Trichiurus lepturus

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Trichiurus lepturus
Trichiurus lepturus SI.jpg

Trichiurus lepturus

Systematics
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Order : Scombriformes
Family : Hair tails (Trichiuridae)
Genre : Trichiurus
Type : Trichiurus lepturus
Scientific name
Trichiurus lepturus
Linnaeus , 1758

Trichiurus lepturus is a species of fish from the hairtail familyand there the subfamily Trichiurinae. This widespread species is found in tropical and temperate oceans around the world. The taxonomy of the species is not completely clear and in the Atlantic , East Pacific and Northwest Pacific there are populations that are named independently, each after "their" ocean (consequently and in English: Atlantic cutlassfish , Pacific cutlassfish , Japanese cutlassfish ). This elongated predator fish is an important prey for commercial fisheries.

features

Individuals of Trichiurus lepturus are living steel blue with a silvery sheen and turn silver gray after death. The fins usually appear transparent and can have a yellowish hue. Trichiurus lepturus in its snake-like shape does not have a fishtail in the usual shape, the body tapers to a point. The species has large eyes and the large mouth contains long fang-like teeth. The hair tail reaches a weight of up to 6 kg and a length of up to 2.34 m. Most of the specimens caught have a length of 0.5 m to 1 m, only individuals caught off Australia are often 1.5–1.8 m long.

habitat

Trichiurus lepturus is found worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans. In the East Atlantic, the species occurs from the southern British Isles to South Africa, also in the Mediterranean . They are found in the western Atlantic off Virginia , and occasionally Cape Cod , as far south as northern Argentina , including the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico . Trichiurus lepturus can be found on the east Pacific coast from southern California to Peru . This type of hairtail is widespread in the Indo-Pacific and is found from the Red Sea to South Africa, off Japan , off all Australian coasts (except for Tasmania and Victoria ) and around Fiji , but not in the central Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii . Some populations migrate . A study of hair tails of this species, T. lepturus , in the Japanese Strait of Bungo shows that the optimum temperature of the species is 20–24 ° C. Catch data from the South Korean Strait of Jeju show that the species prefers a water temperature of at least 14 ° C, catches are poor in colder water. off the southern Brazilian coast, the type of water that is warmer than 16 ° C prefers. It does not occur in water below 10 ° C. Trichiurus lepturus prefers rather shallow coastal waters with muddy bottoms, but occasionally penetrates into estuaries and has been observed in water depths of 0-589 m. In European waters, most of the records were made between 100 and 350 m depth, off southern Brazil the fish are most likely to live in depths between 40 and 120 meters. In the Eastern Pacific there is evidence between depths of 55 and 385 m, in the Strait of Bungo the species lives mainly between 60 and 280 m depth and is most often caught between 70 and 160 m.

It is a benthopelagic species that occasionally rises to the surface at night.

Taxonomy

A specimen of Trichiurus lepturus in Kaiyūkan , Osaka

Many authors see this hair tail as a widespread species, other taxonomists are of the opinion (cf. Lumper and Splitter ) that Trichiurus lepturus is a collective species. According to this view, several main groups would be united in Trichiurus lepturus , one each from the Atlantic (called in English: Atlantic cutlassfish), the East Pacific (English: Pacific cutlassfish), the Northwest Pacific (English: Japanese cutlassfish) and the Indo-Pacific. With this division, the fish from the Atlantic would keep the scientific name Trichiurus lepturus , since the type locality is off South Carolina. Individuals from the Northwest Pacific (namely the Sea of ​​Japan and the East China Sea) have morphometric , meristic and genetic differences, so that they are occasionally described as Trichiurus japonicus . Other morphometric and meristic differences for the population of the Eastern Pacific (from California to Peru) justify their description as Trichiurus nitens . Neither Trichiurus japonicus nor Trichiurus nitens are recognized as separate species on FishBase , where they are only listed as a synonym for Trichiurus lepturus , but in the Catalog of Fishes of the California Academy of Sciences they are considered independent. The IUCN recognizes the population of the East Atlantic as an independent, not yet described species. This is based on genetic studies that show a discrepancy between the West and East Atlantic populations. This would also force that Trichiurus japonicus , Trichiurus nitens and the Indo-Pacific populations are also recognized as separate species and that Trichiurus lepturus (in contradiction to the IUCN) is restricted to the western Atlantic; all of them differ more from one another than the Atlantic populations. Further studies are needed on the possible segregation and nomenclature of the Indo-Pacific populations. Investigations of the mitochondrial DNA showed that three species can be named in the Indo-Pacific: Trichiurus japonicus (only at the area boundaries), Trichiurus lepturus (western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean) and a third species, which is provisionally known as Trichiurus sp. 2 (Indian Ocean, as well as the East China and South China Seas ). It can be assumed that Trichiurus sp. 2 corresponds to the species Trichiurus nanhaiensis . The names Trichiurus coxii and Trichiurus haumela were used for populations off Australia and the Pacific, but there is no solid basis for their status as separate species.

