Vaporizer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A vaporizer , Vaporiser or vaporizer (literally evaporator is) a device for the evaporation of active substances . Unlike inhalers , the substance is vaporized directly (i.e. not as a solution ). With additional heating, the substance is ideally only heated to the point where the desired ingredients evaporate. Combustion ( oxidation ) is avoided so that no undesired by-products are created. Vaporizers are mostly used to release active ingredients from plant material such as tobacco, cannabis or other herbs. However, these are also used as an alternative to traditional tobacco consumption through cigarettes, by filling a mixture of propylene glycol , glycerine and nicotine into a tank and then vaporizing and inhaling it.

Vaporizers contain various forms of extraction containers, which are mainly made of metal or glass. The extracted active ingredients are either inhaled directly through the steam or collected in a fillable bag and then released to the consumer . If the vaporizer is used correctly, i.e. at low temperatures, an improved extraction and far less damage to the lung system than if it was consumed after a burn was proven.

Applications and types

Japanese vaporizer from Datex-Ohmeda
Refilling a liquid anesthetic gas into the vaporizer of an anesthetic machine

In addition to their use in the leisure sector, vaporizers are used in medicine , where they are used for the inhalative application of active ingredients. In anesthesia machines , a vaporizer is interposed to mix volatile anesthetics into the air in a controlled manner. Vaporizers are also suitable for consuming tobacco or pharmaceutical drugs , especially cannabis , but also peppermint or salvia divinorum .

There are different models of vaporizers, which differ particularly in the method of supplying the heat of vaporization :

  • Vaporizing without heating by mixing a stream of air with the saturated air in the vaporizer. The concentration is controlled by dividing the fresh gas flow into a metering branch and a bypass branch. Temperature compensation is necessary for different ambient temperatures.
  • Warming the liquid to a certain temperature (such as the anesthetic gas desflurane )
  • Heating of the air supplied.

For the use of volatile anesthetic gases in an intensive care unit, there are devices which are connected to a normal intensive care ventilator (which do not have a vapor connection) and which vaporize the anesthetic gas. For example, with the AnaConDa (Anesthetic Conserving Device) product, the anesthetic gas that is still liquid is pumped into a vaporizer using a normal syringe pump, which is then inserted into the ventilation hose. The exhaled gas is recovered through a filter membrane in order to reduce gas consumption.

When heat is supplied, the temperature can be kept constant via a controller , corresponding to the evaporation temperature of the substance to be evaporated. Depending on the area of ​​application, some models are medically tested and prescribable and some are available from specialist medical retailers. Headshops also offer vaporizers for cannabis use.

In addition to the anesthesia machines mentioned, a vaporizer is used to extract active ingredients and aromas from plant material in order to inhale them. Different temperatures are necessary depending on the plant.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
Overview of recommended temperature settings
plant Plant part temperature
African lion's ear ( Leonotis leonurus , "Wild Dagga" ) blossoms 175 ° C
Ayahuasca, Yajé ( Banisteriopsis caapi ) Stalk 190 ° C
Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ) root 190 ° C
Blue lotus ( Nymphaea caerulea ) blossoms 125 ° C
Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa ) blossoms 185 ° C
Damiana ( Turnera diffusa ) herb 175 ° C
Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus ) leaves 130 ° C
Fly agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) Fruiting bodies 175 ° C
Hops ( humulus lupulus ) Cones 154 ° C
Icelandic moss ( Cetraria islandica ) herb 190 ° C
St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) herb 180 ° C
Chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita ) blossoms 190 ° C
Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) leaves 190 ° C
Lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ) leaves 130 ° C
Passion flower ( Passiflora incarnata ) herb 150 ° C
Peppermint ( Mentha × piperita ) leaves 130 ° C
Sage ( Salvia officinalis ) leaves 190 ° C
Yarrow ( Achillea spp. ) herb 150 ° C
Sinicuichi ( Heimia salicifolia ) leaves 190 ° C
Rue ( Peganum harmala ) Seeds 150 ° C
Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ) herb 190 ° C
Fortune telling sage ( Salvia divinorum ) leaves 235 ° C
Yohimbe ( Pausinystalia yohimbe ) bark 190 ° C
Lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis ) leaves 142 ° C

E-cigarette vaporizer

E-cigarettes & e-liquid
Various e-cigarettes & e-liquids

An electric cigarette is a battery- powered vaporizer designed to imitate smoking cigarettes without burning tobacco. The usage is colloquially called “vaping” or “vaping”. The user activates the e-cigarette by pressing a button or simply by pulling on the mouthpiece. The vaporizers are often cylindrical in shape, but there are also many other variations on the market - some are a direct replica of a commercial cigarette or modeled after it. Instead of cigarette smoke, the consumer inhales an aerosol . E-cigarettes typically have a heating element that atomizes liquid solutions, which are also known as “ e- liquids ”. E-liquids usually contain propylene glycol , glycerin , water , nicotine and flavorings . However, the components of the liquids are also sold individually so that the consumer can mix their e-liquids independently.

The benefits and health risks of e-cigarettes cannot be clearly determined. There is evidence that the vaporizers have helped many people quit cigarette smoking, but no improved success rate has been noted than with regulated medication. The risks can be compared to those of smokeless tobacco use. According to the FDA , the use of nicotine-replacing products is of lower risk than smoking an e-cigarette, but the use of e-cigarettes is still the less harmful alternative to smoking.

research

The interest in the medicinal use of a vaporizer to vaporize cannabis is reflected in a number of studies published over the past few years. Studies from the USA lead the way, with the last study published by D. Abrams in 2007. Further studies were published by the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. The studies come to the conclusion that the administration of vaporized cannabis active ingredients is a medically sensible form of application, since vaporization does not produce any combustion products in the best case. This is also the case with the study by Lineke Zuurman published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in May 2008 , which came to the conclusion that vaporizing with a vaporizer is a sensible method of administering THC.

See also

literature

  • Bert Marco Schuldes, Richi Moscher: Phyto-Inhalation Medicinal Herbs & Vaporizer. Grüne Kraft Verlag, Lörbach, ISBN 3-922708-36-6 .
  • C. Lanz, J. Mattsson, U. Soydaner, R. Brenneisen: Medicinal Cannabis: In Vitro Validation of Vaporizers for the Smoke-Free Inhalation of Cannabis. In: PloS one. Volume 11, number 1, 2016, p. E0147286, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0147286 , PMID 26784441 .

Web links

Wiktionary: vaporize  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mitch Earleywine, Sara Smucker Barnwell: Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize . In: Harm Reduction Journal . tape 4 , no. 1 , April 16, 2007, ISSN  1477-7517 , p. 11 , doi : 10.1186 / 1477-7517-4-11 , PMID 17437626 , PMC 1853086 (free full text).
  2. ^ Vaporizers for Medical Marijuana. (No longer available online.) July 18, 2010, archived from the original on July 18, 2010 ; accessed on June 19, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Letters to the editor: AnaConDa® . In: Der Anaesthesist , published on November 14, 2007 and in issue 56 (December 2007), pp. 1289–1290, doi: 10.1007 / s00101-007-1280-z
  4. ↑ a b Dale Gieringer, Joseph St. Laurent, Scott Goodrich: Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds . In: Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics . tape 4 , no. 1 , 2004, p. 7–27 , doi : 10.1300 / J175v04n01_02 (English, maps.org [PDF]).
  5. ↑ Rachel Grana, Neal Benowitz, Stanton A. Glantz: E-Cigarettes: A Scientific Review . In: Circulation . tape 129 , no. 19 , May 13, 2014, ISSN  0009-7322 , p. 1972–1986 , doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA.114.007667 , PMID 24821826 ( ahajournals.org [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  6. ↑ Jessica K. Pepper, Noel T. Brewer: Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review . In: Tobacco Control . tape 23 , no. 5 , September 1, 2014, ISSN  0964-4563 , p. 375–384 , doi : 10.1136 / tobaccocontrol-2013-051122 , PMID 24259045 ( bmj.com [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  7. ↑ Tianrong Cheng: Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes . In: Tobacco Control . tape 23 , suppl 2, May 1, 2014, ISSN  0964-4563 , p. ii11 – ii17 , doi : 10.1136 / tobaccocontrol-2013-051482 , PMID 24732157 ( bmj.com [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  8. ^ The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly . In: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice . tape 3 , no. 4 , July 1, 2015, ISSN  2213-2198 , p. 498-505 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jaip.2015.05.022 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  9. ^ Anne Y. Oh, Ashutosh Kacker: Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes ?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke . In: The Laryngoscope . tape 124 , no. 12 , October 9, 2014, ISSN  0023-852X , p. 2702-2706 , doi : 10.1002 / lary.24750 .
  10. ↑ Thomas H. Brandon, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Nasser H. Hanna, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Roy S. Herbst: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Policy Statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology . In: Clinical Cancer Research . tape 21 , no. 3 , February 1, 2015, p. 514-525 , doi : 10.1158 / 1078-0432.CCR-14-2544 , PMID 25573384 ( aacrjournals.org [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  11. ↑ Jon O. Ebbert, Amenah A. Agunwamba, Lila J. Rutten: Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes . In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings . tape 90 , no. 1 , January 2015, p. 128-134 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mayocp.2014.11.004 ( mayoclinicproceedings.org [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  12. ^ Albert L. Siu: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement . In: Annals of Internal Medicine . tape 163 , no. 8 , September 22, 2015, ISSN  0003-4819 , p. 622 , doi : 10.7326 / M15-2023 ( annals.org [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  13. ↑ P. Caponnetto, C. Russo, CM Bruno, A. Alamo, MD Amaradio: Electronic cigarette: a possible substitute for cigarette dependence . In: Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease . tape 79 , no. 1 , November 26, 2015, ISSN  2532-5264 , doi : 10.4081 / monaldi.2013.104 ( monaldi-archives.org [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  14. ^ M. Bradley Drummond, Dona Upson: Electronic Cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits . In: Annals of the American Thoracic Society . tape 11 , no. 2 , February 2014, ISSN  2325-6621 , p. 236–242 , doi : 10.1513 / annalsats.201311-391fr , PMID 24575993 , PMC 5469426 (free full text).
  15. ↑ Justin S. Golub, Ravi N. Samy: Preventing or reducing smoking-related complications in otologic and neurotologic surgery . In: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . tape 23 , no. 5 , October 2015, ISSN  1068-9508 , p. 334 , doi : 10.1097 / MOO.0000000000000184 ( lww.com [accessed June 19, 2018]).
  16. ↑ Cannabis Vaporization: A Promising Strategy for Smoke Harm Reduction . By D. Gieringer, published in Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics Vol. 1 # 3-4: 153-70; Summary (English); 2000
  17. ↑ Vaporization as a smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study ( Memento from June 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English; PDF , 300 kB)
  18. ↑ a b Arno Hazekamp, ​​Renee Ruhaak, Lineke Zuurman, Joop van Gerven, Rob Verpoorte: Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol . In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . tape 95 , no. 6 , April 24, 2006, p. 1308-1317 , doi : 10.1002 / jps.20574 , PMID 16637053 (English).
  19. ↑ Mitch Earleywine, Sara S Barnwell: Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize . In: Harm Reduction Journal . tape 4 , no. 1 , April 16, 2007, p. 11 , doi : 10.1186 / 1477-7517-4-11 (English).
  20. ^ Franjo Grotenhermen : Harm Reduction Associated with Inhalation and Oral Administration of Cannabis and THC . In: Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics . tape 1 , no. 3–4 , 2001, pp. 133–152 , doi : 10.1300 / J175v01n03_09 (English).
  21. ↑ DI Abrams, HP Vizoso, SB Shade, C. Jay, ME Kelly, NL Benowitz: Vaporization as a Smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study . In: Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics . tape 82 , no. 5 , April 11, 2007, p. 572-578 , doi : 10.1038 / sj.clpt.6100200 , PMID 17429350 (English).
  22. ↑ L. Zuurman et al. a .: Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans . In: Journal of Psychopharmacology . tape 22 , no. 7 , September 2008, p. 707-716 , doi : 10.1177 / 0269881108089581 (English).