Indians in South Africa

Durban

The Indians in South Africa form one of the largest diaspora groups in India worldwide . After 1860 they made a significant contribution from Durban to the economic and demographic development in the area of ​​today's South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and grew into an influential cultural, political, economic and social force in South Africa. The share of this population group in the total population of South Africa was around 3 percent in 2013 and thus comprised around 1.5 million people.

General

Mosque of the Indian residents of Durban on Gray Street

According to Alwyn Didar Singh , a former State Secretary of the Ministry of overseas Indian affairs in India, the South African port city of Durban is the metropolitan region with the largest number of inhabitants outside the Indian subcontinent. Renu Modi, former director of the Center for African Studies at the University of Mumbai , estimates that South Africa is home to the largest ethnic group of Indian origin on the African continent.

The Indian population of South Africa is often summarized in the specialist literature under the generic term “Asiatics” (German: Asiaten) and this is used synonymously with the term “Indians”. After 1903, in the final phase of the Qing Dynasty , Chinese contract workers also came to the Transvaal region . Around a quarter of the Asian population stated at the beginning of the 20th century that their mother tongue was Chinese . The definition of the demographic group term “Asiatics” in South Africa has always been subject to differentiated views.

Geographical distribution in South Africa

The preferred residential areas of the Indian population in South Africa are in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal (about 80 percent) and Gauteng (about 15 percent). A smaller group (around 5 percent) live in and around Cape Town .

In KwaZulu-Natal, Durban has the largest population of Indian descent among the provincial cities. The settlements of Chatsworth , Phoenix , Tongaat , Verulam and KwaDukuza are also among the most important places of residence. Around 500,000 Indians live in the coastal region of Durban. In neighboring Pietermaritzburg , this population group reaches around 200,000 people. Other places with a significant proportion of the population are Dundee , Glencoe , Ladysmith and Newcastle .

In the province of Gauteng, the Indian population is concentrated in the towns of Lenasia south of Soweto as well as Laudium and other suburbs of Pretoria .

Smaller groups live in the Eastern Cape Province and other South African provinces.

Indian ethnic groups on the African continent also exist in other countries. There are significant numbers in Mozambique and Tanzania . Contract workers also came to Mauritius to work in sugar cane plantations .

Overview of socio-economic development

Early immigration through slave labor

There is evidence that Indians came to southern Africa since 1684. They were first settled in Cape Town as slaves for the activities of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It is estimated that this group included more than 16,000 people. Between 1690 and 1725, people of Indian origin are said to have made up about 80 percent of the proportion of slaves in the Cape. This high proportion remained until the end of the slave economy in the Cape Colony in 1838.

Developments in the 19th century

Sugar cane and banana plantation in South Africa (historical photography)

Sugar factory in Mount Edgecombe, north of Durban (historical photography)

Early Indian immigrants as contract workers in Durban

19th century Indian agriculture in Natal

However, the most important historical starting point of the Indian population in South Africa is generally considered to be the massive immigration of contract workers ( indentured servants ) interested in agriculture since the second half of the 19th century. After 1860, Indian workers came mainly through the port of Durban on temporary contracts for work in the Natal sugar industry . The contract workers increasingly followed a growing number of voluntary immigrants from India with a time lag or, after the 5 mandatory years of their contract, often became voluntary residents of Natal themselves. However, the government in Pietermaritzburg took over the expenses incurred for those wishing to return. It was only in 1911 that the Indian government banned this recruitment practice. Two thirds of them were Hindus at the time and spoke Tamil or Telugu . The other part was made up of Muslims and Christians.

Since 1872, Indians have been using land in the Durban area independently, initially as a lease and later as property, and gained a growing market share in the regional supply of vegetables and tobacco, mainly as horticultural businesses, which a few years later assumed monopoly-like dimensions in Pietermaritzburg and Durban. At first, the small horticultural businesses developed inland, close to the center of Durban, which was then dominated by European immigrants. The areas for growing vegetables and fruits were in the coastal plains south of the port, on the western edge near Sydenham and Mayville, near the Berea Hills and between the Umbilo and Umgeni rivers. In the course of urban growth, these areas were gradually converted and the Indian horticulturalists relocated their activities to areas around Pinetown along the traffic routes between Durban and Pietermaritzburg at the time. There were further expansions in the direction of Hammarsdale .

When the land had become too valuable for horticultural use and when there was a noticeable lack of space in the surrounding area, they often moved in groups from one farm to the next for economic reasons. This cascading process, typically flanked by speculative approaches, also took place in the vicinity of Pietermaritzburg and other cities. During this development, more and more Indians gave up their gardening activities and found fields of activity in trade and industry. This transformation process took on clearer contours after 1904, with larger farms developing with better capital resources. The sugar cane growing areas near Stanger and Lower Tugela north of Durban and around Umzinto and Port Shepstone on the southern coast of Natal were less affected by these changes .

Typical products of Indian horticulture for private consumption in Natal at that time were:

• for Indian consumers: legumes, pumpkins
• for European consumers: garden lettuce, beetroot, carrots, real celery
• for consumers of all groups: white cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, fruits

Indians in other regions of what will later become South Africa

In 1891, the government of the Orange Free State issued an ordinance that prohibited Indians from buying or using land on their territory. The authorities of the Transvaal Republic reacted in a similar way , which was passed in 1885 with the Transvaal Act No. 3 prohibited the free acquisition of land for Indians. Exceptions were granted for selected streets, small quarters or specially designated areas. For this purpose, the justification " for purposes of sanitation " was used. With a state ordinance, Ordinance 17 from 1905, parish districts for "Asians" were established. There were no such bans in the Cape Colony , although freedom of movement to neighboring states was restricted.

1900 to 1911

Immigration and civil rights

The Hindu Narainsamy Temple, built in 1906 on Inanda Road in the Newlands district of Durban

The riverside mosque of the Sufi Sahib in the Umgeni district of Durban

Around 1900 a large number of Indians immigrated to what is now South Africa. Many of them came from British India and saw themselves as British subjects. As a result, they assumed that they would be treated like any other citizen of the British Empire and given equal rights.

In 1903 a group of Indians living in East London turned to the Indian National Congress in Bombay with a request for help , as they found the community order of their South African place of residence to be restrictive and therefore unacceptable. In the same year the Transvaal British Indian Association was founded , which was later renamed the Transvaal Indian congress . Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in building it up, with strong support from the Indian population of the Transvaal. As the secretary of this organization, he was able to influence its work.

In 1904, Gandhi created a settlement project north of Durban and on the outskirts of the village of Inanda , which was named Phoenix Settlement . From here he directed passive resistance activities in Natal and Transvaal. Here he also had the Indian Opinion newspaper printed and with its help disseminated his views in writing.

The Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act of 1907 ( Act No. 2/1907 ) and its final version of 1908 set in motion a process of resistance against the unequal treatment of immigrants of Indian origin by the Boer- dominated administrations of the Transvaal Republic. With this registration law, the Indians were asked to submit a fingerprint of their thumb in addition to their personal data for registration. If they were not prepared to do so, they could be denied the right to free trade. Anyone who did not have the registration certificate ran the risk of being expelled from the country at short notice or being fined immediately.

The regulation of the Transvaal Crown Colony , the Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance No. 1, announced in the Transvaal Government Gazette before this law and approved by the British authorities on September 20, 1906 . 2 (called the Black Act ), gave rise to considerable criticism and organized protests. On September 11, 1906, a meeting prepared by Gandhi, led by Abdul Gani and held in the Imperial Theater of Johannesburg , was followed by 3,000 supporters of the stated protest note against these regulations. In October of the same year Gandhi traveled to London to meet the Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Elgin , and John Morley , Secretary of State for India , as well as some members of parliament on the matter. As a result of his visit, he even achieved a declaration of veto from the highest authorities, but the British granted their crown colony self-government status on January 1, 1907. This enabled the government there under General Louis Botha to initiate a new legislative process that resulted in the draft of the Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act .

After the government in London approved it on May 9, 1907, this law came into effect on July 31, 1907 in the Transvaal Crown Colony. On the same day, a mass rally was held in Pretoria by Indians to protest the provisions of this law. Here the will for passive resistance ( Satyagraha ) against these regulations was formed among those present . Gandhi's Satyagraha Movement for Freedom and Justice created a milestone for the formation of political consciousness within the Indian population in southern Africa. It found wider distribution elsewhere and had a worldwide impact.

Agriculture

At the beginning of the 20th century, the first political demands against the expansion of Indian agriculture arose among the population of European descent. The key regions of Indian agriculture around Durban were consolidated by 1900 in the former districts of Clairwood, Cato Manor and Overport and on the north coast of Natal in the districts of Inanda and Stanger . What began as small-scale horticulture on unused areas with the cultivation of tobacco, corn and beans, turned not only into sugar cane plantations, but also into large-scale cultivation of bananas, pineapples and papayas .

