List of HVDC systems

The high-voltage direct current ( HVDC ) is a method for the transmission of electrical energy with direct current high voltage (100-1000  kV ). The following is an overview of the systems implemented.

→ Main article : High voltage direct current transmission

Systems in which arc converters or mercury vapor rectifiers were originally used

Commissioning up to and including 1945

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
Mechanicville, New York	USA Mechanicville , NY	USA Schenectady , NY		37	12	5	1932	Test facility
HVDC close coupling of the Carnegie steelworks	USA Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	USA Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania			?	?	?	was used to implement a coupling between a 60 Hz network and a 25 Hz network, dismantled
HVDC Zurich – Wettingen	Switzerland Wettingen	Switzerland Zurich		20th	50	0.5	1939	Test facility built by the BBC
HVDC Charlottenburg – Moabit	Germany Berlin-Moabit	Germany Berlin-Charlottenburg		4.6	100	14th	1942	Test facility, dismantled in 1945
HVDC Lehrte – Misburg	Germany Taught	Germany Hannover-Misburg	5	0	80	16	1944	Test facility based on electric arc converters, destroyed in World War II
Elbe project	Germany Vockerode	Germany Berlin-Marienfelde	115	0	200	60	1945	never went into operation, dismantled
HVDC Trollhättan – Merud	Sweden Trollhättan	Sweden Mellerud		90	50	6.5	1942	Test facility, dismantled in 1945

Commissioning after 1945

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2 / ...	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
Moscow Kashira	Russia Moscow	Russia kashira	100		200	30th	1951	shut down (date unknown)
HVDC Gotland 1	Sweden Västervik	Sweden Yigne	98		200	20th	1954	Decommissioned in February 1986
HVDC cross channel	France Echingen	UK Lydd	64		100	160	1961	Closed in 1984
HVDC Kontiskan 1	Denmark Vester Hassing	Sweden Stenkullen	87	89	250	250	1964	in August 2006 by new plant with thyristors replaced
SACOI 1	Italy Suvereto before 1992: San Dalmazio	France Lucciana Italy Codrongianos	304	118	200	200	1965	1986 Replacement by thyristors, several terminals
HVDC Inter-Island Link	New Zealand Benmore	New Zealand Haywards	40	535	(+) 270 (-) 350	1240	1965	the new system is equipped with thyristors, the old system connected in parallel
HVDC Volgograd-Donbass	Russia Volzhskaya	Ukraine Mikhailovskaya		475	400	750	1964
HVDC close coupling Sakuma	Japan Sakuma	Japan Sakuma			125	300	1965	1993 Replacement by a power converter equipped with photothyristors
Pacific DC Intertie	USA Oregon - Celilo	USA California - Sylmar		1362	500	3100	1970	In 1972, the converter station in Sylmar had to be largely reconstructed after the Sylmar earthquake
Vancouver Island 1	Canada Delta, BC	Canada North Cowichan, BC	33	42	260	312	1968
Nelson River Bipol 1	Canada Gillam	Canada Rosser, Manitoba		895	450	1620	1971
HVDC Kingsnorth	UK Kingsnorth	UK London Beddington London Willesden	85		266	640	1975	only inner-city (London) and last plant built with mercury vapor rectifiers

Systems that are operated with thyristors from the start

Commissioning until 1980

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
HVDC close coupling Eel River	Canada Eel River , NB	Canada Eel River, NB			80	320	1972
Vancouver Island 2	Canada Delta, BC	Canada North Cowichan, BC	33	42	280	370	1977
HVDC close coupling David A. Hamil	USA Stegall (Nebraska)	USA Stegall (Nebraska)			± 50	100	1977
Shin Shinano HVDC close coupling	Japan Shin Shinano	Japan Shin Shinano			125	600	1977
Square butte	USA Center, ND (Young)	USA Adolph, MN (Arrowhead)		749	250	500	1977
HVDC Cross-Skagerrak 1 + 2	Denmark Tjele	Norway Kristiansand	130	100	250	500	1977
CU	USA Underwood, ND (Coal Creek)	USA Rockford, MN (Dickinson)		710	± 400	1000	1979
HVDC Hokkaido – Honshu	Japan Hakodate	Japan Kamikita	44	149	250	300	1979
HVDC Cahora Bassa	Mozambique Songo	South Africa Apollo		1420	± 533	1920	1979	The thyristor valves are not housed in a hall, but in oil-filled containers outdoors. The facility was damaged in the 1980s during the Mozambican Civil War and was inoperative for 17 years. It was subsequently renewed and put back into operation in 1998.

