Bulb

Bulb
	Heteranthera limosa
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Commelina-like (Commelinales)
Family :	Water hyacinth family (Pontederiaceae)
Genre :	Bulb
Scientific name
	Heteranthera
	Ruiz & Pav.

The bulbous bulbs ( Heteranthera ) are a genus of plants within the family of the water hyacinth family (Pontederiaceae). The 16 or so species are marsh and aquatic plants in the New World (eleven species) and in Africa (one species).

description

Illustration of Heteranthera zosterifolia

Appearance and leaves

Heteranthera species are perennial or annual ( Heteranthera dubia , Heteranthera limosa , Heteranthera multiflora , Heteranthera rotundifolia ) herbaceous plants . They grow as swamp or aquatic plants rooting in the muddy ground . The submerged stems grow to the surface of the water or the emersed stems are prostrate or short and upright.

There is heterophyllia . The leaves always have a leaf sheath. The submerged, flooding or above the water surface leaves are arranged in basal rosettes and sitting with long stalk or alternately distributed on the stem and long stalked. In the underwater leaves, the simple, membranous leaf blades are linear or sometimes obverse-lanceolate with a blunt to pointed upper end. The simple leaf blades of the other leaves are heart-shaped to kidney-shaped or elongated with a blunt to pointed upper end. There is parallel veining , with the leaf veins running more or less in arcs depending on the shape of the blade.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescences stand on submerged or emersed inflorescence shafts that reach the water surface. There is a spathe , which is folded or encompassing the stem with a pointed or tailed upper end; it is seldom widened like a leaf. The spiked inflorescences lengthen during the flowering time and contain only one flower in many species, but there are also species in which they contain up to 30 flowers. There are only barely recognizable or short flower stalks.

The hermaphrodite flowers, which are only open for one day, are more or less radial symmetry and threefold. The six identical bloom bracts are fused tubular to salver plate-shaped up to at least half of their length. The colors of the bracts range from white to blue-mauve to mauve or yellow. The free area of the bracts is two-lipped, the three-lobed upper lip has a wider middle lobe with a yellow spot and the lower lip is also three-lobed. The free areas of the bracts are elongated to inverted-lanceolate or narrow-elliptical with a blunt to pointed upper end with a length of at most 2 cm. Of the only three stamens that are clearly unequal in most species , the two lateral two are shorter. Few types have three identical stamens. The yellow or purple stamens are glabrous, glandular, downy or softly hairy; in some species they are curved inwards. The yellow or purple anthers are rounded, oblong or arrow-shaped. The three pistils have become a top permanent, incomplete three- or single-chamber ovary grown. There are ten to many ovules . The stylus ends in a three-lobed scar. The flowers often develop below the surface of the water and are mostly cleistogamous .

Fruits and seeds

The elongated, loculicidal capsule fruits contain 10 to 200 seeds. The relatively small seeds are egg-shaped and have a longitudinally ribbed seed coat (testa).

Occurrence

The genus Heteranthera has eleven species in the New World and only two species ( Heteranthera callifolia and Heterantha lutea ) in Africa and Madagascar. The Heteranthera species thrive in freshwater in tropical to temperate areas.

The African widespread Heteranthera callifolia is in the red list of the IUCN rated 2010 as "least concern" = "not at risk". Heteranthera mexicana is very rare .

Some species are neophytes in tropical to temperate areas.

Habit and flower of Heteranthera dubia

Habit and leaves of Heteranthera reniformis

Heteranthera zosterifolia

Systematics

The genus Heteranthera was established in 1794 by Hipólito Ruiz Lopez and José Antonio Pavón y Jiménez in Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus , p. 9. Type species is Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. The generic name Heteranthera is made up of the Greek words heteros for different and antheros for anthers , this refers to the unequal anthers in most species. Synonyms for Heteranthera Ruiz & Pav. Are: Schollera Schreb. , Heterandra P.Beauv. , Leptanthus Michx. , Buchosia Vell. , Lunania Raf. , Triexastima Raf. , Phrynium Loefl. ex Kuntze , Zosterella Small , Eurystemon Alexander . The last revision of the genus Heteranthera was done by Charles Norman Horn: A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae) , unpublished doctoral thesis at the University of Alabama, 1985.

The genus Heteranthera belongs to the family of Pontederiaceae , earlier Heterantheraceae J.Agardh .

