Varone (river)

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Varone
(upper course: Magnone )
Varone estuary in Riva del Garda

Varone estuary in Riva del Garda

Data
location Trentino , Italy
River system Po
Drain over Lake Garda  → Mincio  → Po
River basin district Padano
source east of di Corno Picchea
45 ° 56 '40 "  N , 10 ° 46' 34"  O
Source height 2150  m slm
muzzle in Riva del Garda in Lake Garda Coordinates: 45 ° 52 ′ 53 "  N , 10 ° 50 ′ 45"  E 45 ° 52 ′ 53 "  N , 10 ° 50 ′ 45"  E
Mouth height 65  m slm
Height difference 2085 m
Bottom slope 22%
length 9.7 km
Catchment area 31.28 km²
Right tributaries Albola
Small towns Riva del Garda
Communities Tenno , Riva del Garda

The Varone is a torrente (torrent) in the province of Trento in northern Italy , which flows into Lake Garda in Riva del Garda . In the upper reaches it is called Magnone .

geography

geology

The catchment area consists of limestone and dolomite and is characterized by various deposits, particularly of fluvio-glacial origin. The latter dissolved in the past repeatedly and led to earth and even landslides , leading to the formation of Tennosees led. When there is heavy rainfall, sediments and loose rocks are washed into the stream bed , which should be stopped by appropriate barriers . In the past, the Varone piled alluvial cones in the lower reaches , on which the village of Varone arose. The sediments carried along were also responsible for the increase in the bed of the stream, which in the urban area of ​​Riva is up to 7 m above the adjacent area in places.

course

The stream rises under the name Magnone west of the Tenno lake at an altitude of 2138  m slm below the Corno di Pichea belonging to the Lake Garda mountains in the municipality of Tenno . It is formed from several rivulets , the runoff of which is heavily dependent on precipitation and which is therefore dry most of the time. They only carry water during the snowmelt and in the months of high precipitation in spring and autumn. In the further course, it initially flows largely under the surface in an easterly direction through the Val Magnone before taking a southerly direction at Ville del Monte . Here he also takes the seepage water from Lake Tenno, which is particularly noticeable in the significantly increased discharge. In the further course it flows through the lower Val Magnone, which is of fluvioglacial origin and which the magnon has washed out over time. The towns of Ville del Monte and Tenno on the orographic left and Pranzo on the right side of the valley lie above the creek bed on partly terraced slopes. At the height of Tenno it falls over a glacial step into a gorge almost 100 m deep and 70 m long, forming the Varone waterfalls . From here it flows through the municipality of Riva del Garda to its mouth and changes its name to Varone. In the lower reaches the bed of the Varone until shortly before its mouth at the Punta Lido in the lake installed . In two places, the partially completely concreted streambed even bridges two streets in the urban area of ​​Riva.

use

The water from the Varone has been used for various purposes since ancient times. In the past, several mills were built in Val Margone in the upper reaches of which some field names are evidence. However, it was used to a greater extent in the lower reaches. Shortly after the waterfalls in the Varone district, a canal , the so-called Varoncello, branches off, which was originally built as an irrigation canal. Already in the 15th century there were grain and paper mills , forges and sawmills along the Varoncello . Between the 18th and 19th centuries, silk mills, olive mills as well as soap and paper mills were added.

At the beginning of the 1870s, with the increasing importance of tourism, the Varone Gorge with the Pietro Bozzoni waterfalls was made accessible. As early as 1875, visitors were able to walk the gorge to the waterfalls on catwalks.

The Bozzoni family, who had been prosperous in the papermaking industry in Varone since the 17th century, was also the one who commissioned a hydroelectric power station at the end of the gorge in 1909 , which took advantage of the 98 m difference in elevation. The machine house built at the end of the gorge for which Andritz AG in Graz supplied the machines is still in operation and supplies the paper mill below, which has belonged to the Fedrigoni Group since 1938, with electricity. In order not to impair the water supply to the waterfalls too much, the water withdrawal for the small power plant was regulated.

Another small power plant planned by the municipality of Tenno in Val Magnone has not yet progressed beyond the planning stage.

ecology

The water protection agency of the Autonomous Province of Trento operates two control stations along the Varone. One just below the Varone Falls and a second about 2 kilometers below the first. In the observation period from 2010 to 2016, the ecological status at the first control station was classified as good and at the second as moderate. In the municipality of Riva del Garda, the inflow of treated wastewater from two industrial plants and the heavy construction of the stream bed are viewed as critical points.

A study carried out at the end of the 1990s, which was designed for twelve months and collected data from a total of seven control points, still delivered differentiated results. In summary, this study showed that there are significant differences in water quality and ecological status between the upper and lower reaches. While the situation on the upper course can be described as good despite torrent barriers , which have been documented since the Napoleonic era, the lower course has been severely compromised by human interference. The inflow of treated industrial wastewater and water abstraction for irrigation purposes contribute to this. The strong construction also prevents natural cleaning effects. The small amount of runoff and the lack of inflows reinforce the critical points already mentioned.

photos

  • Magnon at Tenno's
  • The Varone in the Varone district of the same name
  • Old mill wheel on the Varoncello
  • Varone gorge
  • Varoncello Canal below the Varone Gorge

Web links

Commons : Varone  - collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • APPA - Agenzia provinciale per la protezione dell'ambiente - Sezione Monitoraggio delle acque superficiali (ed.): Monitoraggio per il controllo della qualità dell'acqua del torrente Varone . o. O., o. J.
  • APPA - Agenzia provinciale per la protezione dell'ambiente Trento (ed.): Le acque superficiali dei territori delle: Comunità della Valle dei Laghi, Comunità Alto Garda e Ledro . APPA, Trento 2017. (PDF)
  • Classi seconde Scuola primaria Gianfranco Fedrigoni Istituto Comprensivo Riva2 Luigi Pizzini (Ed.): Il Varoncello un corso d'acqua che scorre nella vita di una comunità . Riva, 2013. ( PDF )
  • Mauro Grazioli (Ed.): Il Kastello: Giacomo Bozzoni libero cittadino, profugo, internato, prigioniero politico. Cascata del Varone, Bregenz, Gross-Siegharts, Innsbruck 1915–1918 . Il Sommolago, Arco 1995.
  • Provincia autonoma di Trento, Azienda Speciale di Sistemazione Montana (ed.): Per una difesa del Territorio: La sistemazione dei bacini montani in provincia di Trento attraverso i secoli . Edizioni Arca, Trento 1991.
  • Umberto Zanini: La centrale Bozzoni sul Varone . In: Strenna Trentina 2003 . Nuove Arti Grafiche, Trento 2002.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Provincia autonoma di Trento, Azienda Speciale di Sistemazione Montana (ed.): Per una difesa del Territorio: La sistemazione dei bacini montani in provincia di Trento attraverso i secoli p. 125
  2. ^ Provincia autonoma di Trento, Azienda Speciale di Sistemazione Montana (ed.): Per una difesa del Territorio: La sistemazione dei bacini montani in provincia di Trento attraverso i secoli pp. 125-130
  3. ↑ APPA - Agenzia provinciale per la protezione dell'ambiente - Sezione Monitoraggio delle acque superficiali (ed.): Monitoraggio per il controllo della qualità dell'acqua del torrente Varone, pp. 7–8
  4. ↑ Classi seconde Scuola primaria Gianfranco Fedrigoni Istituto Comprensivo Riva2 Luigi Pizzini (Ed.): Il Varoncello un corso d'acqua che scorre nella vita di una comunità p. 7
  5. ^ Mauro Grazioli: Il Kastello: Giacomo Bozzoni libero cittadino, profugo, internato, prigioniero politico. Cascata del Varone, Bregenz, Gross-Siegharts, Innsbruck 1915-1918 pp. 9-10
  6. ↑ Umberto Zanini: La centrale Bozzoni sul Varone, pp. 229-231
  7. ^ Politica ambientale. In: comune.tenno.tn.it. December 19, 2017, accessed January 14, 2019 (Italian).
  8. ↑ APPA - Agenzia provinciale per la protezione dell'ambiente Trento (ed.): Le acque superficiali dei territori delle: Comunità della Valle dei Laghi, Comunità Alto Garda e Ledro 2017, pp. 51-52.
  9. ↑ APPA - Agenzia provinciale per la protezione dell'ambiente - Sezione Monitoraggio delle acque superficiali (ed.): Monitoraggio per il controllo della qualità dell'acqua del torrente Varone p. 77