Time table Brazil

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Timeline for the history of Brazil .

Discovery and colonization of Brazil

  • 1499: The Spaniard Vicente Yáñez Pinzón discovered the mouth of the Amazon.
  • 1500 (April 22): The Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral (* around 1467/1468; † around 1526) lands at what is now Porto Seguro and takes possession of Brazil for the Crown of Portugal in accordance with the Treaty of Tordesillas concluded with Castile (Spain) in 1494 . Since he considered his discovery to be an island, the country was initially called Ilha da Vera Cruz , later Terra da Vera Cruz .
  • 1534: Creation of the city of Porto Seguro.
  • 1538: The first slaves are imported from Africa.
  • 1549: Founding of the city of Bahia (São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos). The city becomes the seat of the colonial central government.
  • 1554: Establishment of the city of São Paulo .
  • 1565: The city of Rio de Janeiro is founded .
  • since 1570: The plantation economy (sugar cane) flourishes.
  • approx. 1590: Forays into the interior of the country by the paramilitary organized Bandeirantes (search for precious metals and enslavement of the indigenous population).
  • 1624–1654: Raids by Dutch seafarers along the Brazilian coast with the aim of bringing Brazil under their rule.
  • 1630–1654: The Dutch control northeastern Brazil with the city of Recife as the center.
  • 1654: Recife is evacuated by the Dutch and falls back to Portugal.

Viceroyalty of Brazil

  • 1680: With the founding of the Colônia do Sacramento (today: Uruguay ), Brazil gains access to the Río de la Plata . As a result, there were armed conflicts with Spain over decades of ownership of the Río de la Plata.
  • 1698: First significant gold discoveries in Minas Gerais, followed by others in Mato Grosso and Goiás. As a result, immigration from Europe and the importation of black slaves increased rapidly.
  • since 1720: The Portuguese governors-general of Brazil bear the title of viceroy (occasionally since 1640).
  • 1759: Expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil.
  • 1763 (January 27): Rio de Janeiro replaces Bahia as the capital of the colony.
  • 1777 (October 1st): In the Treaty of Ildefonso, Portugal renounces Uruguay in favor of Spain and receives today's Río Grande do Sul as compensation.
  • 1789: First uprising against the Portuguese colonial administration in the mining province of Minas Gerais.
  • 1807: The Portuguese royal family fled the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I to Brazil.
  • 1815: Brazil gains the status of a kingdom and thus the legal equality with the mother country.
  • 1821: The king of Portugal, John VI , who resides in Brazil . (João VI.) (1769–1826; r. 1816–1826), returns to his homeland and leaves the government in Brazil to his son, Dom Pedro (1798–1834).

The independence of Brazil

  • 1822 (August 1st): After the Cortes in Portugal attempt to reestablish colonial rule in Brazil and want to force Dom Pedro to return to Lisbon, the latter proclaims the colony's extensive autonomy .
  • 1822 (September 7th): Dom Pedro declares Brazil's independence (grito do Ipiranga) on the Ipiranga river near São Paulo .
  • 1822 (October 12th): Dom Pedro is proclaimed Emperor of Brazil ( Pedro I ; coronation on December 1st in Rio de Janeiro).
  • 1824 (March 25th): Brazil receives a liberal constitution and becomes a constitutional monarchy .
  • 1826: After the death of King John VI. (João VI.) In Portugal, Dom Pedro I returns to Lisbon, takes on the inheritance of his father as Peter IV (Pedro IV) (March 10th), but is forced to abdicate on May 5th.
  • 1828: British pressure bans the importation of slaves into Brazil.
  • 1831 (April 7th): Dom Pedro I (in Portugal: Pedro IV.) Renounces the Brazilian imperial dignity and abdicates in favor of his son Pedro II. (1825-1891).
  • 1840 (23 October): After he has reached the age of majority, Dom Pedro II takes over the business of government.
  • 1888 (May 13): During Pedro II's stay in Europe, the regent, Crown Princess Isabel , orders the abolition of slavery by the Lei Áurea (Portuguese: Golden Law). The large landowners, planters and military officers, who had been loyal to the crown until then, then joined the Republicans.
  • 1889 (November 15): overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic . Pedro II and his family leave the country. Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (1827-1892) becomes the first president. Provinces become today's constituent states.
  • 1891 (February 24th): Brazil receives a new constitution on a federal basis, which grants the 20 existing states extensive independence. This constitution remains in force until 1934.
  • 1891 (November 24): Marshal Floriano Peixoto (1839–1895) is elected first constitutional president.

