Zand dynasty

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Vakil Mosque in Shiraz, built under the Zand Dynasty

The Zand dynasty was an Iranian ruling house that ruled Persia from 1750-1794 and arose either from the Kurdish Lak or the Lurs .

After Nadir Shah's murder in 1747, power struggles broke out again in Persia. In these Karim Khan Zand (1750–1779) prevailed in southern Persia and made Shiraz his residence. Azerbaijan was also subjugated until 1762 , so that the Afsharids could only hold their own in Khorasan .

A fair tax policy, the expansion of irrigation systems and the promotion of trade with India resulted in a significant economic boom in Persia under the rule of Karim Khan. Thanks to the support of the Zand princes, Shiraz also developed into an important cultural center. Karim Khan did not call himself a Shah , but took Ismail III as the regent of the Safavid . the deputy title Vakīl . That is why the buildings erected under the Zand princes have been given the names Vakil Mosque and Vakil Bazaar .

Under his successors, the dynasty was considerably weakened by internal power struggles and the apostasy of the Turkmen tribes in northern Persia. In 1788 the Turkmen Qajars under Aga Mohammed Khan conquered Shiraz following the betrayal of the governor there. Lotf Ali Khan , however, continued his resistance from Kerman . When this city fell to the Qajars in 1794, the Zand dynasty was finally eliminated. During the conquest, 20,000 men were blinded and women and children enslaved.

See also

literature

  • John Perry: Zand Dynasty. In: Encyclopaedia Iranica
  • Mehdi Roshanzamir: The Zand Dynasty . Ludke, Hamburg 1970
  • Mīrzā Muḥammad Ṣādiq Mūsavī Nāmī Iṣfahānī: The Tārīḫ-i Gītī-gušā on the history of the Zand dynasty . Translated into German by Hans Robert Roemer. From the estate, ed. by Christoph Werner. University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br. 2006 ( full text )
  • 'Ali Rida Ibn-'Abd-al-Karim Sirazi: The Tarih-i Zandiyya. A source on the history of the Zand dynasty from the death of Karim Han Zand (1193/1779) to the defeat of Lutf'ali Han (1209/1794). Translated into German by Hans Robert Roemer after the edition by E. Beer. From the estate, ed. by Christoph Werner with the assistance of Heike Thee. University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br. 2007 ( full text )

Individual evidence

  1. Monika Gronke : Iran in the 18th Century, in: Geschichte Irans, p. 84
  2. Nikki Keddie: Iran and Afghanistan , in: Fischer Weltgeschichte. Volume 15, Der Islam II, ed. by GE v. Grunebaum, Frankfurt 1971, p. 177
  3. ^ Mariana Kunke: Nomadic tribes in Persia in the 18th and 19th centuries . Berlin 1991, p. 78
  4. Wladimir Minorski in: Encyclopaedia of Islam new Edition, keyword LAK
  5. ^ Karim Khan Facts, information, Pictures. encyclopedia.com, accessed April 23, 2013 .
  6. ^ Percy Molesworth Sykes : A History of Persia , 2004, p. 277
  7. Mehrdad Izady : The Kurds , Washington 1992, pp. 54–55
  8. John Perry: KARIM KHAN ZAND, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition: "... The Zand were a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of the northern Lors, ranging between the inner and the Zagros Hamadān plains, centered on the villages of Pari and Kamāzān in the vicinity of Malāyer ... "