1911 to 1939

The Indian miners' strike of 1913

The Indian Mineworkers Strike began organisationally in September 1913 through women's groups in Natal and the Transvaal. A working meeting was held in Newcastle on October 13 with Gandhi and Thambi Naidoo , President of the Johannesburg Tamil Benefit Society , which resulted in an organizing group for future activities. On October 29, 1913, Gandhi led a protest march from Newcastle to Transvaal because of the discriminatory regulations in the Immigrants Regulation Act and was arrested by the security police the following day in Palmford . Thambi Naidoo immediately mobilized the miners again. After a few unsatisfactory actions, there were protests by 4,000 to 5,000 workers in the coal-mining regions of the Transvaal and Natal. By the end of November the strike had spread to the north and south coasts of Natal. In Durban, industrial and railroad workers stopped work. Hundreds of Indian workers at South African Refineries , Hulett's Refinery , Wright's Cement and chemical and ceramic factories took part in the strike. There were also workers from laundries, hospitals and bakeries. In the end, even Indian restaurateurs ceased operations. A total of 16,000 workers are said to have actively supported the strike.

Politics against and for the Indian population group

The then Interior Minister Patrick Duncan introduced a draft law ( Class Areas Bill ) in 1923 , which was to regulate and de facto restrict the essential rights of the population of Indian origin. On January 27, 1924, the Natal Indian Congress and the Natal Indian Association led a large-scale demonstration involving 3,000 people in Durban to express their opposition to the draft Class Areas Act .

On February 15, 1924, a delegation from the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) called the interior minister, and a memorandum with objections to the intentions of the Class Areas Bill was presented. Subsequently , the poet Sarojini Naidu, who came to South Africa at the invitation of the Natal Indian Congress, took up this discourse and thus mobilized parts of the public. During her stay, she was able to follow the parliamentary debate on the Class Areas Bill on site. The then government finally decided that this law should not be passed before the elections in June 1924. A conference of the South African Indian Congress took place in Durban between April 21st and 25th . Those present decided to take up Sarojini Naidu's proposal for a round table conference between the delegates of the SAIC and representatives of the Union government and the Indian government. On April 8, the Government of India telegraphed the Government of the Union of South Africa to propose a round table conference. With the response of the South African Governor General, the precondition was formulated that the repatriation of Indians must be the most important basis for discussion.

At this time, further attempts were made to weaken the Indian population in Natal. The boroughs Ordinance No. 19 of 1924 (approximately: municipal ordinance) served to deprive the Indians of the universal suffrage in Natal. The Township Franchise Ordinance was decided by the Provincial Council of Natal at the time , in order to deprive the Indians of local voting rights. This and other legal provisions were formally repealed in 2006 by the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legal Clearing Act.

Anti-Indian policy under Prime Minister Hertzog

When Prime Minister Barry Hertzog took office in 1924, political and legislative pressure on non-European groups, including Indians in South Africa, intensified.

The Interior Minister Daniel Francois Malan presented a new draft law ( Areas Reservation and Immigration and Registration (Further Provision) Bill ) to parliament on July 23, 1925 , which further tightened the requirements of the Class Area bill initiated by his predecessor Patrick Duncan in 1923 . While the latter draft law was only drafted with the aim of creating separate trade and housing rights for the Indians, the new draft defines the South African Indians as foreigners and envisages their socio-economic restriction through organized resettlement to India.

In a message to the Indian government dated September 24, 1925, the Union government stated again that it saw no need for a round table conference and that only the repatriation of the South African Indians could be discussed between the two governments. In November 1925, representatives of the South African Indian Congress again advertised a round table conference to Interior Minister Malan and a few days later traveled to India to talk to government officials there about such a meeting. In December, the Paddison Deputation , led by GF Paddison, the Commissioner of Labor in Madras, visited the South African Union and prepared the way for future round-table consultations. A group of members of the South African Indian Congress , but led by Abdullah Abdurahman , traveled to India and met the Viceroy on December 19, 1925 for a conversation. Delegates from the South African Indian Congress attended the 40th session of the All-India Congress in Cawnpore . Sarojini Naidu, Chair of the Indian National Congress , referred to the situation of the Indians in South Africa. In her speech she combined this with India's submission to foreign rule and demanded the freedom of her country.

Notwithstanding this, the Hertzog government moved forward with further anti-Indian laws. The Mines and Works Amendment Act ( Act No. 25/1926 ), also known as the Color Bar Act , promoted the recognition of professional qualifications for skilled work, but excluded workers of Indian descent from it. This development strengthened the conviction among the Indians and Coloreds that they would need their own unions to represent their interests. In contrast, the white working class was of the opinion that unfair conditions prevailed in the labor market structures of that time, according to which there were dangers to their prosperity and which would have to be countered in particular by deregulating labor law among non-whites.

On May 31, 1926, India invited a South African government delegation to visit to discuss ways of mutual cooperation. This offer was followed by a joint visit by Frederick William Beyers , Minister for Mines and Industry, and former Interior Minister Patrick Duncan. Both arrived in India on September 19, 1926.

Home Secretary Malan publicly presented his text for the Immigration and Indian Relief (Further Provision) Bill shortly after a round table conference in 1927 . It was then stipulated that children born outside the Union of South Africa with parents of Indian descent would have to come to South Africa within three months. Furthermore, the right of residence expired for people who had left South Africa for three consecutive years and those who immigrated illegally but were in possession of certificates of tolerance. There were also regulations on voluntary return to India combined with premium payments, the amount of which was doubled in 1931. This practice was reduced from 1955, when it became clear that only older people who were no longer in the work process made use of it.

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In 1914, Mohamed Cassim Angalia founded The Indian Views newspaper in Durban . It was initially a journal for the Muslim reading group among the Indians and developed into the leading journalistic mouthpiece for the entire Indian minority in South Africa during apartheid .

The Sastri College was founded in Durban in 1930 to provide more comprehensive teacher training . At that time it embodied a higher general education school and at the same time a teachers' college. Teacher training continued here until 1951. Before 1930 there was only the teachers' college established in 1904 at the St. Aidan's Mission in Durban. Until the 1930s, people of Indian origin could not take up university education and either had to go to Johannesburg , Cape Town or Fort Hare or pursue this request abroad. To change that, Kunwar Raja Maharaj Singh , then India's general agent in South Africa, turned to the management of the University of Natal . His request was met in 1936 with the introduction of part-time courses for non-European students.

With the Sugar Act , Act No. 28/1936, passed in 1936 , the regulation and protection of the country's own sugar production began and in this way the end of the expansion of Indian-run sugar producers, which was less than a tenth of the total sugar cane volume in the South African Union at that time. Unlike this agricultural sector, the cultivation of bananas fared. Imports from Mozambique led to a drop in prices for the plantations in Natal between 1933 and 1936.

1940s and 1950s

Concentration tendencies in agriculture

The Indian agriculture in Natal had clearly differentiated itself over the decades of its existence. Around 1944, sugar cane farms had an average size of 60 acres (about 24.3 hectares), 25 acres (about 10.1 hectares) for growing beans, grain or tobacco, and 10 acres (about 10.1 hectares) for fruit growing 4.0 ha) and vegetable growing at less than two acres (around 0.8 ha). The banana plantations developed their center of gravity along the Mhlatuzana River , between Mariannhill and Mount Vernon .

In 1944, about 1,200 Indian sugar cane producers were working over 70,000 acres of land along the Natal coast, about two-thirds of which were owned and only one-third leased. Most of these sugar cane farms were acquired by their Indian owners between 1920 and 1940, about half of these after 1930.

Controversy between India and South Africa

The discriminatory living conditions of the population of Asian and especially Indian descent in South Africa have repeatedly prompted India to criticize the South African Union for what became known as the Indian dispute with South Africa or Indian issue . This controversy, which initially began bilaterally, developed increasingly and even before the 1946–1947 UN session at the international level.

The Indian Passive Resistance Campaign, which began in 1946 and lasted until 1948, represents a significant event in the South African history of the 20th century. Starting with smaller demonstrations of a few hundred people, it came with the participation of trade unions and other organizations in 1947 to a declaration of will with 35,000 participants. The Indian Passive Resistance Campaign also initiated the mobilization of the world public in support of the freedom movement in South Africa and at the same time encouraged the black population to take more decisive political action against the racist conditions in the country. This paved the way from the previous tactics of petitions and compromises to mass rallies demanding equal rights for all citizens of the country. The main actors were Monty Naicker , President of the Natal Indian Congress since 1945, and Yusuf Dadoo . The organizationally concise doctor Kesaveloo Goonam was the leader in terms of the participation of Indian women . She led the second campaign on June 22, 1946 and was sentenced to six months of hard labor a few days later.