Behavior and life cycle

Young animals take part in the vertical migration and rise at night to prey on krill and small fish; during the day they stay on the seabed. This movement pattern is reversed in adults who feed primarily on fish. Other prey components are squid and shrimp , and the extremely predatory adults cannibalize younger animals. The species is often found in large, dense schools. The spawning business is temperature dependent, the larvae prefer water warmer than 21 ° C and are completely absent from water below 16 ° C. Thus the animals spawn in tropical regions all year round, but only in spring and summer in colder areas. Within one breeding season, a female can shed several thousand pelagic eggs (that is, eggs floating in the water) from which the larvae hatch after 3–6 days. In the Sea of ​​Japan , most animals are sexually mature by the age of 2 years, and some spawn after a year. The oldest known individual was 15 years old.

use

Trichiurus lepturus is an important species for commercial fishing. In 2009 more than 1.3 million tons were landed; this placed the species in sixth place among the most captured species. The species is tracked in almost the entire range, usually with bottom trawls or purse seine . In the same year 2009, the largest share of catches (1.2 million tons) by China and Taiwan was reported from the Northwest Pacific ( FAO Area 61 ). South Korea, Japan and Pakistan reported the next lower catches. Other countries with regular landings are Angola , Nigeria , Senegal , Mauritania , Morocco , Brazil , Trinidad , Colombia , Mexico , the United States (the southeast there), Iran , India and Australia . In South Korea this tail of hair is called galchi (갈치), where gal (갈) comes from the Middle Korean galh (갏) for “sword” and -chi (치) is a suffix for “fish”. The fish are often eaten fried or grilled. In Japan the fish is known as Japanese 太 刀魚 tachiuo (太 刀 "tachi": "sword" and 魚 "uo": "fish") and is also eaten raw, as sashimi . In the Portuguese language, the species is called "sword fish" ("peixe-espada"). The fish meat is firm and yet tender after preparation, with only a moderate fish flavor; it is also lean and easy to debone.

  • Trichiurus lepturus in a fish market in Tokyo

  • Galchi- gui (Grilled T. lepturus )

  • Galchi- hoe ( T. lepturus , raw)

  • Galchi- jorim ( T. lepturus boiled in broth )