Commissioning between 1981 and 1990

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2 / ...	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
Acaray HVDC close coupling	Paraguay Ciudad de Este	Paraguay Ciudad de Este			25.6	50	1981
HVDC Inga-Shaba	Zaire Kolwezi	Zaire Inga		1700	500	560	1982	The overhead line is likely to be the longest on earth. Since it mainly leads through terrain that is difficult to access, a separate line route was chosen for each pole.
HVDC close coupling Vyborg	Russia Vyborg	Russia Vyborg			85	1065	1982
Dürnrohr	Austria Dürnrohr	Austria Dürnrohr			145	550	1983	Closed in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Gotland 2	Sweden Västervik	Sweden Yigne	92.9	6.6	150	130	1983
HVDC close coupling Eddy County	United States Artesia, NM	United States Artesia, NM			82	200	1983
HVDC close coupling Oklaunion	USA Oklaunion, TX	USA Oklaunion, TX			82	200	1984
Blackwater HVDC close coupling	USA Blackwater, NM	USA Blackwater, NM			57	200	1984
Châteauguay direct current back-up	Canada Saint-Constant , QC	Canada Saint-Constant , QC			140	1000	1984	Largest GKK in North America
HVDC Itaipu 2	Brazil Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná	Brazil São Roque, São Paulo		805	± 600	3150	1984	Manufacturer: ABB
HVDC Itaipu 1	Brazil Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná	Brazil São Roque, São Paulo		785	± 600	3150	1984	Manufacturer: ABB
HVDC close coupling Madawaska	Canada Degelis	Canada Degelis			140	350	1985
HVDC close coupling Miles City	USA Miles City	USA Miles City			82	200	1985
Highgate HVDC close coupling	USA Highgate, VT	USA Highgate, VT			56	200	1985
Nelson River Bipol 2	Canada Sundance	Canada Rosser		937	± 500	1800	1985
HVDC cross-channel (new)	France Les Mandarins	UK Sellindge	72		± 270	2000	1986	2 bipolar systems
HVDC close coupling Uruguaiana	Brazil Uruguaiana	Brazil Uruguaiana			17.9	53.9	1986
Intermountain	USA Intermountain, Utah	United States of America Adelanto, California		785	± 500	1920	1986
HVDC close coupling Broken Hill	Australia Broken Hill	Australia Broken Hill			8.33	40	1986
Gotland 3	Sweden Västervik	Sweden Yigne	98		150	130	1987
HVDC Zhoushan	China Ningbo	China Gao Tongge	12	42	100	50	1987
Kontiskan 2	Denmark Vester, Hassing	Sweden Lindome	87	60	285	300	1988
HVDC close coupling Virginia Smith	United States of America Sidney, Nebraska	United States of America Sidney, Nebraska			500	200	1988
McNeill HVDC close coupling	Canada Mc Neill, Alberta	Canada Mc Neill, Alberta			42	150	1989
Gezhouba – Shanghai "GeSha" or "Ge-Nan"	China Gezhouba	China Nan Qiao		1046	± 500	1200	1989	Manufacturer: Siemens
HVDC Fenno-Skan	Finland Rauma	Sweden Dannebo	200	33	400	500	1989
HVDC close coupling Vindhyachal	India Vindhyachal	India Vindhyachal			176	500	1989
HVDC Sileru – Barsoor	India Sileru	India Barsoor		196	200	400	1989

Commissioning between 1991 and 2000

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2 / ...	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
HVDC Quebec - New England	Canada Radisson, QC	Canada Nicolet, QC Canada Des Cantons, QC USA Comerford, NH USA James Bay, MA	5	1100	± 450	2000	1991	3 stopovers. Manufacturer: ABB
HVDC Rihand – Delhi	India Rihand	India Dadri		814	± 500	1500	1992
Cross Skagerrak 3	Denmark Tjele	Norway Kristiansand	130	100	350	500	1993
Inter-Island New Zealand 2	New Zealand Benmore	New Zealand Haywards	40	570	350	640	1992
HVDC close coupling Wolmirstedt	Germany Wolmirstedt	Germany Wolmirstedt			160	600	(1992)	Construction stopped in April 1990. Converter hall, today recycling center.
SACOI 2	Italy Suvereto before 1992: San Dalmazio	France Lucciana Italy Codrongianos	118	304	200	300	1992	several terminals
GKK Etzenricht	Germany Etzenricht	Germany Etzenricht			160	600	1993	shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
GK Wien-Südost	Austria Vienna	Austria Vienna			142	600	1993	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Baltic Cable	Germany Lübeck- Herrenwyk	Sweden Kruseberg	250	12	450	600	1993
HVDC Haenam – Cheju	South Korea Haenam	South Korea Jeju	101		180	300	1996
Kontek	Denmark Bjaeverskov	Germany Bentwisch	170		400	600	1996
HVDC Chandrapur – Padghe	India Chandrapur ?	India Padghe		900	± 500	1500	1997
HVDC Leyte - Luzon	Philippines Ormoc, Leyte	Philippines Naga, Camarines Sur	21st	430	400	1600	1998
HVDC close coupling Chandrapur	India Chandrapur	India Chandrapur			205	1000	1998
HVDC close coupling Welch-Monticello	USA Welch-Monticello, TX Welch Power Plant	USA Welch-Monticello, TX Monticello Power Plant			162	600	1998
Vizag I	India Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka	India Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka			176	500	1999
HVDC close coupling Minami-Fukumitsu	Japan Minami-Fukumitsu	Japan Minami-Fukumitsu			125	300	1999
HVDC Visby-Nas	Sweden Nas	Sweden Visby	70		80	50	1999
HVDC Kii Channel	Japan Anan	Japan Kihoku	50	50	500	1400	2000
Swepol	Poland Bruskowo Wielkie	Sweden Starknö	245		450	600	2000
Garabi HVDC close coupling	Brazil Garabi	Brazil Garabi			± 70	400	2000
Rivera HVDC close coupling	Uruguay Rivera	Uruguay Rivera			± 20	70	2000

Commissioning from 2001 to 2007

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2 / ...	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
HVDC Italy – Greece	Greece Arachthos	Italy Galatina	313	110	400	500	2001
TSQ	China Tianshengqiao	China Guangzhou		960	± 500	1800	2001	Manufacturer: Siemens
HVDC Moyle	Great Britain Auchencrosh	Northern Ireland Ballycronan More	63.5		250	250	2001
HVDC ESI II	India Talcher, Orissa	India Kolar, Karnataka		1450	± 500	2000	2002
HVDC Thailand – Malaysia	Thailand Khlong Ngae	Malaysia Gurun		110	300	300	2002
HVDC Shengsi	China Schengsi	China Anabasis Sizu	63.21	2.99	± 50	60	2002
HVDC Dreischluchtendamm – Changzhou	China Longquan	China Zhengping		860	± 500	3000	2003	From the north bank of the Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid. Manufacturer: ABB / Siemens
HVDC close coupling Sasaram	India Sasaram	India Sasaram			205	500	2003
Rapid City HVDC close coupling	United States Rapid City, South Dakota	United States Rapid City, South Dakota			13	200	2003	[1]
Guizhou-Guangdong I (GuG I)	China Anshun, Guizhou	China Zhaoqing, Guangdong		980	± 500	3000	2004	Manufacturer: Siemens
HVDC Three Gorges Dam Guangdong - Huizhou	China Jingzhou	China Huizhou		940	500	3000	2004	Manufacturer: ABB
HVDC close coupling Vizag II	India Visakhapatnam	India Visakhapatnam			176	500	2005	Manufacturer: ABB
Bass link	Australia LoyYang	Australia GeorgeTown, Tasmania	298.3	71.8	400	600	2005
HVDC close coupling Lingbao	China Lingbao	China Lingbao			168	360	2005
HVDC close coupling Lamar	USA Lamar Co., CO	USA Lamar Co., CO			63.6	210	2005	Manufacturer: Siemens; Combination of HVDC close coupling and power flow control (GPFC)
HVDC Dreischluchtendamm-Shanghai	China Yidu	China Shanghai		900	± 500	3000	2006	Manufacturer: ABB
Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter	Japan Shimuzu	Japan Shimuzu			125	300	2006
Sharyland HVDC close coupling	United States Sharyland, TX	United States Sharyland, TX			21st	150	2007
Guizhou-Guangdong II (GuG II)	China Xingren	China Shenzhen		1225	± 500	3000	2007	Manufacturer: Siemens
Neptune	USA Long Island (Hicksville) NY	USA Sayreville, NJ	105		500	660	2007	Manufacturer: Siemens

Commissioning from 2008

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2 / ...	Length of underground / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
GKK Al Fadhili	Saudi Arabia Al Fadhili	Saudi Arabia Al Fadhili				1800	2008	[2]
GKK HeiHe	China Heihe	China Heihe				750	2008
GKK Gaoling	China gaoling	China gaoling				1500	2008
NorNed	Netherlands Eemshaven	Norway Feda	580		450	700	2008	Manufacturer: ABB
Lévis de-icer	Canada Lévis	Canada Lévis		27-242	± 17.4	250	2008	Line de-icing system. Normal operation: Static reactive power compensator (SVC)
HVDC Ballia – Bhiwadi	India Ballia	India Bhiwadi		780	± 500	2500	2011	Manufacturer: Siemens
Outaouais HVDC close coupling	Canada Outaouais	Canada Outaouais			315	625 (2 ×)	2009	planned completion 2009, manufacturer: ABB
SAPEI	Italy Latina	Italy Fiume Santo	440		500	500	2009 *	planned completion 2008/09, manufacturer: ABB
HVDC Yunnan-Guangdong	China Chuxiong, Yunnan	China Zengcheng, Guangdong		1418	± 800	5000	2010	Manufacturer: Siemens [3]
HVDC Xianjiaba-Shanghai	China Fulong	China Fengxian		2071	± 800	6400	2010 *	Completion 2010 Monopole, 2011 Bipol Manufacturer: Siemens, ABB
HVDC Ningxia - Tianjing	China - Ningxia	China - Tianjing				3000	2010
HVDC Baoji-Denjang	China - Baoji	China - Denjang			± 500	3000	2010
HVDC Qinghai - Tibet	China - Geermu	China - Lhasa		1038	500	1200	2010
Ningxia - Shandong	China - Yinchuan	China - Qingdao		1038	500	1200	2010
HVDC Hulunbeir-Liaoning	China - Hulunbeir	China - Shenyang		920	± 500	3000	2010
Great Belt Power Link or HVDC StoreBaelt	Denmark Fraugde	Denmark Herslev	56		400	600	2010	Manufacturer: Siemens
HVDC close coupling Melo	Uruguay Melo	Uruguay Melo			?	500	2011	Completion 2011, manufacturer: Areva
BritNed	Great Britain Grain	Netherlands Maasvlakte	245		450	1000	2011	Completion 2010, commissioning 2011, manufacturer: Siemens
Cometa	Spain Morvedre	Spain Santa Ponsa	247		250	400	2011 *	Planned completion 2011 Manufacturer: PRYSMIAN / NEXANS / Siemens
HVDC Sumatra – Java	Indonesia Java	Indonesia Sumatra	700		500	3000	2011 *	planned completion 2011 Manufacturer:?
HVDC Hubei - Shanghai	China - Jingmen	China - Fenjing		970	500	3000	2011
HVDC Fenno-Skan 2	Finland Rauma	Sweden Dannebo	200	103	500	800	2011
HVDC Jindo – Jeju 2	Korea Jeju	Korea Jindo	119		250	200 (2 ×)	2011 *	planned completion 2011 Manufacturer:?
HVDC North Shaanxi - Shandong	China	China				3000	2011
GKK Shandong - East	China	China				1200	2011
Jinping-Sunan HVDC	China Jinping, Sichuan	China Sunan, Junan	2059		± 800	7200	2012
HVDC Rio Madeira	Brazil - Porto Velho	Brazil - Araraquara		> 2500	± 600	3150	2012
HVDC close coupling Rio Madeira	Brazil - Porto Velho	Brazil - Porto Velho			?	800	2012
HVDC Mundra – Haryana Adani	India Mundra, Gujarat	India Mohindergarh, Haryana		960	± 500	2500	2012	Manufacturer: Siemens [4]
GKK North - Central	China	China				1000	2012
HVDC Xiluodo - Guangdong	China Zhaotong, Yunnan	China Conghua, Guangdong		1286	500	5000	2013	[5]
