Kakuyids
 
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Some cities that were under the rule of the Kakuyid dynasty |
The Kakuyids (also Kak (a) waihiden , Persian آل كاكويه, DMG Āl-i Kākūya ) were a local Muslim dynasty that ruled large parts of the Jibal province and the cities of Yazd and Abarkuh between 1007 and 1141 under the (temporarily only nominal) rule of the Buyids , Ghaznavids and Seljuks .
Since the Kakuyids originally came from Dailam on the Caspian Sea , the Iranist Vladimir Fyodorowitsch Minorsky counts their rule (alongside that of the Buyids) to the so-called "Dailamischen Intermezzo" - a period dominated by Iranian dynasties between the domination of the Arabs and that of the Turks.
With the decline of Arab rule over the Iranian area in the 9th century, new Iranian dynasties were established. The Arabs in southern Iran were followed by the Shiite Buyids, who also came from Dailam and even managed to bring the caliphate in Baghdad under their rule.
The Kakuyid dynasty was founded by Ala ad-Daula Abu Dschafar Muhammad (ʿAlā ad-Daula Muḥammad for short), who is also called Ibn Kakuya or Pisar-i Kaku in the sources . The word kākū used here , from which the dynasty name is derived, was probably a kind of nickname for an uncle on the mother's side in the Dailamite dialect.
Ala ad-Daula Muhammad's rise and reign
After his father Rustam Duschmanziyar had already served the Buyids of Rey as a mercenary and feudal man , Muhammad also entered their service and administered the city of Isfahan from around 1008 . Both families were linked by marriage. When the strong Buyid ruler Fachr ad-Daula Ali was succeeded by his weak son Majd ad-Daula Rustam in 997, Muhammad took advantage of this to expand his own power.
So he was able to expand his influence from Isfahan both to the north and to the west, sometimes even beyond the control of the Buyids. He fought against rival principalities like that of the Kurdish Annazids in western Iran and in 1020 put down a mercenary uprising in Hamadan for the Buyids . When there were problems with the succession of the Buyid rulers in Hamadan (the Buyids in Hamadan had split off from the Buyids of Isfahan beforehand), Muhammad saw a good opportunity and marched into the city. In this way he absorbed the region of Hamadan, Dinawar and Khorramabad , while his overlord Majd ad-Daula watched powerlessly. Muhammad installed his son Garschasp as governor of Hamadan. In the years that followed, Muhammad was mainly concerned with securing his power, and there were repeated conflicts with other local rulers. In 1028 he was finally able to defeat his enemies in a decisive battle near Nahavand and, as a de facto independent ruler, rise to become the most powerful man in the region, although at least nominally he was still subject to the Buyids.
The aggressive expansion policy of the Ghaznavids posed a serious danger for the Kakuyids : Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni eliminated the Buyids of Rey in 1029 and let his son Masud conquer large parts of Djibal, so that Muhammad was temporarily expelled from Hamadan and Isfahan and sought help from the Iraqi Buyids . However, when Mahmud of Ghazni died in 1030 and Masud Jibal had to leave as a result (i.e. to become the new Sultan as Shihab ad-Daula ), Muhammad returned to Isfahan and expanded his power to Rey and Yazd . He was later driven out of these areas by Masud I and had to submit to the Ghaznavids. Muhammad married Masud I to one of his daughters, but always based his loyalty on the strength of the Ghaznavids. In times when the Ghaznavids were weakened or employed in Eastern Iran, he conquered cities in the west, and when the Ghaznavids finally turned against him, Muhammad fled to Dailam in 1036.
The power structure in the Iranian area experienced a further shock and transformation when the Turkish peoples invaded the east and also oppressed the powerful Ghaznavids. A part of these Turks, the Seljuks, soon rule all of Iran. With the fortunes of West Iran, Muhammad was able to build up mercenary troops and hunt down territories from the Ghaznavids. The uncertain times led him to surround his capital, Isfahan, with a city wall, so that the Turks could not initially take Isfahan. Muhammad's son was less fortunate: Hamadan was attacked and plundered several times by the Turks under their leader Ibrahim Inal .
Muhammad, who had used the unsettled situation and the fighting between the great powers to build a secure power base, finally died after forty years of rule in September 1041. His power was also shown in the fact that he was awarded a number of honorary titles by the caliph . In addition to his most famous Laqab Ala ad-Daula ( ʿAlāʾ ad-Daula , "sublimity of the empire"), he was also allowed to use the title Adud ad-Din ( ʿAḍud ad-Dīn , "strength of religion"), Fachr al-Milla ( Faḫr al-Milla , "Glory of the religious community"), Taj al-Umma ( Tāǧ al-Umma , "Crown of the Umma ") and Husam Amir al-Muminin ( Ḥusām Amīr al-Muʾminīn , "Sword of the Commander of the Faithful") to lead.
Ala ad-Daula Muhammad's successor
Ala ad-Daula Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Faramurz, while Garschasp (I.) continued to rule in Hamadan. In the meantime the Seljuks had defeated the Ghaznavids in the Battle of Dandanqan (1040) and made Rey one of their capitals. The Seljuk leader Toghril-Beg sent an army against Isfahan in order to secure the loyalty of the Kakuyids. The Kakuyids of Hamadan, allied with the Buyids and Annazids, were defeated by the Seljuks in 1047, so that large parts of Djibal came directly under Turkish rule. Garschasp I. spent his last years as Buyid emir in Khusistan until his death in 1052 . Once the Seljuks after Khorasan back tightened, Faramurz allied with the Buyids against the Seljuks. In 1047 Toghril-Beg besieged Isfahan and forced Faramurz back under his rule. Although Faramurz remained loyal from now on, Isfahan was besieged again in 1050 and handed over to the Seljuks in 1051. These razed the city walls, made Isfahan their new capital and compensated Faramurz with the cities of Yazd and Abarkuh, over which the Kakuyids ruled peacefully as Seljuk vassals from then on. Faramurz became a respected vassal with the honorary titles of Zahir ad-Din ( Ẓahīr ad-Dīn , "supporter of religion") and Shams al-Mulk ( Šams al-Mulk , "sun of the empire") and belonged to that Seljuk delegation which traveled to Baghdad to seek the hand of a caliph's daughter in Toghril-Beg's name.