swell

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n B. B. Collette, F. Pina Amargos, WF Smith-Vaniz, B. Russell, J. Marechal, M. Curtis, J. Dooley, S. Singh-Renton: Trichiurus lepturus . In: Red List of Endangered Species . 2015, 2015, S. e.T190090A115307118. doi : 10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190090A19929379.en .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Trichiurus lepturus on Fishbase.org (English)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Trichiurus lepturus . FAO. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  4. ^ FB Prokop: Australian Fish Guide , 3rd. Edition 2006, ISBN 978-1-86513-107-8 , p. 100.
  5. ^ A b Bent J. Muus, Bente O. Nystrom, Preben Dahlstrom, Jorgen G. Nielsen: Sea fish . 1st edition. Hedehusene 1999, ISBN 87-90787-00-5 , pp. 234 .
  6. ^ V. Kells, K. Carpenter: A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas 2011, ISBN 978-0-8018-9838-9 , p. 378.
  7. ↑ a b Barry Hutchins, Roger Swainston: Sea fishes of southern Australia - complete field guide for anglers and divers . Swainston Pub, Perth 1996, ISBN 1-86252-661-3 , pp. 100 (first edition: 1986).
  8. ↑ a b Wan-Yu Kao, Makoto Tomiyasu, Ryuzo Takahashi, Michio Ogawa, Tarou Hirose, Kouhei Kurosaka, Sentarou Tsuru, Yasuhiro Sanada, Kenji Minami, Kazushi Miyashita: Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus) in the Bungo Channel, Japan . In: The Journal of the Marine Acoustics Society of Japan . tape 42 , no. 4 , 2015, p. 167-176 , doi : 10.3135 / jmasj.42.167 .
  9. ↑ Sag-Hyun Kim, Hong-Kil Rho: Study on the Assembling Mechanism of the Hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus, at the Fishing Grounds of the Cheju Strait . In: Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology . 34, No. 2, 1998, pp. 134-177.
  10. ^ A b Agnaldo Silva Martins, Manuel Haimovici: Distribution, abundance and biological interactions of the cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus in the southern Brazil subtropical convergence ecosystem . In: Fisheries Research . tape 30 , no. 3 , 1997, ISSN  0165-7836 , p. 217-227 , doi : 10.1016 / S0165-7836 (96) 00566-8 .
  11. ↑ A. Chakraborty, F. Aranishi, Y. Iwatsuki: Genetic differentiation of Trichiurus japonicus and T. lepturus (Perciformes: Trichiuridae) based on mitochondrial DNA analysis . (PDF) In: Zoological Studies . 45, No. 3, 2006, pp. 419-427.
  12. ↑ a b C. H. Tzeng, CS Chen, TS Chiu: Analysis of morphometry and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Trichiurus species in waters of the western North Pacific: taxonomic assessment and population structure . In: Journal of Fish Biology . 70, 2007, pp. 165-176. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8649.2007.01368.x .
  13. ^ AI Burhanuddin, NV Parin: Redescription of the trichiurid fish, Trichiurus nitens Garman, 1899, being a valid of species distinct from T. lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 (Perciformes: Trichiuridae) . In: Journal of Ichthyology . 48, No. 10, 2008, p. 825. doi : 10.1134 / S0032945208100019 .
  14. ^ WN Eschmeyer, R. Fricke, R. van der Laan: Trichiurus . In: Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  15. ↑ a b c K.C. Hsu, NS Shih, IH Ni, KT Shao: Speciation and population structure of three Trichiurus species based on mitochondrial DNA . In: Zoological Studies . 48, No. 6, 2009, pp. 835-849.
  16. ↑ I. Firawati, M. Murwantoko, E. Setyobudi: Morphological and molecular characterization of hairtail (Trichiurus spp.) From the Indian Ocean, southern coast of East Java, Indonesia . In: Biodiversitas . 18, No. 1, 2016, pp. 190–196. doi : 10.13057 / biodiv / d180126 .
  17. ^ NT Shih, KC Hsu - IH Ni: Age, growth and reproduction of cutlassfishes Trichiurus spp. in the southern East China Sea . In: Journal of Applied Ichthyology . 27, No. 6, 2011, pp. 1307-1315. doi : 10.1111 / j.1439-0426.2011.01805.x .
  18. ↑ Vanessa Trindade Bittar, Danielle Rodrigues Awabdi, William Cristiane Teles Tonini, Manuel Vazquez Vidal Junior, Ana Paula Madeira Di Beneditto: Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values . In: Neotropical Ichthyology . tape 10 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN  1679-6225 , p. 197-203 , doi : 10.1590 / S1679-62252012000100019 .
  19. ↑ a b Rohit Rajesh, Vase, Sampathkumur, Sahib: Fishery, reproductive biology and stock status of the largehead hairtail Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 off Karnataka, south-west coast of India . In: Indian J. Fish . 62, No. 3, 2014, pp. 28–34.
  20. ↑ Agnaldo Silva Martins, Manuel Haimovici: Reproduction of the cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus in the southern Brazil subtropical convergence ecosystem . In: Scientia Marina . tape 64 , no. 1 , 2000, ISSN  1886-8134 , p. 97-105 , doi : 10.3989 / scimar.2000.64n197 ( scimar.icm.csic.es [PDF]).
  21. ↑ a b Yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics 2009. Capture production (PDF), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome 2011, pp. B-34, 202-203.
  22. ↑ galchi ( Korean ) In: Standard Korean Language Dictionary . National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved on June 4, 2017  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / stdweb2.korean.go.kr
  23. ↑ Ihaeng Sin, Gyeongjun Gim, Jinam Gim: 역어 유해 (譯 語 類 解) Yeogeo yuhae . Sayeogwon, Joseon Kora 1690 (Korean, Chinese, encykorea.aks.ac.kr ).
  24. ↑ galh ( Korean ) In: Standard Korean Language Dictionary . National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved on June 4, 2017  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / stdweb2.korean.go.kr
  25. ↑ 윤표 홍: '가물치' 와 '붕어' 의 어원 ( Korean ) National Institute of Korean Language. September 1, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

Web links

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