HVDC Jinhong - Thailand	China	Thailand				3000	2013
Akhaltsikhe HVDC close coupling	Georgia Akhaltsikhe	Georgia Akhaltsikhe			96	700	2013
Ridgefield HVDC close coupling	USA Ridgefield	USA Ridgefield			185	660	2013
HVDC close coupling Bheramara	Bangladesh, Bheramara	Bangladesh, Bheramara			158	500	2013
City feed Dalian	China - Dalian North	China - Dalian South	43		± 320	1000	2013	[6]
HVDC Xiluodo - Hunan	China	China			± 800	6400	2014
Southern HVDC Hami – Zhengzhou	China Agra	China Agra		2210	± 800	8000	2014	HVDC with the highest transmission capacity in the world (as of 2014)
HVDC Biswanath – Agra	India Agra	India Alipurduar India Biswanath		1825	± 800	6000	2014 *	Planned completion 2014/2015 as Bipol
GKK Mogocha	Russia Mogocha	Russia Mogocha			?	?	2014	[7]
Estlink 2	Finland Anttila	Estonia Püssi	157	14th	450	650	2014	Manufacturer: Siemens (substations) [8] , NEXANS (cables)
Railroad DC Tie	United States Sharyland, TX	United States Sharyland, TX			21st	150	2014	[9]
Eastern Alberta Transmission Line	Canada Newell	Canada Heathfield		485	500	1000	2014
Western Alberta Transmission Line	Canada Genesee	Canada Langdon		485	500	1000	2014
HVDC Humeng - Schandong	China	China			± 800	6400	2015
HVDC Xiluodo - Hanzhou	China	China			± 800	6400	2015
HVDC Irkutsk - Beijing	Russia - Irkutsk	China - Beijing			± 800	6400	2015
HVDC Nuozhadu - Guangdong	China Puer, Yunnan	China Jiangmen, Guangdong		1451	± 800	5000	2013	[10]
HVDC Western Link	United Kingdom, Hunterston	United Kingdom, Connah's Quay	414		600	2200	2015	Manufacturer: Siemens (substations), Prysmian (cables) [11]
HVDC close coupling Alytus	Lithuania- Alytus	Lithuania- Alytus			?	1000	2015
HVDC Jinscha River II - East China	China	China			± 800	6400	2016
HVDC Goupitan - Guangdong	China	China				3000	2016
Shetland HVDC Connection	UK - Upper Kergord Valley	UK - Blackhillock	345			550	2016
HVDC Jinscha River II - Fujian	China	China			± 800	6400	2018
HVDC Humeng - Liaoning	China	China			± 800	6400	2018
HVDC Humeng - Liaoning	China	China			± 800	6400	2018
HVDC Hami - Central China	China	China			± 800	6400	2018
Nelson River Bipol 3	Canada Keewatinoow	Canada Rosser		1324	± 500	2000	2018
HVDC Ekibastus Center	Kazakhstan Ekibastus	Russia Tambov		2400	750	6000	?	unfinished, almost completely demolished
HVDC Bakun	Malaysia Similajau	Malaysia Bentong	670	1030	500	?	?
Shanghai-Shensi HVDC	China Shanghai	China Schensi			± 500	?	?
Skagerrak 4	Denmark Viborg	Norway Kristiansand	137	102	500	700	[obsolete] 2014	Danish wind power, Norwegian water storage [12] [13]
Nemo Link	UK Richborough	Belgium Zeebrugge	approx. 140 km		± 400	1000	[obsolete] 2019	Contractor Siemens
NordLink	Germany Wilster	Norway Tonstad	570 km (516 km submarine cable, 54 km land cable)	53 km	± 525	1400	[obsolete] 2019	Manufacturer ABB [14]
HVDC Kenya-Ethiopia	Ethiopia Volayta	Kenya Suswa		1045 km	± 500	2000	[obsolete] 2019
NSN Link	Great Britain Blyth	Norway Kvilldal	> 700 km		± 515	1200	2020

Systems that were operated with IGBTs from the start

(also known under the names HVDC light (ABB) and HVDC plus (Siemens) )

Surname	Converter station 1	Converter station 2 / ...	Length of land / submarine cable (km)	Length of overhead line (km)	Voltage (kV)	Max. Transmission power (MW)	Year d. Installation	Remarks
Hellsjön – Grängesberg	Sweden Hellsjön	Sweden Grängesberg		10	180	3	1997	Test facility
HVDC close coupling Eagle Pass, Texas	USA, Texas Eagle Pass	USA, Texas Eagle Pass			15.9	36	2000
HVDC Tjæreborg	Denmark Tjæreborg / Enge	Denmark Tjæreborg substation	4.3		9	7th	2000	Connection of wind turbines
Directlink	Australia Mullumbimby	Australia bungalora	59		80	180	2000	Underground cables
Crossing the Long Island Sound	USA, Connecticut New Haven	USA Shoreham, Long Island	40		150	330	2002	buried submarine cable
Murraylink	Australia Red Cliffs	Australia Berri	177		300 (± 150)	220	2002	Underground cables
HVDC Troll A	Norway Kollsnes	Norway offshore platform Troll A	70		60	80	2004	Power supply for gas compressor, manufacturer: ABB
Estlink	Estonia Harku	Finland Espoo	105		150	350	2006	Manufacturer: ABB
BorWin 1	Germany hallway	German EEZ BorWin alpha	78 km of land cable, 125 km of submarine cable		300 (± 150)	400	2010	Manufacturer: ABB
Trans Bay Cable / San Francisco Bay	USA, California East Bay - Oakland	USA, California San Francisco	88		200	400	2010	Manufacturer: Siemens & Pirelli
HVDC Valhall	Norway Lista	Norway offshore platform Valhall	292		150	78	2009
Sydvästlänken	Sweden Barkeryd (Nassjö)	Sweden Hurva (Hörby)	197	63	600 (± 300)	2 × 660	2014/2015	Two parallel HVDC systems over land (here with a route length of 260 km), possibly a sample for HVDC land connections in Germany (if cable and overhead lines in series and for economic reasons with limited cable voltage to e.g. ± 525 kV)
Caprivi Link	Namibia Gerus	Namibia Zambezi		970	500	300	2010
Great Belt Power Link (Storebælt HVDC)	Denmark Fraugde (Funen)	Denmark Herslev (Zealand)	26 km of land cable, 32 km of submarine cable		400	600	2010	Manufacturer: Siemens (substations) [15] , ABB (cables) [16]
East-West Interconnector	Great Britain Shotton	Ireland Woodland	130		400 (± 200)	500	2012
Wind farm integration Nanhui	China	China	8.4		± 30kV	18th	2011	[17]
BorWin 2	Germany hallway	German EEZ BorWin beta	78 km of land cable, 125 km of submarine cable		600 (± 300)	800	2013 [18]	Manufacturer: Siemens Energy
HVDC Nanao	China Search	China Jinniu, China Qingdao	10	32	± 160	200	2013
DolWin 1	Germany Heede ( Dörpen )	German EEZ DolWin alpha	90 km of land cable, 75 km of submarine cable		640 (± 320)	800	2014	Manufacturer: ABB [19]
Zhouschan-Zhejiang HVDC	China Zhouschan	China Qushan; China Daishan; China Jangschan; China Sijiao	134 km of submarine cables		400 (± 200)	400	2014	Manufacturer: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
HelWin 1	Germany Büttel	German AWZ HelWin alpha	45 km of land cable, 85 km of submarine cable		500 (± 250)	576	2015	Manufacturer: Siemens [20]
SylWin 1	Germany Büttel	German EEZ SylWin alpha	45 km of land cable, 160 km of submarine cable		640 (± 320)	864	2015	Manufacturer: Siemens [21]
HVDC close coupling Mackinac	United States St. Ignace , Michigan	United States St. Ignace, Michigan			70	200	2014	Manufacturer: ABB
INELFE	France Baixas	Spain Santa Llogaia	64		640 (± 320)	2 × 1000	2014	two parallel HVDC systems over land (here with a route length of 64 km), of which approx. 8 km in the Pyrenees motorway tunnel, if necessary samples for other HVDC land connections, the current status is the 320 kV plastic cable, long-term experience with 525 kV plastic cables is still missing; Manufacturer: Siemens [22]
North Balt	Sweden Nybro	Lithuania Klaipėda	450		300	700	2015	Manufacturer: ABB [23]
DolWin 2	Germany Heede (Dörpen)	German AWZ DolWin beta	90 km of land cable, 45 km of submarine cable		640 (± 320)	916	2016	Manufacturer: ABB [24]
HelWin 2	Germany Büttel	German AWZ HelWin beta	45 km of land cable, 85 km of submarine cable		640 (± 320)	690	2015	Manufacturer: Siemens [25]
Multi-point connection Zhoushan	China	China	134		± 200 kV	400	?	[26]
Eleclink	France Les Mandarins	England Sellindge	75		400	500	?	planned for the service tunnel of the Eurotunnel [27] (PDF; 31 kB)
HVDC Åland-Finland	Finland Nådendal	Finland Ytterby	158		160 (± 80)	100	2015	Manufacturer: ABB [28]
DolWin 3	Germany Heede (Dörpen)	German EEZ DolWin gamma	79 km of land cable, 83 km of submarine cable		640 (± 320)	900	2017/2018	Manufacturer: Alstom [29]
HGÜ MON.ITA	Italy Cepagatti	Montenegro Lastva Grbaljska	415		± 500	1000	2017	Manufacturer: Toshiba
HVDC close coupling Mogocha	Russia Mogocha	Russia Mogocha			± 32	200	2017	[30]
HVDC Caithness Moray	Great Britain Spittal	Great Britain Blackhillock	160 km of submarine cables		320	1200	2018	Manufacturer: ABB
HVDC close coupling Khani	Russia Khani	Russia Khani			± 32	200	2019	[31]
Bentwisch HVDC close coupling	Germany Bentwisch	Germany Bentwisch			± 140	410	2019
New HVDC Hokkaido Honschu	Japan Imabetsu	Japan Hokuto	22nd	98	250	300	2019	[32]
BorWin 3	Germany Emden East	German EEZ BorWin gamma	78 km of land cable, 82 km of submarine cable		640 (± 320)	900	2019 [33]	Manufacturer: Siemens Energy
ALEGrO	Germany Oberzier	Belgium Lixhe	100 km of land cable		320	1000	2020?	Manufacturer: Siemens
IFA2	France Tourbe	England Daedalus	208 km of submarine cables		320	1000	2020?	Manufacturer: ABB
NSN Link	Great Britain Blyth	Norway Kvilldal	> 700 km		± 515	1400	2020
COBRAcable	Denmark Endrup	Netherlands Eemshaven	approx. 325 km		± 320	700	[obsolete] 2019	Manufacturer: Siemens
Celtic Link	Ireland	France	approx. 600 km			700	2025

Systems in which both producers and consumers work directly with direct current

Surname	Commissioning and, if necessary, decommissioning	course	length	Operating data	Remarks
HVDC Lyon – Moûtiers	1906-1936	Moûtiers - Lyon (France)	180 km overhead line, 4 km underground cable	100 kV bipolar, 150 A	Pure DC machines without conversion, was dismantled in 1936 as the last system of its kind

Web links

Commons : HVDC plants  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• List of HVDC and FACTS (PDF; accessed February 3, 2015)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Thomas Blalock: A Novel but Short-Lived Power Distribution System. History: Monocyclic Power. IEEE Power & Energy Society, accessed October 23, 2010 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b c} HVDC transformer details . Siemens. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} ROLE OF THREE GORGES - CHANGZHOU HVDC IN INTERCONNECTING CENTRAL AND EAST CHINA (PDF; 158 kB) FIG . Retrieved December 19, 2008.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Working Group on HVDC and FACTS Bibliography and Records: HVDC PROJECTS LISTING . In: IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee . July 7, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
5. ↑ http://www.dsius.com/cet/HVDCinChina_EPRI2013_HVDC.pdf
6. ↑ China to Construct High-Voltage Transmission System Between Yunnan, Guangdong . In: Penton Media Inc. (Ed.): Transmission & Distribution World . June 11, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
7. ↑ The Three Gorges – Guangdong HVDC link . June 2005. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
8. ↑ THE SECOND 1 x 500 MW HVDC BACK-TO-BACK INTERCONNECTION AT VIZAG (PDF; 79 kB) Retrieved December 2008.
9. ^ Joerg Dorn, Dietmar Retzmann, Cristen Schimpf, Dag Soerangr: HVDC Solutions for System Interconnection and Advanced Grid Access . In: EPRI HVDC conference 2007-09-13 to 14 . November 6, 2007, p. 44. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
10. ↑ [ http://www.ptd.siemens.de/B4-202.pdf APPLICATION OF THE GRID POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (GPFC) IN A BACK TO BACK PROJECT details] (PDF; 1.2 MB) Siemens. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
11. ↑ What is Neptune RTS? . Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
12. ↑ ^{a b} http://www.nari-relays.com/en/files/HVDC%20Control%20and%20Protection%20Solutions.pdf  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ^ Peter Riedel, Kumar, Devinder (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Kölz, Andreas (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Kuhn, Matthias (Siemens AG, Erlangen, DEU); Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar (Powergrid Corporation of India Ltd, Gurgaon-122001 (Haryana), India, IND): BASIC DESIGN ASPECTS OF 2500 MW BALLIA-BHIWADI 2500 MW HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (abstract) . In: 17th Conference of the Electric Power Supply Industry (CEPSI), Macau / China, October 27-31, 2008 . September 3, 2008. Accessed on December 19, 2008.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ^ The 400 kV Storebælt HVDC Project
15. ↑ For the private investor Adani Power Limited (APL), Siemens Energy is building a bipolar 500 kV HVDC transmission system in India for an output of 2,500 MW. From February 2011, the HVDC system is to transfer electrical power over around 960 kilometers from a coal-fired power station near the port city of Mundra on India's west coast to the industrial regions of the state of Haryana near New Delhi.
16. ^ Southern Hami-Zhengzhou ± 800kV UHVDC Transmission Project, Second Xinjiang-Northwest Main Grid 750kV HVDC Transmission Line Start Construction to Build the Silk Road of Electricity Connecting the Western Frontier with the Central Plains . State Grid Corporation website . Retrieved May 8, 2014.
17. ↑ POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited: National Power Grid Development Investment Program (Facility Concept): Resettlement Planning Document Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Information: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Asian Development Bank . August 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2008. 
18. ^ Siemens wins work on Nemo Link . In: 4coffshore , June 9, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
19. ^ NSN Link . Retrieved July 24, 2015.
20. ↑ NordE.ON 1 Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: FIG . August. Retrieved December 20, 2008. 
21. ^ IEEE PES; HVDC Systems and Trans-Bay Cable (PDF; 8.3 MB) March 16, 2005. Accessed September 16, 2009.
22. ↑ Siemens receives order from transpower to connect offshore wind farms via HVDC link
23. ↑ Siemens receives order from transpower to connect offshore wind farms via HVDC link
24. ^ NSN Link . Retrieved July 24, 2015.
25. ↑ France and Ireland sign 700MW link deal . In: Windpower Offshore , July 25, 2016, accessed on July 25, 2016.
26. ↑ Schymroch; High voltage direct current transmission; Teubner; Stuttgart 1985

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