As a consequence of the increasingly extensive discrimination against minorities in the South African Union, including the population of Indian origin, India began in 1946 to reduce its official contacts with this country. This process started with bilateral trade relations. Beginning in 1946, India raised the treatment of the Indian population of South Africa in the annual meetings of the United Nations (UN). In 1951 the United Nations set up a small committee with the participation of India, Pakistan and the Union of South Africa to resolve the conflict. This body remained ineffective, however, because the South African government rejected the influence of the UN and viewed its dealings with the Indian population as an exclusive matter of their national legal system. As a result, the UN General Assembly in 1952 appointed a commission to promote and support negotiations between the states involved. It consisted of representatives from three states, Cuba , Syria and Yugoslavia . The management was in the hands of the Yugoslav diplomat Leo Mates.

Following the entry into force of a South African law, the Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act ( Act 28 of 1946 ), also known as the Ghetto Act , the Indian High Commissioner , who was accredited in South Africa at the time, was recalled by his government. Since then, the two countries have maintained their official relations either directly or through their respective high commissioners in London. Pakistan did not have diplomatic relations with the South African Union at the time. The High Commissioner's office in Pretoria was officially closed in 1954. Official diplomatic relations between the two countries did not come about until they were resumed in 1993.

The escalation of South African-Indian relations continued through legislation. Shortly after Malan's cabinet took office , Parliament passed the Asiatic Laws Amendment Act , repealing Chapter 2 of the Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act of 1946. As a result, the legal basis for the parliamentary representation of the Indian ethnic group by elected white chairmen in the Senate and in the House of Assembly as well as by the Indians themselves in the Natal Provincial Council and at the municipal level in this province disappeared . The effects of the legislation also included measures against the influx of Indians into the urban areas in Natal and Transvaal and to prevent Indian internal migration to the Cape region. The government set up commissions whose task it was to monitor such population movements in the direction of the predominantly European populated areas. The premium for voluntary return of Indians to the Asian regions of origin was increased and was now 30 South African pounds per person. Deportation orders were issued against Indians without Union citizenship or with previous convictions.

A study presented by the Natal Indian Congress in 1949 on the living conditions of the population of Indian descent showed that at that time around 7,000 South African Indians were without work income, and of these only around 400 received financial support.

States participating in the 1955 Asian-African Conference

In March 1955, the South African Minister of the Interior announced that the premium for voluntary returnees to India would be cut in half. Instead of the 40 pounds paid for adults since 1949 , only 20 pounds were paid out on individual request. Children under the age of 16 now received 10 instead of the previous 20 pounds. According to the minister, more than 17,000 Indians have left the country and around 1,000 have returned to the South African Union since the beginning (August 1, 1927) of the repatriation . At present, between 40 and 50 people would travel to India in this connection, according to the then interior minister.

The South African Union was not invited to the Bandung Conference in 1955 , mainly at India's instigation , but Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru invited anti- apartheid activists Moses Kotane and Moulvi Cachalia to attend this conference as observers.

Monty Naicker was elected President of the South African Indian Congress in 1955 . He was banned at this point .

At what was then the University of Natal around 1955, several research projects were carried out that dealt with the history of the Indians in Natal, their living conditions, the possibilities for employment as well as unemployment in this population group.

Alliances with organizations from other population groups

From 1943 onwards, Indian SAIC politicians took part in the meetings of the All African Convention , which was dominated by the African National Congress (ANC), which at that time only included blacks.

In 1947 Dadoo, Naicker and the then ANC President Alfred Bitini Xuma signed the Dadoo-Naicker-Xuma Pact, also known as the Three Doctors' Pact, which established an alliance between SAIC and ANC.

In 1951, representatives of the ANC and SAIC - including Dadoo and Naicker - developed a strategic plan against discriminatory apartheid laws, which resulted in the Defiance Campaign in 1952 . In 1955, the SAIC was one of the opposition groups that passed the Freedom Charter at the “People's Congress” in Kliptown . The following year began the Treason Trial , a long-standing trial against participants in the People's Congress, including Dadoo, Naicker and Ahmed Kathrada . Kathrada helped found the armed arm of the ANC and SACP, the Umkhonto we Sizwe . He was sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage in the Rivonia Trial in 1964, along with Nelson Mandela and five other prisoners .

1960 to 1967

Attempts to integrate the Indians into the apartheid system

At the beginning of the 1960s, the apartheid government of South Africa attempted to actively integrate the concerns of the Indian population into the progressive structures of its racial segregation policy with a political offensive. To this end, a Department of Indian Affairs with a "white" minister was created at the national level in 1961 . This development found no support among organizations critical of the government. However, some smaller organizations and the South African Indian Organization (SAIO) pleaded for participation in the segregation policy of the time . Indian representatives who were ready to negotiate were then approached by the National Party with regard to future opportunities for cooperation. To this end, a conference was held in laudium on December 10, 1963, as a result of which the previously discussed National Indian Council (German: National Council of Indians) began to establish itself. Its intended purpose lay in the appropriation of the population of Indian origin and their representatives, the defense against as radical claims from their circle and in the implementation of the population group in the structurally established racial segregation ideology. The extent of the rejection of these plans was initially so strong that the government's initiative threatened to fail. However, when some Indian representatives did respond to offers, this planned body was re-established under the name South African Indian Council (German: "South African Council of Indians"). It was an advisory institution designed to support the work of the South African government and enjoyed the reputation of a puppet group among its critics. This was the first time that South African Indians were formally represented at the national level with representatives nominated by the government.

Separate higher education for Indians

Parallel to the government's politically participatory offensives, similar developments emerged in the education sector. In November 1960 it was officially announced that the University College for Indians was scheduled to be established in 1961. The University Council, which was appointed at an early stage, had to prepare the establishment of this higher education institution and was headed by AJH van der Walt. The educational scientist Stephanus Petrus Olivier (1915-1998) took over the office of Vice-Chancellor .

The Indian organizations, who were critical of apartheid, refused to found this university and called for non-cooperation across the country, as their future existence was seen as evidence of the inequality in the education system of the South Africa at that time. A conference held by them in Durban ended with a call to all Indians in the country to not cooperate, because they saw participation in this project as unacceptable support for educational guidelines of apartheid policy. This discourse also strengthened the position that the academic degrees of universities in overseas countries should be given preference. This suggestion met with interest in circles of Indian entrepreneurs in the Durban region. As a result, a University Education Committee for the Province of Natal was formed to prepare candidates for future studies at the University of London so that they could meet the entrance qualifications according to the requirements of the British General Certificate of Education .

Finally, in 1961, this university was put into operation, which ten years later reached university rank and gained national fame as the University of Durban-Westville . In 1964 , Chunderban Ramfol was the first academician of Indian origin to be appointed to a professorship and took over the chair of psychology .

A strongly political climate developed at the university. Several student protests, some of which were violent, led to massive interventions by the security forces at the time. Such events came to a head in the university in 1981 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of South Africa, when 500 students called for a boycott of the readings on June 9th. This led to the de-registration of 10 percent of the students enrolled here. At the same time, there were riots with a political background in many high schools in Durban and Pietermaritzburg. The Director of Indian Education tried to make an example of students at Merebank High School by filing a complaint with the Pietermaritzburg Supreme Court . There were also protests and boycotts at the ML Sultan Technikon and the latter at the Medical Faculty of the University of Natal (see note) in Wentworth . A tense situation developed across the country during the parliamentary elections in April and in May and June caused by the controversy surrounding the Republic festival .

There were training programs for teachers in the general education schools of the population of Indian origin at educational colleges in Springfield for the province of Natal and in Fordsburg for the province of Transvaal . The University of Durban-Westville's Faculty of Education trained teachers for secondary schools. Diplomas for secondary school and commercial school teachers as well as for lower-level teaching in higher schools and the university teacher diploma could be obtained here. Bachelor (B.Ed.) and Master (M.Ed.) degrees as well as doctoral programs in educational sciences were also possible.

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In 1966 a political-administrative development began, in the course of which the election of local councils in Indian regional communities was to be established. The right to vote in this regard was bound to persons who owned taxable property or who had leased such property to the value of at least 500 rand .

In the course of the further development of the policy concept to promote the border industry , the South African government announced in 1966 that it wanted to support Indian industrial companies if they were to make new investments in production facilities in regions with high unemployment, with the involvement of local Indian workers. The priority regions of Pietermaritzburg, Stanger, Tongaat and Verulam were intended for this.

In 1967 interested librarians took the initiative to found the South African Indian Library Association . In the 1960s, other library associations for other non-European populations emerged, but by 1930 librarians had created the South African Library Association .

1968 to 1983

Communal participation and civic status

It was not until 1968 that the South African Indian Council received a legal basis, after which parliament passed the South African Indian Council Act ( Act No. 31/1968 ). Accordingly, the Minister of Indian Affairs could appoint up to 25 members. On September 24, 1968 the new council met for its constituent meeting and elected HE Joosub from Pretoria as its chairman. Prominent representatives of the community publicly expressed doubts that this body would serve the interests of the Indian people. In 1974 this council was reorganized.

In response to a parliamentary request in April 1968, the then Minister of the Interior and of Community Development announced that up to this point five local Indian consultative committees had been formed and another in Roshnee (a suburb of Vereeniging ) is in preparation. In mid-1968, another, informal consultative council was formed from prominent persons in Cape Town. Similar bodies were formed in Chatsworth and Durban.

In September 1969, official bodies declared Verulam (Durban) an Indian group area . This was the first time there were community elections (for the Indian Town Board ) for people of Indian origin in South Africa. IGH Kathrada was elected the first Indian mayor of a municipality and Dick Naicker was the first Indian to take over the management of a local government ( town clerk , German: town clerk , analogous to: administrative director) in South Africa. Another local Indian self-government council was established in Durban-Westville that same year .

The South African Indian Council was restructured in 1974. On the basis of the Proclamation R167 of September 3, 1974, half of the future 30 members could now be elected by the population of Indian origin . The election took place on November 3rd at the same time as the elections for the Indian local authorities , local affairs committees , management committees and consultative committees . This resulted in ten representatives for Natal, four for the Transvaal and one for the Cape Province . The other part was nominated by the Minister of Indian Affairs . As part of the criticism of the elections there were calls for boycotts, for example by the Indian Management Committee of Lenasia (Johannesburg). In the course of these elections, demands were made to set up a nationwide electoral roll for the Indians. The government rejected this argument on the grounds that many Indians live outside the Indian group areas .

In May 1983 a pre-existing organization, the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC), was revived. Like the Natal Indian Congress (NIC), this organization was involved in the formation of the United Democratic Front (UDF). Essop Jassat was elected President of the TIC and Rashid AM Saloojee his deputy. The first major action of the TIC was a campaign against participation in the 1984 elections, in which, according to the new constitution of 1983, representatives of the Indian population could be elected to the future House of Delegates . All Indian people willing to vote were branded as “cowardly supporters of apartheid”. A week before the elections, the security authorities arrested many TIC activists. The regional NPP chairman in the Cape Province, Raman Bhana, declared in August 1984 that a policy of “one man, one vote in a unitary state” (German for example: one man, one vote in a unitary state) would not be supported.

The violent riots that broke out in their township settlements in the Vaal Triangle in September 1984 due to the fact that blacks did not participate in the now changed parliamentary composition , spread to neighboring Indian housing estates. Leading opposition figures did not predict that the supporters of the election for the House of Delegates would have any influence within the Indian population. There was also criticism from the circle of the white opposition at the division of voters caused by the new constitution. Frederik van Zyl Slabbert said in February 1984 that the new constitutional law represented the change from repressive to cooptative dominance over the Indian and colored population.

Developments in the economic and educational sector

On February 1, 1971, The New Republic Bank began operations in Durban. Its shares were owned by interested shareholders from the Indian population. The then South African Finance Minister Nicolaas Diederichs took part in the official opening event on July 7th and referred to the economic and employment policy agenda of his apartheid government, according to which “nothing stands in the way of the Indian people for their activities and employment habits”. Regions such as Pietermaritzburg, Stanger, Tongaat and Verulam, where the border areas were executed in a privileged way, have great potential and there is no longer any reason for Indian industrialists not to use the “advantages of government policy in this regard” should do. Since 1961, the Indians in South Africa have been an integral part of the entire population, unlike in the Gandhi-Smut era, and integrated into the “multi-faceted policy” of “separate development”.

The orientation of the bank towards a financial institution in the sense of the policy of "separate development" became evident during the opening ceremony, as M. De Wit Van Eyssen ( Regional Director for the Department of Indian Affairs ) and A. Mahmoud Rajab were among the prominent participants (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the South African Indian Council ) were represented. Jayaram Narainsamy Reddy was the founding director (in the role of managing director ) of the new bank .

As early as 1969, Reddy had expected a favorable perspective for Indian entrepreneurship within the segregation policy in South Africa and in doing so propagated the prosperous cooperation with the government in Pretoria. He saw opportunities for future “greater participation in industrial life” and welcomed the integration of Natal's four border areas (Pietermaritzburg, Stanger, Verulam and Tongaat) into the five-year plan of national economic policy.

In the course of 1972, the Department of Indian Affairs announced that a technical college would be established in Lenasia for the Indians in the Johannesburg region. This project was run by the state, but also received support from the HM Joosub Charitable Trust . The opening was delayed and could only take place in 1977. Further government investments in higher education for the Indian population followed in the late 1970s.

1984 to 1989

Indians in the Parliament of South Africa

As a result of the national elections in 1984 for the new three-chamber parliament , a differently structured government was formed, which began its work in accordance with the 1983 constitution. Recently involved members of parliament of Indian origin met in the House of Delegates . The chairmanship in this parliamentary chamber was taken over by SV Naicker, who was also chairman of the joint committee for environmental affairs and tourism of all three chambers. From among Indian members of parliament, President Botha appointed the chairman of the National People's Party (NPP) Amichand Rajbansi to the board of the Minister's council for Indian affairs . In this role he joined the Botha cabinet with the rank of minister, but without being responsible for his own division. The transfer of an area of ​​responsibility was promised to him. The distribution of mandates in the House of Delegates with a total of 45 seats resulted in 26 seats for the National Peoples Party , 15 for the Solidarity party and one seat for the Progressive Independent Party (PIP). There were also three other non-attached members.

In February 1986 the President appointed two new ministers to the Indian Chamber of Parliament. The Solidarity -Abgeordnete Ismail Kathrada took over the office of the Minister of Health and social welfare from the NPP MPs Murugasen Samy Padayachy and Jayaram Narainsamy Reddy , head of the party Solidarity has been in place from Boetie Abramjee Minister of budget issues. MEP Pat Poovalingam suggested that joint meetings of the three chambers should be introduced for all debates, because this would make the previously cumbersome parliamentary work more effective and economically more advantageous. This and three other MPs were later excluded from the party leadership when they opposed the unity pact between Solidarity and the NPP in January 1988 . They subsequently founded the Progressive Reform Party (PRP).

In January 1987, the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) criticized the difficulty in accepting students from Soweto in Lenasia's schools . The House of Delegates had enacted a system according to which students first have to apply externally for admission to such a school. Thereupon the TIC asked all school principals to implement the schooling without reservation. In this context, the TIC accused the leading members of the House of Delegates of “dishonesty” because they were alleged to have given the impression that all Indian schools were freely available to other groups in South Africa.

On May 6, 1987 elections were held for the “white” Chamber of Parliament, the House of Assembly . The electoral roll as of December 31, 1986 showed 3,037,792 white voters, 1,562,952 colored voters, and 592,837 Indian voters. A short time later, on August 4, 1987, by-elections had to be held in Lenasia for the House of Delegates in its constituency because the parliamentary member Abie Choonara (NPP) had died. His successor, Mohamed Shah (NPP), won the seat of parliament after a turnout of only 16%. In contrast to the election in 1984, significantly more voters refused to go to the polls. Previously there were only 4867 and now 7052 people. The NPP leader Amichand Rajbansi interpreted the result as evidence of confidence in the politics of the negotiations and not in the politics of protest. The Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) stated that the low turnout shows a massive lack of trust in the House of Delegates and that these elections were illegal under the Electoral Act of 1979. In a regional newspaper the candidates were questioned through an advertisement. This action resulted in a protest rally with over 1000 participants against the three-chamber system in parliament. The dispute over the procedural issues of this election lasted for several weeks. Finally, the TIC called on all members of parliament in the House of Delegates to resign, as they did not have a representative mandate for the Indian people to represent them in this function.

A few hours after the opening of the official NPP office in Lenasia, it was badly hit by a bomb explosion. Nobody claimed responsibility for this attack.

In connection with the end of the apartheid period and the first democratic elections in South Africa, the NNP changed into a new political party, the Minority Front, in 1994 under the influence of its chairman Amichand Rajbansi . This later gained several seats in the provincial representation of KwaZulu-Natal and in the city council of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality and was thus able to establish itself as a regional political force for part of the local Indian population. In the parliamentary election of 1994 , however, the party was unable to win a successful mandate in the National Assembly , but was represented with one or two seats in the following three parliamentary elections ( 1999 , 2004 , 2009 ).

Indian opposition policy towards the end of apartheid

As part of a general and rigorously organized security campaign in February 1988, 16 organizations and other individuals were severely hampered in their activities by government banning orders. Rashid Saloojee, Vice President of the TIC, was also affected.

In August 1988 the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) held its first general assembly in Johannesburg. From the board election that took place, Cassim Saloojee emerged as President. He was the director of an Indian-South African social welfare organization ( Johannesburg Indian Social Welfare Association - JISWA), which had just opened a first center in Lenasia to combat alcohol and drug abuse. Several representatives of the TIC paid a visit to the ANC headquarters in Lusaka that same year and stated that the recognition of the ANC was of central importance for any kind of solution to the unacceptable situation in South Africa.

Members of the TIC and a delegation from COSATU and the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) visited Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in May 1989 . One result of this meeting was the commitment of the Indian government to deny entry to all those Indians who were involved in "government structures" in South Africa.

When Ahmed Kathrada was released after 26 years in prison, students from Nirvana High School in Lenasia held a public welcome ceremony. He explained that for him before the motto "liberation before education" ( liberation before education ) was, but she was wrong. Instead, it is right that “education and liberation” go hand in hand. Kathrada was later political advisor to President Nelson Mandela and after 1994 a member of parliament.

1990 to 1994

Nelson Mandela was on a political visit to Pakistan in October 1992 , during which he visited the grave of Mohammed Ali Jinnah , a former companion of Gandhi and the founder of the state. During this visit, he was awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (English: Order of Excellence ), more precisely Nishan-e-Pakistan , award. This is the highest order in the country for civil honors, especially for achievements in mutual understanding.

A declaration by the Indian state of October 23, 1992, according to which cultural relations are to be officially established with South Africa, can, in the opinion of the South African Ministry of Foreign Affairs, be viewed in retrospect as the first step towards normalizing bilateral relations.

After about 40 years of official distance between the two countries, the Indian Cultural Center opened in Johannesburg in May 1993, with Harsh Bhasin as its first director. Crucial changes in relations between India and South Africa began when South African Foreign Minister Pik Botha paid a visit to India in November 1993 . As a result, the Indian Consulate General was opened in Johannesburg first and in May 1994 the High Commission of India (the diplomatic representation) in Pretoria. The same month the Consulate General opened in Durban. South Africa, on the other hand, opened its diplomatic mission in New Delhi on November 1, 1993 and a few days later, on November 22, the two states signed an agreement to establish full diplomatic relations. In the course of political change, South Africa and India created a common level for discussion between their foreign ministries in 1994. These consultations were called the India-South Africa Joint Commission and have since become an institutionalized level of communication for intergovernmental cooperation against an important common historical background.

In December 1993 Pakistan set up a High Commission in Pretoria ( Menlopark ). There is now a consular post in Johannesburg ( Saxonwold ). In the following year, full diplomatic relations were established between South Africa and Pakistan and the first South African High Commissioner took up his duties in Islamabad in July 1995 .

Pakistan's President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto traveled to South Africa in 1994 on the occasion of Nelson Mandela's introduction to the presidency . This visit served to establish official contact between the two countries. Future diplomatic relations with Bangladesh were agreed with the foreign minister who had traveled during the celebrations. Formally, these interstate relations began on September 10, 1994.

Diplomatic relations between Sri Lanka and South Africa officially began in September 1994. However, they did not receive their institutional structure until a few years later with permanent mutual representation. South Africa is represented in Sri Lanka by a diplomatic representative who also oversees the business areas of Bangladesh and Nepal from here .

The previous South African Ministry of Foreign Affairs was renamed in 1994 and has been called the Department of International Relations and Co-operation since then . The ANC member Jerry Matjila played a key role in its reshuffle during the transformation phase . As part of his varied diplomatic career, he was South African High Commissioner in India, Bangladesh, the Maldives , Sri Lanka and Nepal.

After 1994

State representatives of Brazil ( Dilma Rousseff ), South Africa (Jacob Zuma) and India (Manmohan Singh) at the IBSA Dialog Forum 2012 in Pretoria (from left to right)

After the end of apartheid and the changed social conditions as a result of the democratic reforms, new immigrants from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh came to South Africa. Their lives move at a considerable cultural distance from the Indians, who have been rooted in the country for several generations.

Sri Lanka opened its permanent diplomatic mission in Pretoria on October 1, 1997 and had its high commissioner accredited.

The Foreign Ministers of India, South Africa and Brazil decided on June 6, 2003 in Brasília to establish a long-term trilateral consultation, the IBSA Dialogue Forum . The consultations focus on agriculture, trade, culture and defense.

The Center for Indian Studies in Africa (CISA) was founded at Witwatersrand University in 2007 and started work at the beginning of the following year. The Mellon Foundation supported in 2009 this area of research in the establishment of a Chair of Indian Studies ( Chair of Indian Studies ) and ensuring research grants for postgraduate students . In September 2008 the Gandhi-Luthuli Chair of Peace Studies started at the University of KwaZulu-Natal . At the Center for African Studies ( Center for African Studies ) of the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi , the straightened India Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) in the spirit of bilateral relations of the two states, a Nelson Mandela Chair.

South Africa opened its diplomatic mission in September 2007 in the Sri Lankan capital, Colombo .

From June 2nd to 5th, 2010, a South African government delegation headed by President Jacob Zuma paid a state visit to the Indian state. As a result of this meeting, both sides signed three agreements. These included the future cooperation between the two countries in the agricultural sector, an air transport agreement and the cooperation between the Foreign Service Institute of India and the Diplomatic Academy of South Africa . A few weeks later, on August 30, President Zuma opened the bilateral business fair Indian Expo Exhibition in the MTN Expo Center in Johannesburg .

Trade and Industry Minister Anand Sharma (2010)

Events were held in 2010 to commemorate the beginning of the systematic immigration of Indians to what is now South Africa. A documentary film entitled African Indian Odyssey was made on this occasion .

The Tshwane Declaration was adopted by the state representatives of India, South Africa and Brazil in October 2011 during an IBSA dialogue consultation. Their content-related basis serves a jointly coordinated foreign policy appearance within the framework of the international community and in numerous international organizations.

A South African government representative did not visit Pakistan for the first time until 2012. Deputy Foreign Minister Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim paid the country a visit lasting several days.

On the occasion of the 5th summit meeting of the BRICS countries in Durban, which took place in March 2013 , the Indian Minister of Finance P. Chidambaram and the Minister for Trade and Industry Anand Sharma made a state visit to South Africa , accompanied by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh .

Population development

Between 1860 and 1911, 152,641 Indian contract workers and from the mid-1870s also entrepreneurs came to what is now South Africa via the province of Natal. A smaller number of them migrated to neighboring regions. After 1890 there were about 15,000 Indians in the Transvaal. By 1880 a few hundred people lived in Port Elizabeth and East London. The diamond fields around Kimberley attracted between 700 and 1000 Indians. Cape Town had around 2000 people of Indian descent at the time.

People in the Asian ethnic group of South Africa

year	Number of people
1955	410,000
1960	477,000
1965	533,000
1970	614,000
1975	727,000
1980	794,639
1985	821,000 (excluding TBVC states )
1991	984.200 (without TBVC states)

^(Note) In the published census data, the group of Asians was not further differentiated. The Indians make up the majority.

In the Transvaal province there were 57,300 people of Indian descent in 1960 and a total of 98,364 in 1969.

languages

The traditional languages ​​of the original country of origin India are practiced by the population group in cultural and emotional contexts. In contrast, English is used in everyday life by 98 percent of all South African Indians . Some people of Indian origin speak Afrikaans for everyday practical reasons or because of their schooling .

Culturally rooted languages ​​include Tamil (51 percent), Hindi (30 percent), Gujarati (7 percent), Telugu (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent) and others with a share of 1 percent. The languages ​​of origin are taught in schools and deepened through courses in higher education at the University of KwaZulu-Natal .

education

During the period of the three-chamber parliament since 1984, political responsibility for education issues within the Indian population group was transferred to the Department of Education and Culture in the third chamber, the House of Delegates .

Education

In the primary and secondary schools of the mission institutions, it was customary from around 1900 until they were largely closed down in 1953 to teach classes with children of European and non-European origin by the same teacher. Indian and Colored students from the Cape Province mainly attended the schools of their black peers. In the middle of the 20th century the tendency towards a separately structured school education gained more and more acceptance. A distinction was not only made between European and non-European school groups, but the latter group was split up according to racially motivated ideas.

Efforts to create mixed faculty existed as early as the 19th century with varying degrees of success. Within the mission-led primary schools, mainly non-European staff taught, sometimes under the direction of a European principal and a mixed school management team. In secondary schools, high schools and vocational schools, it was common practice to employ mixed teaching staff, primarily Indian and European teachers for students of Indian origin.

Higher education institutions with a former focus on students of Indian descent

Important higher education institutions with a primary function for students of Indian origin were the following institutions during apartheid:

• University College for Indians , in Durban ( Chiltern Hills in the Westville borough), merged into the
• University of Durban-Westville , in Durban (under this name since 1969)

At the South African Native College of Fort Hare , it was for many decades the common practice, a mixed student body of Africans, Indians and Coloreds train.

Vocational training centers

• Sastri College , Durban
• ML Sultan Technical College (started in 1941 with donations; initially teaching at Sastri College ; recognized as a state school in 1946; officially opened in 1956)

Selected media related to the population group

Linotype typesetting machine from the Indian Opinion print shop

Historical newspapers

• Indian Opinion (German roughly: Indian opinion ), founded in 1903 by M. Gandhi
• Indian Views (German: The Indian Views ), founded in 1914
• Leader (German: leader ), founded in 1941
• Passive Resister (German about: Passive Resistance ), founded in 1946, organ of the Transvaal Passive Resistance Council
• New Times (German: Neue Zeiten ), founded in May 1947, sporty and socially oriented

Magazines

• Crescent (German: Halbmond ), Muslim-religious magazine
• Islam , weekly magazine founded in 1946
• Rising Sun (German: Rising Sun ), political monthly journal

Other publications

• Fiat Lux (German: "Let there be light"), journal of the former Department of Indian Affairs , publication period from May 1966

Electronic media after 1994

The media behavior of most Indians in South Africa is strongly influenced by what is offered in English, although Indian languages ​​are used in everyday life. It is very common to broadcast programs with English subtitles. The television channel SABC 2 broadcasts a few hours a week for the Indian population. The DStv television offerings include the channels Zee TV (head office in Mumbai , Essel Group ), B4U Movies ( Bollywood profile from Mumbai) and NDTV (news channel from New Delhi) as well as Sony Entertainment Television with its programming in Hindi.

The South African Broadcasting Corporation with the radio station provides Lotus FM on a specially produced for the Indian population radio program.

Print media after 1994

The weekly newspaper The Sunday Times from Johannesburg produces a supplement under the title Extra and the weekly Sunday Tribune in Durban provides a special edition called Herald for the Indian readership mainly in KwaZulu-Natal. The latter is the Sunday edition of the Daily News in Durban. In the region of West and Central Gauteng , the English-language Lenasia Times has been published fortnightly ( Wazeefa Publications ) with a print and an online edition since August 1976 . Today it is the leading newspaper of the Indians in Gauteng. The Indicator newspaper is also published for this region in Lenasia .

Other newspapers from the Indian community appear in Durban. These are The Post and the Muslim-oriented Al-Qalam (English: The Pen, German: The Pen). The latter calls itself Southern Africa's Muslim Newspaper and offers readers a range of national and international news.

Selected Indian-South African authors and artists

An Indian-born author who dealt with racial politics in South Africa for decades in his English and Gujarati-language works was Pranshankar Someshwar Joshi (1897–1983). Between 1920 and 1942, the journalist and teacher Joshi worked as editor of the Gujarat section in the South African newspaper Indian Views . In the middle of the 20th century he had already earned great respect, so that his participation in the Johannesburg Planning Council for Non-European Social Welfare was in demand and in 1956 he had become a member of the South African section of the PEN Club . He wrote the book entitled Verdict on South Africa: (The tyranny of color), published in Bombay in 1945 . At times it was considered the standard textbook in the Faculty of Social Sciences at Witwatersrand University . This work was followed by other monographic treatises on the same topic, such as the titles Apartheid in South Africa: a plea for human rights for non-European people (1950), The struggle for equality (Bombay 1951), Unrest in South Africa (Bombay 1958), The tyranny of color: a study of the Indian problem in South Africa ( Port Washington , 1973) and Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa ( Rajkot 1980).

Aziz Hassim (1935-2013) was a well-known South African writer. With his novel The Lotus People , he described life in the Indian-dominated center of Durban in the area of Gray Street , which gives the impression of a miniature version of major Indian cities. In it, he creates a picture of his hometown beyond the touristically staged perspective and which is marked by social differentiation. The Gray Street , named after George Edward Gray , applies throughout South Africa as the cultural and economic center of the ethnic Indian population.
Aziz Hassim published the book South African literature after the Truth Commission: mapping loss in New York in 2009 . (German for example: South Africa's literature after the TRC : a loss of orientation )

Fiona Khan (* 1964) comes from Durban, writes children's books and is committed to a better reading culture among young people. Some of her works deal with information work on the immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS . The first of her published 2009 novel Reeds of Wrath (German about: thicket of Wrath ) examines the arrival of the first Indian immigrants in South Africa and the influence of British India on the slave labor with them.

Omar Badsha (* 1945) was born in Durban and is a photographer with a socially critical interest. In 1973 he interrupted his artistic work and from then on worked in the trade union movement ( TUACC ). His first book with a critical description of the country's conditions and photos in the appendix is ​​dedicated to the living environment of children in South Africa. It is called Letter to Farzanah , appeared in 1979 and was banned by a ban . The photos show child labor and living conditions in squatter camps . He is also the founder of the Internet history database South African History Online .

Official representations of India in South Africa

Indian High Commission official building in Pretoria

South Africa and India on a world map

High Commission of India

The seat of the Indian High Commissioner in South Africa is in Pretoria. He represents and represents the interests of the Indian state in the role of an ambassador. At the seat of the South African parliament in Cape Town, India maintained a representative office for the High Commissioner , which was converted into a consulate general in 2011 after the foreign mission was restructured.

Consular missions in the Republic of South Africa

• Consulate General Cape Town
• Consulate General Durban
• Consulate General Johannesburg

Cultural institutions

The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) (German about: Indian Council for Cultural Relations) is an internationally recognized NGO in India, with his Indian cultural centers ( Indian Cultural Center maintains) in the area of South Africa representative offices in Johannesburg and Durban. The Indian Cultural Center - Durban has been operating since 1996, it is located in the city center ( Durban CBD ) and is under the direction of the Indian Consulate General of Durban. It has a public library with over 3,700 titles. Indian newspapers and magazines complement the library holdings. Dance and music courses are offered as part of the cultural work.
The Indian Cultural Center - Johannesburg is located in the Parkwood district . It works in a similar way to the center in Durban.

The Durban Cultural and Documentation Center in the district of Greyville is a museum that deals with the living environment and the history of the local Indian population.

In Durban there is a library founded by Parsee Rustomjee on September 10, 1921, which is dedicated to the legacy of Gandhi in South Africa. It bears the name MK Gandhi Library and is housed in the Documentation Center ( UDW complex).

