Vista University

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Vista University ( Afrikaans : Universiteit Vista ) was a higher education institution based in Pretoria , the 1982-2004 existed and in several South African cities with regional campus areas worked. Their courses were generally aimed at people from the black population in South Africa. The university was established on the basis of a law passed specifically for it in 1981 and opened its administrative operations in 1982. Vista University's first academic year began on January 1, 1983.

history

Preconditions and historical context

The conceptual basis of Vista University was derived from the basic positions of the education policy of the apartheid system, according to which a binary separation (Europeans and non-Europeans) of the education sector in the sense of the politically prescribed separate development in all areas of society was to be aimed for. Under these prerequisites, unevenly structured access requirements for students and employees to educational institutions were a priority control mechanism in the officially aspired social model.

According to a contemporary description of the university situation from 1955 by Thomas Benjamin Davie († December 13, 1955), a former principal and vice-chancellor (1948–1955) of the University of Cape Town, two different positions on university policy had been established in the South African Union . On the one hand, there were universities oriented towards the British system, according to which these institutions were determined by the ideas of extensive academic freedom and the “open door principle” and, on the other hand, Afrikaans universities , in which people were trained to serve the state exclusively. As a result of a joint university policy conference from January 9 to 11, 1957, representatives of the universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand published a paper entitled The Open Universities in South Africa , in which the two Chancellors , Albert van de Sandt Centlivres ( UCT ) and Richard Feetham ( Wits ), made it clear in their foreword that the plea for the preservation of the "open universities" made here is not only an argument for guaranteeing the freedom of their own universities, but for the freedom of every South African university. However, this committed protest in a social climate of politically forced racism could not stop the policy of “separate development” that had already begun in the higher education sector.

In the public discourse on the question of a politically influenced higher education landscape in South Africa, Thomas Benjamin Davie described his conception of academic freedom in four essential principles. His words achieved the status of an anti-apartheid banner for academic freedom:

"... our freedom from external interference in (a) who shall teach, (b) what we teach, (c) how we teach, and (d) whom we teach."

"... our freedom from outside influence in [the questions] (a) who should be taught, (b) what do we teach, (c) how do we teach, and (d) whom do we teach."

- Thomas Benjamin Davie

According to surveys by the Tomlinson Commission , in 1955 only a few selected institutions were available for the higher education of the non-European population in the South African Union. A completely free choice of the place of study by this group was out of the question according to the will of the commission. In this context, their final report mentions university courses at the South African Native College Fort Hare , also at an institution in Durban , the Natal University College for Non-Europeans at the University of Natal , as well as at the Witwatersrand University and the University of Cape Town , further on Kolege ya Bana ba Afrika in Pretoria and at the Medical Faculty for Non-Europeans within the University of Natal .

The Kolege ya Bana ba Afrika ( College of the Children of Africa ) was an institution founded in 1946 on the initiative of actors mainly from the Dutch Reformed Mission Church in cooperation with UNISA . It was built on the site of the former Vlakfontein farm (now Mamelodi West). It owes its existence to the increasing number of UNISA applicants in the 1940s. This tendency can be seen as an indication of the growing need for education among the non-European population.

JH van Wyk led the group from the Dutch Reformed Mission Church that was concerned with the establishment of Kolege ya Bana ba Africa . The anthropologist Werner Eiselen was the first to take over the professorship for ethnology at the University of Pretoria in 1947 . From his position and thus as one of the founding fathers, he accompanied the development process of Kolege ya Bana ba Africa . This educational institution was designed and established as a competing institution to the Native College in Fort Hare, where the teaching staff came predominantly from the circle of Scottish Presbyterians and was critical to hostile to its basic understanding of the racist state policy of the time. In a self-report from 1946, the institution described itself as the University for non-Europeans in the Transvaal .

As an institutional goal of the segregation policy that emerged clearly after the election victory of the National Party in 1948, the Tomlinson Commission proposed the creation of a state and federally established "Bantu University of South Africa", similar to UNISA - in the field of higher education . Structure. According to the recommendation of the Tomlinson Commission, colleges of this university should be established in Transkei , in the Zulu habitats of Natal and in the Sotho areas of the Transvaal .

Students at South African universities
university Non-Europeans 1947 Of European descent 1947 Non-Europeans 1956 Of European descent 1956
University of Cape Town 100 k. A. 339 4038
University of the Witwatersrand 182 k. A. 213 4443
South African Native College Fort Hare 329 k. A. 368 -
University of Natal k. A. k. A. 415 2189
Natal University College for Non-Europeans 340 k. A. - -
Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat n / a k. A. - 1527
Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education k. A. k. A. - 1335
University of Pretoria k. A. k. A. - 5340
Rhodes University k. A. k. A. - 816
University of Stellenbosch k. A. k. A. - 2928
UNISA k. A. k. A. 1622 4720

Foundation of Vista University and further progress

The establishment of the institution, later named Vista University , had been a specifically planned concern of apartheid policy since the 1950s. The low proportion of non-European students who enrolled at the university was then distributed among a few institutions in the country.

The university was founded more than 25 years after the recommendation of the Tomlinson Commission and was preceded by a five-year preparation period by a commission headed by Gerrit Viljoen , Vice Chancellor of Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg . He had already exercised prominent political functions, such as the chairmanship of the Afrikaner Broederbond from 1974 to 1980 and as Administrator-General of South West Africa between 1979 and 1980. As Minister of Education he was from 1980 to 1989 in the then governments of South Africa for the Education sector responsible.

With a view to the anticipated founding of Vista University , representatives from three major universities in the country formulated their rejection of such a concept in 1981, which they justified with the unacceptable goal of racially segregated institutions in the higher education sector. The invitation to participate in the university council during the founding phase of Vista University was rejected by representatives of the Witwatersrand University , the University of Cape Town and the University of Natal . The then Vice Chancellor of the Witwatersrand University, Daniel Jacob du Plessis, expressed the opinion in a press release that it was not to be expected that the new university would be an institution on an equal footing with the other universities. 1981 saw the final legislative process for the upcoming formation of Vista University .

The Vista University Act ( Act No. 106/1981 ) came into force on January 1, 1982 and laid the legislative basis for the establishment of a nationwide university for African (black) students in some metropolitan areas. This step took place within the historical section of the country which, according to the concept of reform apartheid , resulted in various concessions for the blacks living in the cities, albeit still not equivalent civil rights. In contrast, the admission of other people to study at Vista University remained. for example from the circle of the colored or the population of Indian origin , reserved for a respective individual decision of the responsible minister.

On January 1, 1982, the central administration of the university began its activity in Pretoria and on January 6 the first university management was established, for whose chairmanship Professor Cas F. Crouse was appointed as the founding rector. The opening ceremony was not held until October 20, 1983 with the participation of the then responsible Minister Daniël Wynand Steyn ( Minister of Education and Training ). He described the future of the new university in his celebratory address with the words: Vista is the faith of yesterday, through the reality of today into the vision of tomorrow (German for example: “Vista is the belief of yesterday, through today's reality the vision from tomorrow").

The expectations regarding the number of enrollments in this preparatory phase amounted to 800 to 1,400 students. Provided were undergraduate diplomas and undergraduate education -grade in the areas of English , Afrikaans , Xhosa , education, geography, history, sociology, psychology, economics, accounting and mathematics. The monthly tuition fee was 17 rand per subject. The first lectures began in January 1983 at four campus locations, in Mamelodi , Soweto , Bloemfontein and Port Elizabeth .

3,010 Africans enrolled at Vista University in the year it was founded. In 1984, 6,125 Africans, 12 colored and 15 white and 63 other students were enrolled here. The number of students rose rapidly in the first few years and found their focus in teacher training. The Vista University was well with their enrollment figures before those of other universities with African students. In 1986 there were 12,296 student teachers registered.

In 1990, the newly built Soweto campus was officially opened, opposite the Power Park in Orlando. In 2011 it was expanded with further new buildings. The official celebration took place with the participation of South African Vice President Kgalema Motlanthe and UJ Chancellor Wendy Luhabe .

Around 1995 several student organizations called for reform and a change in staff at this university. In response to this criticism, the University Council said that it would not resign and that its current task would be to transform it into a democratic higher education institution. The critics asserted, however, that the university management was illegitimate because they were appointed to their offices by an illegitimate government. The then Education Minister Sibusiso Bengu declared in March 1995 that the previous university council would resign within three months and be replaced by an interim body. A university spokeswoman said that a new law had to be passed before a new University Council could be formed.

A transformation of the South African higher education sector began with the National Plan for Higher Education , which came into force in February 2001 through a cabinet decision. As a result, Vista University was dissolved and its locations assigned to other, partly newly founded higher education institutions.

Academic structure of the university

Around 1996 the academic area of ​​the university consisted of the following faculties:

  • Arts (humanities)
  • Economics and Management Sciences (Economics and Management Science)
  • Education (Pedagogy)
  • Law (Law)
  • Science (Natural Science)

As in other universities during the apartheid period, the academic staff consisted of a white majority. For example, in 1986 it was 82 percent in Vista, compared to just 65 percent in Fort Hare .

Campus locations

Courses started in January 1983 at the following campus areas:

  • Campus Mamelodi (Hinterland Street, Mamelodi Gardens) in Pretoria, integrated into the University of Pretoria on January 2, 2004 . A campus area, which opened on June 22, 1993, was created here by means of extensions to the value of 45.1 million Rand.
  • Soweto campus (Potchefstroom Road, Power Park) in Orlando, incorporated into the University of Johannesburg on January 1, 2005 . The Contact Campus Soweto was built at a temporary location on Koma Road in Dlamini, not far from the Moroka Police Station in the center of Soweto and was the largest area of Vista University .
  • Campus Zwide (Uitenhage Road, Zwide) in Port Elizabeth (built in Missionvale Township ). The Missionvale campus , formerly the PE campus of Vista University , was initially assigned to the University of Port Elizabeth in 2004 and merged in 2005 with the Port Elizabeth Technikon and the University of Port Elizabeth to form the newly created Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University .

Locations opened later:

  • Campus Vaal Triangel (so named in 1983) or Sebokeng Campus (Potchefstroom / Vereeniging Road) in Sebokeng , which was taken over from an area of ​​the former Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education ( PU for CHE ) and finally merged with North-West University in 2004 .
  • The East Rand Campus (Route R51, Boyasview North) in Daveyton , later attached to North-West University .
  • The Distance Education Campus (VUDEC) in Pretoria (219 Skinner Street) was founded as a distance learning area of Vista University and, as part of the transformation of higher education, went over to the much older distance learning university UNISA with effect from February 1, 2002 . The transition process extended into the year 2004. The former Ministry of Education and Training ( Department of Education and Training ) took over responsibility for this area on April 1, 1982.

During the founding phase of the university, locations in Vereeniging and Cape Town were also planned. These extensions were not implemented.

The Central Campus with the headquarters was at 263 Skinner Street (now Nana Sita Street ), in the center of Pretoria.

Partnerships

The Vista University chatted with the American University of Central Florida in connection with two colleges a partnership.

University periodicals

  • Vista University Research Journal
  • Vista update
  • Igugu. Vista University Alumni magazine

Senior staff

Before 1994, the leading staff at Vista University consisted predominantly of a group of people who did not come from the leading universities in the country that tended to be critical of apartheid.

Chancellors

  • 1985–1992 Richard Naphtali Gugushe (from 1983 to 1985 Principal of the Soweto Contact Campus ) around 1975 Managing Director of the Council of Ministers for Bantu Education
  • 1998–2002 Mathole Motshekga (from 1998 to 1999 Prime Minister of Gauteng Province)

Rectors

  • 1982-1987 Cas F. Crouse
  • 1987–1994 Schalk Willem Burger Engelbrecht

Executive Vice Chancellors

  • 1996-2000 HP Africa
  • 2000-2003 Clement Tsehloane Keto

Acting Vice-Chancellor

  • 2003-2004 Sipho Seepe

further reading

  • Vista University (Ed.): Vista University installation of chancellor: promotion ceremonies: 1985 . Pretoria 1985.
  • Hettie M. van der Merwe: The Vudec merger: a recording of what was and a reflection on gains and losses. In: South African Journal of Higher Education. Volume 21 (2007), Issue 3, pp. 537-551 ISSN  1011-3487 Abstract . on www.ajol.info (English)
  • Martin Hall, Ashley Symes, Thierry Leucher, Council on Higher Education: The Governance of Merger in South African Higher Education . Pretoria 2004, ISBN 1-919856-39-0 , at www.thierry. Konstruktiv.li (English)
  • John A. Marcum: Black Education in South Africa: Key or Chimera? . In: CSIS Africa Notes. (A publication of the African Studies Program of The Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies), No. 41 (1985) April 15. online at www.csis.org (English)
  • Sipho Seepe: Towards an African Identity of Higher Education. Vista University and Skotaville, Pretoria 2004, ISBN 1-86828-175-2 .
  • Sipho Seepe: The story of Vista University: 21st anniversary. Vista University, Pretoria 2004.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ University of the Free State : Incorporation . on www.apps.ufs.ac.za (English)
  2. ↑ Kiran Odhav: South African post-apartheid Higher Education policy and its marginalizations: 1994–2002  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: SA-eDUC Journal, Volume 6 (2009), No. 1, pp. 33-57, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. at www.nwu.ac.za (English), electronic journal@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nwu.ac.za  
  3. ^ TB Davie. In Memoriam Service at Cape Town . In: South African Medical Journal, January 14, 1956, p. 43. online at www.archive.samj.org.za (English)
  4. ^ SAIRR : Survey 1954–1955 . Johannesburg 1955, p. 192.
  5. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1956–1957 . Johannesburg 1957, p. 197.
  6. ^ Kader Asmal : Thinking Freedom: Breaking with the Past, Planning for the Future . Speech at the 39th TB Davie Memorial Lecture on September 23, 2002, Cape Town . In: UCT News. on www.uct.ac.za (English)
  7. ↑ The open universities in South Africa: published on behalf of the conference of representatives of the University of Cape Town and the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, held in Cape Town on 9, 10 and 11 January 1957 . Entry in copac . on www.copac.ac.uk
  8. ↑ Jonathan D. Jansen: Accounting for Autonomy: How Higher Education lost its Innocence . UCT : 41st TB Davie Memorial Lecture, August 26, 2004, p. 8 (PDF document p. 8), online at www.uct.ac.za (English)
  9. ^ Hassan Omari Kaya: Academic Freedom, Institutional Autonomy and the Search for Relevancy in Higher Education in South Africa . Council on Higher Education, meeting on May 22, 2006 on questions of government participation in the field of higher education, online at www.che.ac.za (English), Johannesburg 2006, p. 1. online at www.che.ac.za ( English)
  10. ^ Union of South Africa: Summary of the Report of the Commission for the Socio-Economic Development of the Bantu Areas within the Union of South Africa. Chapter 6, Bantu Education . Pretoria 1955, p. 24.
  11. ^ PAW Cook: Non-European Education. In: Ellen Hellmann, Leah Abrahams (Ed.): Handbook on Race Relations in South Africa . Cape Town, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1949, pp. 372, 374, 382.
  12. ^ Mary-Lynn Suttie: The Formative Years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976 . at www.uir.unisa.ac.za (English)
  13. ^ KA Bakker, RC De Jong, A. Matlou: The 'Mamelodi Rondavels' as place in the formative period of Bantu Education and in Vlakfontein (Mamelodi West). In: South African Journal of Cultural History, Vol. 17 (2003) Issue 2, pp. 1–22 Abstract. on www.ajol.info (English)
  14. ^ John Sharp: Serving the People? African Anthropology Revisited . In: Deborah James (ed.) Et al: Culture Wars. Context, Models and Anthropologists' Accounts . New York et al., Berghahn Books, 2010, pp. 33–37 (English)
  15. ↑ entry worldcat (English)
  16. ^ Union of South Africa: Summary of the Report of the Commission for the Socio-Economic Development of the Bantu Areas within the Union of South Africa. Chapter 43, Education . Pretoria 1955, p. 167
  17. ^ A b P. AW Cook: Non-European Education. In: Ellen Hellmann, Leah Abrahams (Ed.): Handbook on Race Relations in South Africa . Cape Town, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1949, p. 382.
  18. ^ A b SAIRR: Survey of Race Relations 1956–1957. Johannesburg 1957, p. 196.
  19. ^ Union of South Africa: Summary of the Report of the Commission for the Socio-Economic Development of the Bantu Areas within the Union of South Africa. Chapter 6, Bantu Education . Pretoria 1955, p. 24.
  20. ^ A b c Willem Adolf Landman: Verbintenis met Universiteit Vista . on www.landmanwa.co.za (English)
  21. ↑ a b c SAIRR: Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1981 . Johannesburg 1982, p. 380.
  22. ^ A b Andrea Lang: Separate Development and the Department of Bantu Administration in South Africa. History and analysis of special administrations for blacks . (Works from the Institut für Afrika-Kunde, 103), Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-928049-58-5 , pp. 122–123.
  23. ↑ a b Vista University ( memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . at www.gauteng.com (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gauteng.com
  24. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1982 . Johannesburg 1983, p. 508.
  25. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1983. Johannesburg 1984, p. 694.
  26. ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1984. Johannesburg 1985, p. 460.
  27. ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, p. 169.
  28. ↑ Timeslive: New R450 million Soweto UJ campus opened . News from February 4, 2011 on www.timeslive.co.za (English)
  29. ^ SAIRR: South Africa Survey 1995/96 . Johannesburg 1996, pp. 140-141
  30. ↑ The Transformation and Reconstruction of the Higher Education System ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.dhet.gov.za (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dhet.gov.za
  31. ↑ The Danish Rectors' Conference: Cooperation with South African Universities ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . PDF document p. 31, at www.rektorkollegiet.dk (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rektorkollegiet.dk
  32. ↑ Saleem Badat: Black Student Politics: Chapter 6 - Reform, Repression and Mass Resistance . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
  33. ↑ University of Pretoria : Mamelodi campus ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.web.up.ac.za (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / web.up.ac.za
  34. ↑ Vista University in Mamelodi officially opended  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . at www.e-tools.co.za (English)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.e-tools.co.za  
  35. ↑ University of Johannesburg : Background to the Campus Master Plan ( Memento of the original from August 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.uj.ac.za (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uj.ac.za
  36. ↑ University of Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg New Generation  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 2011, p. 66. on www.myvirtualpaper.com (English)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.myvirtualpaper.com  
  37. ↑ University of the Free State: South Campus ( Memento of the original from August 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.ufs.ac.za (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ufs.ac.za
  38. ^ Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University: Missionvale Campus . on www.missionvale.nmmu.ac.za (English)
  39. ↑ Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University: History ( Memento of the original from June 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.nmmu.ac.za (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nmmu.ac.za
  40. ^ A b The NWU : History of the NWU . at www.nwu.ac.za (English)
  41. ^ The NWU : Vaal Triangle Campus history . at www.nwu.ac.za (English)
  42. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1983 . Johannesburg 1984, p. 463.
  43. ^ Incorporation of the Welkom Campus of Vista University with the Technikon Free State . on www.us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za (English)
  44. ↑ Central University of Technology : CUT at a Glance ( Memento of the original dated August 27, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.cut.ac.za (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cut.ac.za
  45. ↑ Pocket Guide to South Africa 2004 . on www.gcis.gov.za (English)
  46. ↑ Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 101 of 1997), The merging of the distance education center (VUDEC), a subdivision of the University of Vista, with Open Learning University of South Africa  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.gov.za (English)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.gov.za  
  47. ↑ Sarua : University of South Africa UNISA . at www.sarua.org (English)
  48. ↑ UNISA : Calendar 2004 . ISSN  0257-8840 . at www.unisa.ac.za (English)
  49. ↑ www.careerexpo.co.za: Vista University. on www.archive.is ( Memento from January 18, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
  50. ^ Vista University and the University of Central Florida Consortium Partnership . on www.pegasus.cc.ucf.edu (English)
  51. ^ University of Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg New Generation. 2011, p. 257. on www.myvirtualpaper.com  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.myvirtualpaper.com  
  52. ^ University of Johannesburg South Africa: About RAU . on www.southafricastudy.com (English)
  53. ↑ Ali Mphaki: I have reached 'the cul-de-sac of life' . Article from October 22, 2012 on www.iol.co.za (English)
  54. ↑ Ali Mphaki: A life of passing knowledge on to other people ( Memento of the original of July 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . at www.Media24 Archive (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 152.111.1.87
  55. ↑ Chris van Rensburg (Red.) Et al., Euridita Publications Ltd. (Ed.): Keys to Progress. Education for South Africa's blacks, mixed race and Indians . Johannesburg [1975], p. 2 (co-author of this publication)
  56. ↑ Motshekga is new Chancellor at Vista ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . at www.Media24 Archive (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 152.111.1.87
  57. ↑ Mathole Motshekga . on www.whoswho.co.za (English; archive version)
  58. ^ Council on Higher Education: CHE Annual Report 1999/2000 . Pretoria, PDF document p. 32, on www.che.ac.za (English)
  59. ↑ TSU: TSU Newsletter ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . College of Liberal Arts & Behauvioral Sciences, Vol. 2 (2004) No. 1, p. 3. PDF document p. 3, online at www.tsu.edu (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsu.edu