 2012.
  67. ↑ Julia Chan: Work begins on 160MW Noor 1 CSP project in Morocco. May 13, 2013, accessed November 17, 2013 .
  68. ↑ a b SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg Germany: Largest plant in the world: Morocco opens huge solar park near the Sahara - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Economy. Retrieved April 24, 2017 .
  69. ↑ Energy of Morocco , Africa at a Glance , requested on May 22, 2010
  70. ↑ Desert power after the revolution. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. April 11, 2011, accessed December 15, 2011 .
  71. ^ Giant Tunisian desert solar project aims to power EU . In: Climate Home - climate change news . August 4, 2017 ( climatechangenews.com [accessed December 5, 2017]).
  72. ↑ Market analysis Algeria: Solar thermal power plants (CSP) and photovoltaics. Retrieved December 15, 2011 .
  73. ↑ Algeria, EU and Desertec seal cooperation. In: Algeria Today. December 10, 2011, accessed December 15, 2011 .
  74. ↑ Utopia Foundation: A good evening: the award ceremony  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utopia.de  
  75. ↑ Awarded for the 365 Landmarks in the Land of Ideas competition ( Memento from July 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive )