Virginian cress

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Virginian cress
Virginian cress (Lepidium virginicum), habit and fruit heads

Virginian cress ( Lepidium virginicum ), habit and fruit heads

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Lepidieae
Genre : Cress ( Lepidium )
Type : Virginian cress
Scientific name
Lepidium virginicum
L.

The Virginian cress ( Lepidium virginicum ) is a species of the genus Kressen ( Lepidium ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). The original distribution area are large areas in the New World , in many countries of the Old World it is a neophyte .

description

illustration
inflorescence
Stem with leaves, the stem leaves are elongated to lanceolate and have sharp teeth.
Inflorescence / infructescence in front above with pods in detail
Inflorescence, the four white petals are longer than the calyx.
Habit on railway gravel
Pods with seeds
Fruit heads
Herbarium evidence

Appearance and leaf

The Virginian cress grows as a hibernating green, annual or biennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 15 to 50 (6 to 70) centimeters. The bald to densely hairy parts of the plant have a cress odor . Only one independently upright stem is formed per plant specimen, which is more or less branched in the upper area and has slightly pressed, sickle-shaped, curved hairs ( indument ).

The leaves are basal, but not in a leaf rosette, and arranged alternately on the stem. The basal leaves are usually 5 to 15 (1 to 15) centimeters long in outline, obovate, spoon-shaped to lanceolate, lobed to lyre-shaped, pinnate, bristly hairy and usually withered at flowering time. The stem leaves are elongated-lanceolate and sharply toothed. The central stem leaves are 1 to 6 centimeters long and stalked, and their leaf blade, which is obscure to linear in outline, is simple to toothed. lobed or pinnate with a base surrounding the stem. The uppermost leaves are reduced and usually entire or rarely serrated.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period in Central Europe extends from May to August, in China from April to June. In an initially dense, umbelliferous inflorescence , many flowers stand together and the finely downy, hairy, cylindrical inflorescence axis with curved trichomes extends until the fruit is ripe.

The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four sepals are usually 0.7 to 1 (0.5 to 1.1) millimeters long and 0.3 to 0.8 wide, rarely up to 1 millimeter, oblong and bare or have a few in the lower area Hair ( trichomes ). The petals are longer than the sepals. The four white petals are usually 1 to 1.5, rarely up to 3 millimeters in length and 1 to 2.5 millimeters in width, spoon-shaped to obscure-lanceolate, spatulate or obovate-ovoid. There are only two or rarely four stamens . The stamens are 0.6 to 0.8 millimeters long and the anthers are 0.1 to 0.2 millimeters long.

Infructescence, fruit and seeds

The fruit cluster is grape . The more or less spicy fruit stalk is 2.5 to 4, rarely up to 6 millimeters long, cylindrical or flattened and on the upper side or everywhere finely hairy or glabrous. The bald, closed pods are usually 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, rarely up to 4 millimeters and up to 3 millimeters wide, rounded and slightly winged at the tip and the notch is 0.2 to 0.5 millimeters big. Its stylus, 0.1 to 0.2 millimeters long, is shorter than the border. There is only one seed in each of the two fruit compartments. The fruit flaps are bald or finely hairy; without recognizable nerves. The seeds are egg-shaped with a length of 1.3 to 2 millimeters.

Chromosome set

Base chromosome number is x = 8; there is tetraploidy , i.e. 2n = 32.

ecology

The Virginian cress is a therophyte or hemicryptophyte and half-rosette plant.

From an ecological point of view , these are disc flowers with more or less hidden nectar , as the nectaries are located at the base of the stamens. There is insect pollination ( entomophilia ) or self-pollination . The Virginian cress is self-compatible, so self-fertilization successfully leads to seed set; it is facultative autogamous, so self-fertilization is the rule and cross-fertilization the exception. The formation of the seeds takes place sexually, amphimictically.

Ripe fruits are observed in Germany from July, in China the fruits ripen between May and September. Seed production is high, a medium-sized plant can produce 2000 to 4000 seeds. The diaspores are the seeds. There is spread of wind or people.

Occurrence

Originally, the Virginian cress is widespread from tropical - montane to temperate areas of the New World . It is distributed from Canada to the USA and Mexico to Panama and the islands of the Caribbean. As a neophyte it occurs in large parts of Europe with a south-subatlantic distribution, in northeastern and southern Africa, in South America, in East Asia , India, Bhutan, Pakistan, in the Philippines, in Australia, New Zealand and on numerous islands in the Pacific.

As a naturalized neophyte, the Virginian cress is found in Central Europe , especially on the Upper and Middle Rhine , in the Palatinate , in Franconia and Württemberg, as well as in Switzerland and Austria . It first appeared overgrown from botanical gardens in Central Europe in the 18th century. In Germany, the Virginian cress is stable naturalized and occurs scattered in Baden-Württemberg, in the northern Upper Rhine Plain, southern Palatinate, in Saarland, southern Brandenburg, in Lower Lusatia, in the Ruhr area and in the Cologne Bay; in the other parts of Germany it is rare and there are mostly only individual finds. The Virginian cress is considered not endangered in Germany and in all federal states.

In Central Europe, the Virginian cress colonizes wasteland , railway gravel , gardens and roadsides. The Virginian cress thrives best on nutrient-rich , nitrogen-containing , stony-gravelly, often somewhat loamy soils .

The pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg are: light index L8 = half-light to full-light plant, temperature index T7 = heat indicator, continental index Kx = indifferent behavior, humidity index F4 = dryness to freshness indicator, moisture change: showing no change in moisture, reaction number R6 = weak acid to moderate acid indicator, nitrogen index N5 = indicating moderately nitrogen-rich locations, salt number S0 = not salt-bearing., Heavy metal resistance: not heavy metal resistant; Influence of civilization: human influence (hemerobia): 5 (alpha-euhemerobic) to 6 (polyhemerobic), attachment to cities (urbanity): urbanophil (attached to cities).

Systematics

Lepidium virginicum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné In: Species Plantarum , 2, p. 645. Synonyms for Lepidium virginicum L. are: Discovium gracile Raf. , Discovium ohiotense DC. , Lepidium diandrum Medik. , Lepidium majus Darracq , Lepidium praecox (Raf.) DC. , Nasturtium majus (Darracq) Kuntze .

There are about two subspecies of Lepidium virginicum that were previously listed as varieties:

  • Lepidium virginicum subsp. menziesii (DC.) Thell. (Syn .: Lepidium virginicum var. Medium (Greene) CLHitchc. , Lepidium virginicum var. Pubescens (Greene) Thell. , Lepidium virginicum var. Robinsonii (Thell.) CLHitchc. , Lepidium medium Greene , Lepidium virginicum var. Medium (Greene) CLHitchc. , Lepidium virginicum var. Menziesii (DC.) CLHitchc. ): It is distributed from the Canadian province of British Columbia through many US states to the Mexican states of Hidalgo , México , Morelos , Puebla .
  • Lepidium virginicum L. subsp. virginicum (Syn ..: Clypeola caroliniana Walter , Conocardamum virginicum (L.) Webb , Dileptium virginicum (L.) Raf. , Iberis virginica (L.) Rchb. , Lepidium virginicum var. centrali-americanum (Thell.) CLHitchc. , Lepidium virginicum subsp. centrali-americanum Thell. , Lepidium virginicum var. duran Gense C.L.Hitchc. , Lepidium virginicum var. tepicense C.L.Hitchc. , Nasturtium virginicum (L.) Gillet & Magne , Thlaspi virginianum Poir. , Thlaspi virginianum Poir. , Thlaspi virginicum (L.) Cav. ): It is distributed from Canada over large areas of the USA to Mexico.

use

Young leaves are eaten raw or cooked. The sharp cress tasting leaves are rich in Vitamin C . Finely chopped, the leaves are added to salads and used to decorate dishes. Unripe fruits have a good, pungent taste and can be eaten raw and used as a spice in soups and stews. The seeds are a pepper substitute. The medical effects were examined.

Common names

Trivial names in different languages ​​are:

  • English: least pepperwort, peppergrass, poor-man's pepperweed, poor-man's-pepper, Virginia cress, Virginia pepper cress, Virginia pepperweed
  • Portuguese (Brazil): mastruço, mastruz, menstruz
  • Spanish: Peru: cresón, mancuerno; Venezuela: escobilla
  • Swedish: virginiakrassing
  • Chinese: 北美 独行 菜 for mei du xing cai

literature

  • Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Lepidium. : Lepidium virginicum , p. 594 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
  • Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. : Lepidium virginicum , p. 32 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 . (Section description)
  • Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen (greeting), Siegmund Seybold: The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants. 95th completely revised u. exp. Edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition, Ulmer-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae. 2nd expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3323-7 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Lepidium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Lepidium virginicum L., Virginian cress. In: FloraWeb.de.
  3. ↑ a b c Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i data sheet - Lepidium virginicum at Jepson Manual Treatment .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Virginian cress . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. : Lepidium virginicum , p. 32 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001. ISBN 0-915279-93-2 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Data sheet - Lepidium virginicum at Jepson eFlora .
  8. ↑ Eugene Nasir: Umbelliferae : Lepidium virginicum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, In: Flora of West Pakistan , Volume 20, Stewart Herbarium, Gordon College u. a., Rawalpindi 1972.
  9. ↑ a b Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Lepidium. : Lepidium virginicum , p. 594 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 .
  10. ↑ Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Lepidium virginicum , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  11. ↑ a b Michael Hassler, Bernd Schmitt: data sheet from Flora von Deutschland - a picture database , version 2.32.
  12. ↑ Carl von Linné scanned in 1753 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  13. ^ Lepidium virginicum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 25, 2014.}
  14. ↑ a b Lepidium virginicum Entry in Catalog of Life from October 2, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2014
  15. ^ Lepidium virginicum at Robert Freedman: Famine Foods by NewCrop . ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 3, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hort.purdue.edu
  16. ↑ a b c Lepidium virginicum at Plants For A Future . Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  17. ↑ Deane Green: Lepidium Virginicum: Bottlebrush Peppergrass - data sheet at Eat the Weeds .

Web links

Commons : Virginian cress ( Lepidium virginicum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files