Faramurz died after 1063; he was followed by his son Ali. He married Tschaghri Beg's daughter Arslan-Chatun, who had previously been married to the caliph al-Qaim . Ali died in Rey in 1095 in a battle between the rival Seljuk rulers Tutusch I and Berk-Yaruq . The Kakuyids should continue to be drawn into the internal conflicts of the Seljuks. Thus, despite his good relations with the Seljuks, Ali's son Garschasp II was intrigued, so that Sultan Mahmud II finally had the Kakuyid arrested and imprisoned. However, Garschasp was able to break out and find shelter with Mahmud's uncle Ahmad Sandschar . As his vassal he then took part in August 1119 in the battle of Saveh , in which Sandschar prevailed as sultan against Mahmud II. With Garschasp's death on September 9, 1141 in the battle of the Qatwansteppe (near Samarkand ) against the Qara-Chitai , the Kakuyid dynasty in the male line died out. However, one of the two daughters of Garschasp II married her Atabeg Sam ibn Wardanruz, so that the rule of the Kakuyids passed into that of the Atabegs of Yazd .
Cultural developments among the Kakuyids
In addition to armed conflicts, the promotion of art and culture was also one of the fields of activity of the Kakuyidenemire: At the court of the free spirit, Ala ad-Daula Muhammad , who occasionally disregarded the Sharia , lived and worked in Isfahan from 1023 or 1024, for example the famous polymath Avicenna and dedicated himself to it his patron, who held academic sessions every Thursday, his two (as far as known) only works in the Persian language - the Danish-nama-yi Alai ( Dāniš-nāma-yi ʿalāʾī , "The Book of Knowledge for Ala ad-Daula") and the Andar danisch-i rag ( Andar dāniš-i rag , "About the knowledge of the pulse").
“I received the great commission from our Lord, the righteous King Izz ad-Din Ala ad-Daula Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Dushmanziyar - may his life be long and his happiness grow! - to the master, who granted me everything I wanted - security, generosity, scientific work and life at his court - to write a clear book for him and his entourage on the five traditional and philosophical sciences in Persian, ... "
He also worked as an inventor of observation devices for the ruler interested in astronomy, served the Kakuyids as a vizier and regularly accompanied him on campaigns before he died in 1037.
Muhammad's grandson Ali is also considered a patron at whose Yazder court scholars and writers came together. The lover and promoter of Persian poetry was not only the first well-known patron of the famous poet Muizzi Nischapuri which his three of his Qasiden dedicated, but also that which the great panegyrists the coveted access to the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I. enabled.
The city of Yazd in particular was developed into a lively cultural center under the Kakuyids. In addition to mosques , madrasas , mausoleums and non-profit institutions, irrigation systems (so-called qanates ) were built, thanks to which agriculture around Yazd was able to achieve good yields despite the very dry climate. The city's defenses were also improved.
List of rulers and family tree
- Ala ad-Daula Abu Jafar Muhammad b. Rustam Duschmanziyar (ʿAlāʾ ad-Daula Abū Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad b. Rustam Dušmanziyār), approx. 1007 / 1008-1041
- Shams al-Mulk Zahir ad-Din Abu Mansur Faramurz b. Muhammad (Shams al-Mulk Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Abū Manṣūr Farāmurz b. Muḥammad), 1041 – ca. 1063
- Ala ad-Daula Abu Kalidschar Garschasp (I.) b. Muhammad (ʿAlāʾ ad-Daula Abū Kālīǧār Garšāsp (I.) b. Muḥammad), 1041 – ca. 1148 (in Hamadan)
- Ala ad-Daula (or Muayyid ad-Daula) Abu Mansur Ali b. Faramurz (ʿAlāʾ ad-Daula (or Muʾayyid ad-Daula) Abū Manṣūr ʿAlī b. Farāmurz),? –1095
- Ala ad-Daula Adud ad-Din Abu Kalidschar Garschasp (II.) B. Ali (ʿAlāʾ ad-Daula ʿAḍud ad-Dīn Abū Kālīǧār Garšāsp (II.) B. ʿAlī), 1095 – ca. 1141
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| Rustam Dushmanziyar | daughter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad | Sayyida | Fachr ad-Daula, Buyid Emir of Rey |
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| Faramurz | Garschasp I. | Abu Harb | daughter | Masud I of Ghazni | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ali | Arslan-Chatun (daughter Tschaghri Begs ) |
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| Garschasp II. | Sitara (daughter of Malik-Shah I ) |
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| daughter | daughter | Sam b. Vardanruz, first atabeg of Yazd |
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The family tree is not complete.
Individual evidence
- ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , pp. 37-39.
- ↑ English original on page 10 (PDF file; 4.26 MB)
- ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-41946-1 .
Sources and literature
- Kakuyids . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica (English, including references)
- Article Kākūyids in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition
- Clifford Edmund Bosworth : Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd , published in Iran , Vol. 8 (1970), pp. 73-95
- The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume 5 (William Bayne Fisher, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yar Shater)