Violet stendrums
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Violet stendrums ( Epipactis purpurata ) |
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The Violette Stendelwurz ( Epipactis purpurata ) belongs to the genus of epipactis ( Epipactis ) in the family of orchid (Orchidaceae).
description
Among the native stendelwort species, the violet stendelwort has an almost unmistakable appearance. It can actually only be confused with the small-leaved stendelwort .
Several shoots with a stature height of 20 to 65 centimeters often grow from a rhizome lying deep in the earth . The three to ten leaves remain relatively short and rarely reach a length of up to seven centimeters. The entire plant is usually tinged with purple. The 10 to 30 centimeters long, dense and one-sided inflorescence has 10 to 50 flowers that usually open wide. The petals of the outer circle are bright green on the inside and often tinged with violet on the outside, those of the inner circle are whitish-green. The lip is white, the bulges of the front lip are mostly pink in color. The inside of the bowl-shaped rear lip is colored light to dark pink.
The green-purple plants as a whole hardly stand out from the brown forest floor, which is covered with leaves or needles, and are difficult to spot from a great distance. During the flowering period, however, they are usually very noticeable due to the green flowers.
The shoots of the plant always bear flowers. Flowerless (sterile) shoots, as they are the rule in younger plants of various other stendelwort species, do not exist in this species.
The flowering time begins later than in the case of the broad-leaved stendellum in July and can last until September.
genetics
The purple stendellum has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and 20 chromosomes each ( cytology : 2n = 40).
ecology
The purple stendellum is found in various forest types, especially in beech and spruce forests with fresh to not too moist soils. The soils on the surface are often neutral to slightly acidic, but the subsoil is calcareous. Because of its low dependence on photosynthesis , it is also found in very dark forests. In dense spruce forests, it can even be the only plant species, or just z. B. be associated with the white forest bird or other myco- heterotrophic plants. The spruce forests are often monocultures . As a rule, it is less common at the edges of the forest or along the forest paths.
As a rule, it is rarer than the broad-leaved Stendelwurz , but can also be the more common species in places, B. on the Lone Valley Alb , whose superficially decalcified soils above Malm correspond to the scheme described.
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Plant communities :
- Order Fagetalia sylvaticae (mesophytic, beech forest-like deciduous forests of Europe)
- Association Fagion sylvaticae
- Association Carpinion (oak-hornbeam-forests)
distribution
Overall distribution:
The distribution area extends from France to the Baltic States ( Lithuania ) and Moldova , to the south the nominate form does not penetrate into the Mediterranean area, to the north not into the boreal areas. Outside this range, some subspecies can be found from the Caucasus, Greece to southern Italy . According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 158–955 meters, France 130–850 meters, Switzerland 345–1230 meters, Liechtenstein 590 meters, Austria 250–1000 meters, Italy 1050–1380 meters, Slovenia 350– 800 meters. In Europe the borders are 50-1380 meters above sea level.
Germany:
In Hesse, Saarland, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Thuringia, the violet stendelwort is widespread. In the other federal states it is much rarer. What is noticeable is an isolated occurrence in the north German lowlands in Schleswig-Holstein.
Switzerland:
In Switzerland, the purple stendellum is one of the rarer species. It occurs in the Jura, Mittelland, occasionally on the northern edge of the Alps, on the Thurgau Seerücken and in the Valais.
Conservation and endangerment
- Red List Germany: not endangered
- Red list of federal states:
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The purple stendellum is still largely not endangered. Their locations are mainly threatened by deforestation , which is particularly true of spruce forests. Deer, which eat off the inflorescences, pose a lower risk.
Systematics
nomenclature
The name Epipactis viridiflora Hoffm. ex croquet. Published in 1814 earlier than the common name Epipactis purpurata Sm. 1828, but opinions differ as to whether Epipactis viridiflora actually describes this species. Therefore, Epipactis purpurata should be preserved as a “ nomen conservandum ”.
Synonyms
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Subspecies, forms, varieties
- Epipactis purpurata ( viridiflora ) subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) H. Baumann & R. Lorenz
- The subspecies occurring in Greece was described in 1990 as Epipactis halacsyi Robatsch .
- Epipactis purpurata ( viridiflora ) subsp. pollinensis (B. Baumann & H. Baumann) H. Baumann, R. Lorenz
- This subspecies was described in 2000 as Epipactis pollinensis B. Baumann & H. Baumann and occurs in southern Italy. It differs in that it is smaller than the nominate form in all parts.
- Epipactis purpurata ( viridiflora ) subsp. kuenkeleana Akhalkatski, H. Baumann, R. Lorenz & Mosulishvili
- This subspecies occurring in the Caucasus was only described in 2005 and after the orchid expert Dr. Siegfried Künkele named. In this subspecies, the lower leaves are more rounded and the middle ones ovate. The flowers are more brightly colored and the bulges on the front lip are more pronounced.
- Epipactis purpurata lus. rosea Erdner (Syn .: Epipactis purpurata var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz )
- These plants lack the chlorophyll and only the purple color remains. In connection with the now actually white basic color, the plants appear pink. They are completely myco- heterotrophic and are rarely to very rarely found.
Hybrids
- Epipactis × schulzei P. Fourn. (1928) ( Epipactis helleborine × Epipactis purpurata )
- Epipactis × lesalensis A. Camus (1929) ( Epipactis atrorubens × Epipactis purpurata )
The following hybrids are not described with their own name :
- Epipactis leptochila × Epipactis purpurata
- Epipactis pontica × Epipactis purpurata
- Epipactis greuteri × Epipactis purpurata
Sources and further information
literature
- AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany . Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1
- The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8, page 303. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 304. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
Web links
- Epipactis purpurata. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Violet stendrums . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Epipactis purpurata inthe IUCN 2013 Red List of Threatened Species . Listed by: Rankou, H, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
Regional:
- The orchids of the Rhön: Epipactis purpurata , Violette Stendelwurz
- AHO Bavaria: Violet Stendelwurz ( Epipactis purpurata )
- AGEO Switzerland: Epipactis purpurata
Distribution maps:
