Tsangpa dynasty

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Shigatse City Fortress (in 1938)

The Tsangpa Dynasty (Tib .: གཙང་ པ ; Wylie : gTsang pa ) that in Tibet the second half of the 16th century in Samzhubzê District advancement and their heyday was in the first half of the 17th century, was the last Tibetan dynasty, which ruled Tibet on its own.

introduction

The Tsangpa dynasty, which goes back to the founder Shingshapa Tsheten Dorje ( zhing shag pa tshe brtan rdo rje ), ruled over large parts of Tibet from 1565 to 1642 - including the area of Lhasa . Its capital, Samdrubtse ( bSam grub rtse ) in the area of ​​today's Samzhubzê district , formed the political, economic and cultural center of Tibet.

The time of the Tsangpa rule was a time of the Karmapa hegemony, i. H. a hegemony of the Karma Kagyu School ( karma bka 'brgyud pa ) of Tibetan Buddhism (its religious counterpart was the Gelug School ). Its last ruler was defeated in 1642 by a prince of the western Mongolian Khoshuud of the Kokonor area. The secular Tsangpa rule replaced that of the Phagmodrupa and Rinpungpa .

Shingshapa Tsheten Dorje

Originally Shingshapa served Tsheten Dorje under the Rinpungpa. As governor of the then Shigatse he instigated a rebellion, gradually gained power and in 1565 defeated the last Rinpungpa ruler Ngawang Jigme Dragpa ( rin spungs pa ngag dbang 'jigs grags ; 1482-1565). Only a little later, Shingshapa's sphere of influence extended practically over the whole of Ü-Tsang (Tib .: dbus gtsang ). He called himself 'King of Tsang'.

Karma Phüntshog Namgyel

In an attempt to take control of all of Tibet, the Tsang king (probably Phüntshok Namgyel ) once again advanced to Ü in 1611 and entered Lhasa. But already in the following year he handed the city back to the Gelugpa and asked them for religious initiation in order to bring about a settlement. This was rejected by the Gelugpa and the 4th Dalai Lama preferred to go to Samye for the next few years .

In 1613, Tsang gained control of the Ngari area in western Tibet, and at the same time annexed all the smaller and weaker tribes in the area.

Regarding religion, Phüntshok Namgyel was a follower of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism . Because of religious disputes on matters of faith with the most important Drugpa Kagyu school in Bhutan , he sent troops twice to attack. The 6th "Red Hat Karmapa" or Shamarpa ( zhwa dmar pa ) hierarch of the Karma Kagyu school, Chökyi Wangchug ( chos kyi dbang phyug ; 1584-1630), the " Living Buddha Karmapa ", he awarded the title of "ruler von Ü-Tsang ", the newly emerging Gelug school, however, he regarded as an enemy.

In 1617 the coalition of the Chalcha (Khalkha) Mongols , who were followers of the form of Tibetan Buddhism represented by the Gelug School, assembled troops and tried to attack Tsangpa. In 1618, the Karmapas sent more than ten thousand men to help, they defeated the coalition formed from monks and soldiers from the Sera monastery and other Gelugpa forces, occupied the Sera and Drepung monasteries and killed the rebel leaders . The rest of the Gelugpa monks were forced to flee north. When almost all of central Tibet was finally under the control of Tsang, the Mongols came to Ü in 1621, defeated the army of the Tsang king and locked them in Lhasa. With the mediation of high Gelugpa clergy, a settlement was reached in which Tsang gave up most of the occupied territories and monasteries.

In 1618 Phüntshog Namgyel proclaimed himself 'King of Upper Tsang' (or Tsangpa Khan or Desi Tsangpa ), this is the official founding date of the regime mostly known as Tsangpa Khan (from 1618 to 1642). It had only two rulers: Phüntshog Namgyel (1586–1621; ruled 1618–1621) and Tenkyong Wangpo (1606–1642, ruled 1621–1642) and is also referred to as the Karma government or Karma Kagyu government.

Karma Tenkyong Wangpo

In 1621 Karma Tenkyong Wangpo (1605–1642; ruled 1621–1642) at the age of seventeen followed his father Desi Tsangpa Karma Phüntshog Namgyel . Karma Tenkyong Wangpo was a powerful supporter of the 10th Karmapa Chöying Dorje of the Karma Kagyu School and the arch enemy of the Gelug School , especially the 5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatsho (1617–1682) and the 4th Penchen Lama Lobsang Chökyi Gyeltshen (1570-1662).

Gushri Khan, detail from a historical painting in the Jokhang Temple

In 1634 the 4th Penchen Lama and the 5th Dalai Lama invited the Khan of the Khoshuud - Mongols of the Kokonor region, Töröbaikhu (i.e. Gushri Khan , 1582–1655) to Tibet. In 1641 this attacked Tsangpa and encircled the official residence in Samzhubzê. In 1642 , Karma Tenkyong Wangpo was militarily defeated and captured by Gushri Khan, later he was killed.

The 5th Dalai Lama ascended his throne in Samzhubzê (Shigatse), which was conquered with the help of the Mongols (see main article Ngawang Lobsang Gyatsho ), a regent was placed at his side (see main article Sönam Rabten ).

Gushri Khan (1582–1655) marched further west and subjugated the area of ​​Ü-Tsang, he himself was stationed in Shigatse , and ordered his eldest son Dayan Khan (r. 1656–1668) to be stationed in Lhasa with divided troops they controlled the various regions of Tibet, practically Tibet was subject to the rule of a khanate .

Rulers table

Source: The table provides the following information: (a) Tibetan names in German spelling, (b) Romanization according to Wylie , (c) Tibetan names in writing with Chinese characters and prefixed Pinyin , (d) duration of rule, (e) year of commencement in the sixties cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar , (f) inaugural year of rule.

  • Shingshapa Tsheten Dorje ( zhing shag pa tshe brtan rdo rje ) Xinxiaba Caidan Duojie 辛夏巴 才 旦 多吉 (23) 乙丑 1565
  • Khunpang Lhawang Dorje ( kun spangs lha dbang rdo rje ) Gunbang Lawang Duojie 衮 邦拉 旺 多 杰 (20) 戊子 1588–1608
  • Tensung Wangpo ( bstan srung dbang po ) Dansong Wangbo 丹松 旺 波 (23) 戊子 1588–1611
  • Phüntshok Namgyel ( phun tshogs rnam rgyal ) Pengcuo Nanjie 彭措 南杰 (10) 辛亥 1611
  • Karma Tenkyong Wangpo ( karma bstan skyong dbang po ) Gama Danjiong Wangbo 噶 玛丹 迥 旺 波 (21) 辛酉 1621

Quote

The historian Thuken Lobsang Chökyi Nyima (1737–1802) from the Gelug School reports the following in his work Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Teaching Systems ( Grub mtha 'shel gyi me long ):

" At that time the king of dBus and gTsang was the sDe srid gTsang pa [= Karma Tenkyong Wangpo ]. As a master of spiritual gifts, he supported the Kar ma pa and adhered to them by exercising much rejection regarding the dGe lugs pa. This king [= Gushri Khan ], together with a large group of troops, entered dBus and gTsang and defeated the entire army of gTsang pa, took the gTsang pa prince and his ministers prisoner and threw them into the prison in theirs Hometown Ne'u in dBus. He brought all areas of dBus and gTsang under his power. He became king of all three provinces of Tibet and established the white screen of the law until completion as a government. He destroyed all people who had not been disciplined so that they had insulted the dGe lugs pa by rejecting them. "

See also

literature

Web links

References and footnotes

  1. ↑ During the late Chinese Ming Dynasty .
  2. ↑ Chinese Xinshaba Cidan Duoji 辛 厦 巴 次 旦 多吉 ; different information on lifetime and reign! For the information cf. José Ignacio Cabezón, p. 155, note 9 .
  3. ↑ On the periodization of Tibetan history cf. himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk: "Some Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan History" (Bryan J. Cuevas; PDF; 136 kB), where these three dynasties are dated as follows under "Age of monastic hegemony": Nedong ( sne 'u gdong ) period and Phagmodrupa hegemony (approx. 1354–1478); Rinpung ( rin spungs ) period and Sharmapa ( zhwa dmar pa ) hegemony (approx. 1478–1565); Shigatse ( gzhis ka rtse ) period and Karmapa ( karma pa ) hegemony (approx. 1565-1642), which in turn was superseded by the Lhasa period and Gandenpa ( Dga 'ldan pa ) hegemony (approx. 1642-1705) (Cuevas, p. 51: "Appendix I: A Suggested Periodization Scheme for the History of Tibet").
  4. ↑ Their headquarters were in Rinpung ( rin spungs ).
  5. ↑ Chinese (here) 烏思 藏
  6. ↑ Chinese Zangba jiabo 藏 巴加波 (also Zangdui Jiebo 藏 堆 杰波 ), whereby Tsang (Chinese Zang ) means today's Shigatse area and (Chinese) jiabo means "king" - found on June 22, 2010.
  7. ↑ or Phuntsog Namgyal, Chinese Gama Pengcuo Nanjia 噶瑪 彭措 南嘉
  8. ↑ Chinese Ali
  9. ↑ One of the four large schools of the Kagyu school direction : Barompa , Karmapa, Phagdrupa - and Tshelpa
  10. ↑ Chinese Wei-Zang zhi zhu 衛 藏 之 主
  11. ↑ Two of the so-called Three Great Monasteries of the Gelug Order , the third is Ganden .
  12. ↑ or Chinese Houzang shangbu zhi wang 後 藏 上部 之 王
  13. ↑ Chinese Zangba han 藏 巴 汗 , also 藏 巴 汉
  14. ↑ tib . : sde srid gtsang pa ; Chinese Disi zangba 第 悉 藏 巴 / Dixi zangba 第 悉 藏 巴 or Tsangpa Desi ; tib. gtsang pa sde srid ; Chinese Zangba disi 藏 巴 第 司 etc.
  15. ↑ or Phuntsok Namgyal etc., Chinese 藏 巴 汗 彭措 南杰, 第 悉 藏 巴 • 彭措 南杰 or 噶玛 彭措 南杰 , gtsang sde srid kar + ma phun tshogs rnam rgyal (Tsang Desi Karma Phüntshok Namgyel ) etc.
  16. ↑ Chinese Gama Danjiong Wangbo 噶 玛丹 迥 旺 波
  17. ↑ Data on life and reign here from 360doc.com: Zangchuan Fojiao huofo liebiao - found on June 19, 2010
  18. ↑ Chinese Gama zhengquan 噶瑪 政權 / 噶玛 政权 or Gama Gaju zhengquan 噶玛噶举 政权
  19. ↑ Tib . : Karma bstan skyong dbang po
  20. ↑ Dates of life according to: Михаэль ден Хут. 2002a, at hamagmongol.narod.ru: "Период трех государств - Хошутское ханство (1635–1697–1723)" - found on June 19, 2010
  21. ↑ Or Tsangpa Khan, the grandson of Shingshapa (i.e. Karma Tsheten Dorje) ( Zhing shag pa Karma tshe brtan rdo rje )
  22. ↑ Chinese Tulubaihu 圖 魯 拜 唬 / 图 鲁 拜 琥
  23. ↑ Gushri Khan then marched to Tshurphu - the seat of the Karmapa , head of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism - and the Karmapa fled with his followers to Bhutan , which meant the end of the Karmapa's political influence. See keithdowman.net: The Power Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide (Keith Dowman) - found on June 22, 2010. See also the article Drugpa-Kagyü .
  24. ↑ According to Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz (University of Bern): " Fending off the Mongols (Tib. So-called zlog pa): Tibetan-Buddhist reactions to the integration of Tibet into the Mongolian Empire ( Memento from November 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.1 MB) "- buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de (p. 252:" Crystal mirror of the doctrines ")
  25. ↑ Chinese Disi zhidu 第 司 制度
Tsangpa dynasty (alternative names of the lemma)
第 悉 藏 巴 汗 政权 , 藏 巴 汗 , Tsangpa Khan, Zangba han 藏 巴 汗 , also 藏 巴 汉 , Desi Tsangpa, sde srid gtsang pa ; Disi zangba 第 悉 藏 巴 / Dixi zangba 第 悉 藏 巴 , Tsangpa Desi; gtsang pa sde srid ; Zangba disi 藏 巴 第 司 , Depa Tsangpa, gTsang-pa sde-pa