Well-known representatives of the Indian population of South Africa

• Salamuddi (Salam) Abrahams , South African politician ( PPSA , later ANC), Chairman of the House of Delegates (Parliamentary Committee Agriculture and Land Affairs and the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence ), 2014 Parliamentary Committee Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Standing Committee on Appropriations
• Kader Asmal (1934–2011), South African Minister 1994–2004
• Abu Baker Asvat (1943–1989), doctor, anti- apartheid activist and AZAPO member
• Laloo "Isu" Chiba (* 1930), anti-apartheid activist
• Hoosen Mahomed Coovadia (* 1940), doctor, scientist, participant in the CODESA negotiations, anti-apartheid activist in the Natal Indian Congress and the United Democratic Front
• Yusuf Dadoo (1909-1983), anti-apartheid activist
• Bhawani Sannyassi Dayal (1892–1950), activist for Indian rights in South Africa
• Ahmed Hoosen Deedat (1918–2005), Muslim activist, winner of the King Faisal Prize
• Frene Ginwala (* 1932), politician, first woman in the role of speaker in the National Assembly (1994–2004), Chancellor of the University of KwaZulu-Natal
• Pravin Gordhan (* 1949), between 1991 and 1994 chairman of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), later South African finance minister
• Kesaveloo Goonam actually Kesaveloo Goonaruthnum Naidoo (1906–1999), was one of the first Indian women in South Africa to acquire a doctorate (medicine), anti-apartheid activist, after political imprisonment in exile abroad
• Karthy Govender , Professor of Law at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, member of the South African Human Rights Commission
• Ferial Haffajee , former editor-in-chief of Mail & Guardian and City Press
• Ahmed Kathrada (1929–2017), anti-apartheid activist, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman 2005
• Mac Maharaj (* 1935), former MK member and communications specialist, South African minister (1994-1999)
• Ismail Mahomed (1931–2000), lawyer, served as constitutional judge and as Chief Justice of South Africa
• Ismail Chota Meer (1918–2000), lawyer and anti-apartheid activist
• Yasmin Shenaz Meer , lawyer and judge at the Cape of Good Hope Provincial Division of the High Court
• Moosa Ismail Meer (1897–1972), newspaper publisher
• Fatima Meer (1928–2010), sociologist and anti-apartheid activist
• Moosa Moolla (* 1934), anti- apartheid activist, member of the CODESA negotiating group, South African ambassador to Iran , then High Commissioner in Pakistan
• Mohammed Valli Moosa (* 1957), South African Minister for Provincial and Constitutional Affairs (1994–1996)
• Gagathura Mohambry Naicker (1910–1978), anti-apartheid activist and doctor, co-founder and chairman of the Anti-Segregation Council
• Soobramoney Vythilingam Naicker , South African Politician (NPP), President of the House of Delegates
• Jay Naidoo (* 1954), former Secretary General of COSATU , South African Minister (1994–1999)
• Stephen Naidoo (1937–1989), Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Cape Town (1984–1989)
• Billy Nair (1929–2008), anti-apartheid activist, awarded the Order of Luthuli in 2004 and since 2007 holder of the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman
• Ismail Omar , South African politician ( Solidarity ), former chairman of the Solidarity party
• Ebrahim Patel (* 1962), South African Minister of Economic Development (since 2009)
• Navi Pillay (* 1941), lawyer and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2008-2014)
• M. Pillay († July 13, 1988), politician and member of the House of Delegates
• Amichand Rajbansi (1942–2011), politician in the South African three-chamber parliament from 1984, founder of the National People's Party and former chairman of the Minority Front
• Jairam Reddy , Vice-Chancellor at the University of Durban-Westville from 1990 to 1994
• Cassim Saloojee (1935–2009), former member of the South African Indian Congress and the United Democratic Front , Member of Parliament 1994–2009
• Moulvi Saloojee († 1983), Muslim clergyman and former President of the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC)
• Anant Singh (* 1956), film producer, anti-apartheid activist, member of the International Olympic Committee since 2016 .

further reading

• Joseph John Doke: MK Gandhi; to Indian patriot in South Africa. London Indian Chronicle, Ilford 1909 ( online )
• Robert A. Huttenback: Gandhi in South Africa: British imperialism and the Indian question, 1860-1914 . Cornell University Press, Ithaca / London 1971, ISBN 0801405866
• Anand Singh: Indians in post-apartheid South Africa. Concept Publications, New Delhi 2005, ISBN 9788180692260
• Christiane Molt: Minorities in the transformation process of South Africa: Indians in Durban . LIT, Berlin / Münster 2012, ISBN 9783825840129
• Sarita Maurya: Practice of Hinduism Among the Indian Diaspora in South Africa . GenNext Publication, New Delhi 2017, ISBN 9789380223100
• Zainab Priya Dala: What Gandhi didn't see: being Indian in South Africa . Speaking Tiger, New Delhi 2018, ISBN 9789388070515