There are around 16 species of Heteranthera :

Heteranthera callifolia Rchb. ex Kunth , Syn .: Heteranthera kotschyana Fenzl ex Solms , Heteranthera potamogeton Solms , Schollera kotschyana (Fenzl ex Solms) Kuntze , Schollera potamogeton (Solms) Kuntze , Heteranthera pubescens A. Chev. nom. nud .: It is widespread throughout tropical Africa and in the Transvaal and south-western Africa. It is rated by the IUCN as “least concern” = “not endangered”. In West Africa, stocks are mostly stable. However, this species is rare in East Africa. There are finds in the Lake Victoria area near Ahero and in western Kenya in Mumias and central Kenya in Machakos. There are reports from Tanzania and Uganda.
Heteranthera catharinensis C.N. Horn & M.Pell. : The species first described in 2017 occurs in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina .
Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacMill. : It is widespread in North America from Canada to Mexico and Guatemala and is also found in western Cuba .
Brazilian water hair ( Heteranthera gardneri (Hook.f.) M.Pell. , Syn .: Hydrothrix gardneri Hook. F .: It occurs from northeastern Brazil to the state of Minas Gerais.

Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. : It occurs from tropical and subtropical Central and South America including the Caribbean to the central United States.

Heteranthera lutea (H.Perrier) M.Pell. (Syn .: Scholleropsis lutea H.Perrier ): It occurs from Cameroon to Chad and Madagascar.

Heteranthera mexicana S. Watson : The very rare, annual species occurs only in ephemeral ponds in Texas and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.

Heteranthera multiflora (Griseb.) CNHorn : It is found in the central and eastern United States and from Venezuela to Argentina.

Heteranthera oblongifolia Mart. ex Schult. & School f. : It occurs in southern Mexico, from Cuba to Hispaniola and from Ecuador to Brazil.

Heteranthera peduncularis Benth. : It occurs from Mexico to Honduras.

Kidney-shaped bulbous bulb ( Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. , Syn .: Heterandra reniformis (Ruiz & Pav.) P.Beauv. , Leptanthus reniformis (Ruiz & Pav.) Michx. , Schollera reniformis (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze , Phrynium reniforme ( Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze , Heteranthera acuta Willd. , Heteranthera pubescens Vahl , Leptanthus peruvianus Pers. , Leptanthus virginicus Pers. , Buchozia aquatica Vell. , Pontederia azurea Schult. & Schult.f. , Heteranthera virginicus Steud. , Phrynium reniforme . Reniforme . acutum (Willd.) Kuntze , Heteranthera reniformis var. conjungens O.Schwarz ): It is widespread from the central and eastern United States as well as to tropical and subtropical America and the Caribbean islands. It is a neophyte in Italy, Portugal, Spain and the UK .

Heteranthera rotundifolia (Kunth) Griseb. : It is widespread from the central and southern United States to tropical South America. In Portugal, Spain, Sardinia, Italy and Greece it is a neophyte .

Heteranthera seubertiana Solms : It occurs in southern Mexico and from Venezuela to Brazil.

Heteranthera spicata C. Presl : It occurs from the Mexican state of Jalisco to Peru and from Cuba to Hispaniola.

Seagrass leaved bulb ( Heteranthera zosterifolia Mart. ): It occurs from Brazil to northern Argentina.

use

Some species are used as ornamental plants for ponds and aquariums (for example Heteranthera reniformis and Heteranthera zosterifolia as well as the grass-leaved bulb Heteranthera dubia ).

literature

Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae : Heteranthera , p. 41 - same text online and printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . (Section Description and Distribution)
Elizabeth McClintock: Jepson Flora Project . (Section description)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae : Heteranthera , p. 41 - online with the same text as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Elizabeth McClintock: Jepson Flora Project . Retrieved February 16, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b Heteranthera callifolia in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2012. Posted by: J.-P. Ghogue, MM Ali, & KG Smith, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ Heteranthera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 16, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Heteranthera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
^ Heteranthera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , p. 294 f.
↑ Christel Kasselmann (1999), p. 441.

Web links

Commons : heteranthera ( Heteranthera ) - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

[FoNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae : Heteranthera , p. 41 - online with the same text as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .

[Jepson-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Elizabeth McClintock: Jepson Flora Project . Retrieved February 16, 2013.

[IUCN-3] Heteranthera callifolia in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2012. Posted by: J.-P. Ghogue, MM Ali, & KG Smith, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2013.

[tropicos-4] Heteranthera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 16, 2013.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Heteranthera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 9, 2018.

[GRIN-6] Heteranthera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 16, 2013.

[7] Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , p. 294 f.

[8] Christel Kasselmann (1999), p. 441.