Web links

Commons : Indian South Africans  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Alwyn Didar Singh: Working with the Diaspora for Development Policy Perspectives from India . In: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. Working Paper No. 376, New Delhi 2012. online at www.iimb.ernet.in (English)
• Ministry of External Affairs, Non Resident Indians & Persons of Indian Origin Division; LM Singhvi et al .: Chapter 7, South Africa . In: Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora , New Delhi 2000, pp. 71–88, online at www.indiandiaspora.nic.in link overview (English)
• University of Durban-Westville Documentation Center: The Indian South African - Topics of Interest . on www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
• Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Center: Fiat Lux . Repository . on www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
• Department of Information: The Indian South African . Government Printer, Pretoria 1975, ISBN 0-621-02198-9 , online at scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b c d} Ministry of External Affairs (2013): India-South Africa Relations . on www.mea.gov.in (English)
2. ↑ Anahita Mukherji: Durban largest 'Indian' city outside India . Communication from July 23, 2011 at www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (English)
3. ^ H. Saturday: Population . In: Ellen Hellmann, Leah Abrahams (Ed.): Handbook on Race Relations in South Africa . Cape Town, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1949, p. 9
4. ^ Department of Information, Department of Indian Affairs: The Indian community is settling down in Lenasia . In: Fiat lux, Durban 1971, September edition, pp. 6–11 ( Repository Fiat lux , National Library of Australia : bibliographic evidence )
5. ^ Department of Information, Department of Indian Affairs: Laudium and its Industries . In: Fiat lux, Durban 1973, November edition, pp. 25–27 ( complete list )
6. ↑ ^{a b} indiainsouthafrica.com: The Indian Origin community in South Africa ( Memento from September 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Archive version on www.archive.is (English)
7. ↑ EISA. African Democracy Encyclopaedia: Mauritius: Sugar, indentured labor and their consequences (1835-1910) . on www.eisa.org.za (English)
8. ^ South African History Online: Indian South Africans . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
9. ^ South African History Online: History of slavery and early colonization in South Africa . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
10. ^ The Department of Economics, Natal University College: Indian Agriculture . In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, pp. 214-215
11. ^ The Department of Economics, Natal University College: Indian Agriculture In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, pp. 218-219
12. ^ Maurice Webb: Indian Land Legislation . In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, pp. 206-207
13. ^ ^{A b} South African History Archive: The Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act . In: Sunday Times Heritage Project at www.sthp.saha.org.za (English)
14. ^ ^{A b} South African History Online: Liberation history Timeline 1900-1909 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
15. ^ South African History Online: Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
16. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi: Gandhi. The Man, His People, an the Empire . University of California Press, 2006 p. 96 (English), online at www.books.google.de
17. ↑ ES Reddy: THAMBI NAIDU - 'Lion Like' Satyagrahi in South Africa . on www.mkgandhi.org (English)
18. ↑ eNanada: The Phoenix Settlement . on www.enanda.co.za (English)
19. ^ South African History Online: 45th Mass meeting at the Empire Theater, Johannesburg, 1906 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
20. ^ ^{A b} South African History Online: Gandhi and the Passive Resistance Campaign 1907-1914. Satyagraha: the first campaign . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
21. ^ The Department of Economics, Natal University College: Indian Agriculture In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, pp. 220-221
22. ^ South African History Online: Gandhi and the Passive Resistance Campaign 1907-1914. The 1913 Campaign: Strikers and Marchers . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
23. ^ South African History Online: Gandhi leads a march from Newcastle into the Transvaal to defy the Immigrants Regulation Act of 1913 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
24. ^ South African History Online: The Immigration Regulation Act is passed in South Africa . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
25. ↑ Surendra Bhana, Goolam H. Vadeh: The Satyagraha Campaign, 1913 to 1914 . online at www.mkgandhi.org (English)
26. ^ South African History Online: Segregationist Legislation Timeline 1920-1929: The Class Areas Bill of 1923 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
27. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} South African History Online: General South African History Timeline: 1920s. 1924 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
28. ↑ Province of KwaZulu-Natal: KwaZulu-Natal Local Government Laws Repeal Bill, 2006 . In: The Provincial Gazette of KwaZulu-Natal , No. 6487 (2006). General Notice No. 7 of June 1, 2006, pp. 1367ff. online at www.kznlegislature.gov.za (PDF document from p. 69) (English) Link overview
29. ↑ ^{a b} Chris van Rensburg (Red.) Et al., Euridita Publications Ltd. (Ed.): Keys to Progress. Education for South Africa's blacks, mixed race and Indians. Johannesburg [1975], p. 143
30. ↑ van Rensburg et al., 1975, p. 145
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32. ^ The Department of Economics, Natal University College: Indian Agriculture In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, p. 219
33. ^ The Department of Economics, Natal University College: Indian Agriculture In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, p. 223
34. ^ The Department of Economics, Natal University College: Indian Agriculture In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, p. 221
35. ^ Maurice Webb: Indian Land Legislation . In: Ellen Hellmann , Leah Abrahams (Ed.): Handbook on Race Relations in South Africa . Cape Town, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1949, p. 211
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38. ^ High Commission of India, Pretoria: India-South Africa relations . on www.hcipretoria.gov.in (English)
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41. ^ SAIRR: A Survey of Race Relations 1948–1949 . Johannesburg [1949], pp. 29-30
42. ^ South African History Online: Indian South Africans timeline 1940-1949 . 1949 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
43. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1954–1955 . Johannesburg 1955, p. 50
44. ^ ^{A b} South African History Online: Indian South Africans timeline 1950-1959 . 1955 . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
45. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1954–1955 . Johannesburg 1955, p. 51
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48. ↑ Oud-rector in Bfn oorlede . In: Volksblad, July 27, 1998 ( Memento from September 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (afrikaans)
49. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1961 , Johannesburg 1962, pp. 259-260
50. ↑ ^{a b} SAIRR: Survey 1962 , Johannesburg 1963, pp. 199-200
51. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1968 , Johannesburg 1969, pp. 252, 254, 256
52. ↑ Note: Natal University's medical school for Blacks
53. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1981 , Johannesburg 1982, pp. 386-387
54. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1966 , Johannesburg 1967, p. 174
55. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1966 , Johannesburg 1967, p. 206
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57. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1968 , Johannesburg 1969, pp. 15-16
58. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1968 , Johannesburg 1969, p. 182
59. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1969 , p. 155
60. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1974 , pp. 21-22
61. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1984 , Johannesburg 1985, p. 34
62. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1984 , Johannesburg 1985, p. 54
63. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1971 , Johannesburg 1972, p. 221
64. ↑ Anonymous: The New Republic Bank breaks new ground . In: Fiat Lux, March 1971 p. 15, online at www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
65. ↑ Anonymous: The New Republic . In: Fiat Lux, August 1971 pp. 7–13, online at www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
66. ↑ Jayaram Narainsamy Reddy : Indian Businessmen-Their Future Role . In: Fiat Lux, August 1969 pp. 180-181, online at www. scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
67. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1972 , Johannesburg 1973, p. 381
68. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1977 , Johannesburg 1978, p. 519
69. ↑ Anonymous: New Horizons for Clairwood High . and Progress: Provision of school accommodation by the Department of Indian Affairs . In: Fiat Lux, 1978 March, pp. 2–7, online at www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
70. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1984 , Johannesburg 1985, pp. 132-133
71. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1986, part 1, Johannesburg 1987, p. 81
72. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1986, part 1 , Johannesburg 1987, pp. 87, 173
73. ↑ Randolph Harrison: One Man's Dream Of Peaceful Reform Victim Of Apartheid Makes His Mark In Politics, Business . Article from September 18, 1985 in the Orlando Sentinel, online at www.articles.orlandosentinel.com
74. ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, pp. 753, 769
75. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, p. 772
76. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, pp. 103, 105, 772-773
77. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, p. 754
78. ↑ Narendra Bhana: South African Indians: the past, the present and the future . on www.ipoaa.com (English)
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80. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, p. 772
81. ^ Nelson Mandela Foundation : Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) . on www.nelsonmandela.org (English)
82. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1987/88 . Johannesburg 1988, p. 449
83. ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1989/90 . Johannesburg 1990, p. 773
84. ^ ^{A b c} Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Visit of the Deputy Foreign Minister of South Africa to Pakistan . on www.mofa.gov.pk (English)
85. ^ The Independent: The Independent: Mandela in Pakistan . News from October 2, 1992 on www.independent.co.uk
86. ^ ^{A b c} Republic of South Africa. Department of International Relations and Cooperation: India (Republic of): History of Relations . on www.dfa.gov.za (English)
87. ^ ^{A b} High Commission of India, Pretoria: India South Africa Relations . on www.hcisouthafrica.in (English)
88. ^ Republic of South Africa. Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Pakistan (Islamic Republic of) . on www.dfa.gov.za (English)
89. ^ Republic of South Africa. Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Bangladesh (People's Republic) . on www.dfa.gov.za (English)
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91. ^ Republic of South Africa. Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of) . on www.dfa.gov.za (English)
92. ^ Republic of South Africa. Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of) . on www.dfa.gov.za (English)
93. ^ Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Amb. JM Matjila: Director-General of International Relations and Cooperation of the Republic of South Africa . on www.dfa.gov.za (English)
94. ^ South African History Online: Indian South Africans . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
95. ^ India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA): The India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum . at www.ibsa-trilateral.org (English)
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97. ^ Center for Indian Studies in Africa: About . at www.cisa-wits.org.za (English)
98. ^ High Commission of India: India-South Africa relations. Education . on www.indiainsouthafrica.com (English)
99. ^ India Council for Cultural Relations: ICCR Chair Abroad . on www.iccrindia.net (English)
100. ^ Jawaharlal Nehru University : Center for African Studies . on www.jnu.ac.in (English)
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106. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1954-1955 , Johannesburg 1955, p. 49
107. ↑ ^{a b} SAIRR: Survey 1970 , Johannesburg 1971, p. 24
108. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1965 , Johannesburg 1966, p. 110
109. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1976 , Johannesburg 1977, p. 31
110. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1980 , Johannesburg 1981, p. 67
111. ^ SAIRR: Survey 1986, part 1 , Johannesburg 1987, p. 1
112. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1991/92 , Johannesburg 1992, p. 1
113. ↑ SAIRR: Survey 1969 , p. 168
114. ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1989/90 . Johannesburg 1990, p. 767
115. ^ Quintin Whyte: Inter-racial Co-operation . In: Hellmann, Abrahams, 1949, p. 651
116. ^ Sastri College: History of Sastri College . on www.sastricollege.co.za (English)
117. ↑ ^{a b} ML Sultan: ML Sultan Technical College . on www.mlsultan.com (English)
118. ^ SAIRR: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1954–1955 . Johannesburg 1955, pp. 199-200
119. ^ Department of Indian Affairs: founders' day . In: Fiat Lux, 1976 December, pp. 22-27, online at www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
120. ↑ Fiat Lux . Keyword index. Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Center. online at www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
121. ↑ The Ulwazi programs: Indian South Africans . at www.ulwazi.org (English)
122. ↑ Lenasia Times: Lenasia Times website . on www.lenasia-times.co.za ( Memento from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
123. ↑ Lenzinfo: Lenzinfo website . on www.lenzinfo.co.za (English)
124. ^ The Post: The Post website . on www.thepost.co.za (English)
125. ↑ Al-Qalam: Al-Qalam website . on www.alqalam.co.za (English)
126. ^ Muslim Directory: About Al Qalam . on www.muslim.co.za (English)
127. ↑ Pranshankar Someshwar Joshi: Literature of South African Indians . In: Ellen Hellmann , Leah Abrahams (Ed.): Handbook on Race Relations in South Africa . Cape Town, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1949, pp. 612-614
128. ^ The South African Indian Who's Who . 1960, p. 104. online at www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
129. ↑ ^{a b} Khadija Patel: Remembering Aziz Hassim, a son of Durban's Casbah . Article from June 17, 2013 on www.dailymaverick.co.za (English)
130. ↑ Betty Govinden: Memory, Literary Tourism and Aziz Hassim's The Lotus People . Article from March 5, 2007 on www.literarytourism.co.za (English)
131. ^ South African History Online: Gray Street Complex . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
132. ^ South African History Online: Durban, Gray Street . on www.sahistory.org.za (illustration of a historical postcard)
133. ↑ KZN Literary Tourism: Fiona Khan . on www.literarytourism.co.za (English), German version of this website
134. ^ South African History Online: Letter to Farzanah . on www.sahistory.org.za (English) online version of the book
135. ^ Nechama Brodie: From the house on Douglas Lane . Article from July 30, 2010 on www.mg.co.za (English)
136. ↑ High Commission of India: High Commission of India, Pretoria ( Memento of the original from September 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on www.indiainsouthafrica.com (English) 
137. ^ Indian Council for Cultural Relations: ICCR: Regional Offices . on www.iccrindia.net (English)
138. ^ High Commission of India: Indian Cultural Center - Durban . on www.hcisouthafrica.in (English)
139. ^ Indian Council for Cultural Relations: Indian Cultural Centers in South Africa . on www.iccr.gov.in (English)
140. ^ High Commission of India: Indian Cultural Center - Johannesburg . on www.hcisouthafrica.in (English)
141. ^ Durban Cultural and Documentation Center . on www.sa-venues.com (English)
142. ^ K. Chetty: MK Gandhi Library . on www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za (English)
143. ↑ People's Assembly: Mr. Salamuddi (Salam) Abram . on www.pa.org.za (English)
144. ^ South African History Online: Dr. Abu Baker Asvat . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
145. ^ South African History Online: Bhawani Sannyassi Dayal . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
146. ↑ Karthy Govender: Former Human Rights Commissioner (1995-2009) . on www.prof-karthy-govender.co.za (English)
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148. ^ African Center for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD): Professor Jairam Reddy . on www.accord.org.za (English)
149. ^ Parliament of South Africa: Parliament to pay tribute to deceased members . at www.gov.za (English), accessed March 30, 2017