Brazil in the 20th century

  • 1900: The Amapá area is transferred from France to Brazil
  • 1903 (November 17th): Through the Treaty of Petrópolis , the Acre area of Bolivia is given to Brazil
  • 1917: During the First World War , Brazil takes part in the fight against Germany.
  • 1930 (March 1st): Election of Júlio Prestes as President. The election is contested by various parties and states, which leads to the revolution of 1930 (Revolução de 1930).
  • 1930 (October 3rd): Revolution of October 3rd.
  • 1930 (October 24): President Washington Luís is deposed by the Junta Pacificadora , which ruled until November 3, 1930. End of the República Velha .
  • 1930 (November 3): Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (1882–1954) came to power and ruled with authoritarian hands until 1945 by restricting the autonomy of the states and expanding the powers of the president.
  • 1932 (July 9th): outbreak of a constitutionalist revolt in São Paulo.
  • 1932: Getúlio Dornelles Vargas convened a constituent assembly in response to the revolt in São Paulo.
  • 1934 (July 15): New constitution comes into force.
  • 1937 (November 10th): Getúlio Vargas proclaims the "New State" (Estado Novo) . Dissolution of Congress, a ban on strikes and a ban on political parties. End of the domination of the big landowners and strengthening of the industrial workers and the urban bourgeoisie. New constitution comes into force. All parties are banned, but some can continue to operate as cultural societies from December 30, 1930 .
  • 1942: After Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by German submarines in August, war was declared on the Axis powers.
  • 1944: During the Second World War, Brazil sends a 25,000-strong expeditionary force ( Força Expedicionária Brasileira ) to Italy, fighting on the side of the Allies .
  • 1945 (spring): Getúlio Vargas was forced to resign and the country began to democratize. Foundation of several parties. Vargas himself founds two. Beginning of the República Nova .
  • 1945 (December 2nd): Congressional and presidential elections.
  • 1946 (January 31): President-elect Eurico Gaspar Dutra , a supporter of Vargas, begins his office.
  • 1946 (September 18): New constitution. It guarantees freedom of organization and expression and restores the separation of powers.
  • 1951: Getúlio Vargas becomes president again after being forced to resign in 1945.
  • 1954 (August 24): Getúlio Vargas commits suicide shortly before a threatened military coup.
  • 1955 (October 3): Congressional and presidential elections. Juscelino Kubitschek is the winner with 36% .
  • 1956 (January 31): Juscelino Kubitschek takes over the government.
  • 1960: Under the presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (1902–1976) the capital is moved from Rio de Janeiro to the newly built Brasília .
  • 1961: Jânio da Silva Quadros (1917–1992) becomes President (January 31). He tried to introduce a social reform policy (fight against corruption, reform of the state administration and the financial budget), but failed after only a few months due to resistance from domestic and foreign capital and resigned (August 25). He is succeeded by João Goulart (1918–1976), a supporter of the former populist Getúlio Vargas. In his reform program Goulart goes even further than his predecessors; he allies himself with the trade unions and left political currents and thereby incurs the displeasure of the military.
  • 1964 (March 31): The government's left-wing policy provokes a military coup and the overthrow of Goulart. The new ruler is Chief of Staff Humberto Alencar Castelo Branco (1897–1967).
  • 1964–1979: Military dictatorship in Brazil. Close ties to the USA, creation of an artificial two-party system (ordered from above), strengthening of economic development, dissolution of parliament (1968), restriction of personal rights and the free press, political repression, torture, mass murders of Indians in the Amazon region. - The escalation of state terror arouses resistance from the progressive wing of the Catholic Church under the leadership of Dom Hélder Câmara (1909–1999), Archbishop of Olinda and Recife.
  • 1979–1985: Under the presidency of João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (1918–1999) the dictatorial measures are lifted. Beginning of the abertura , the opening to democracy.
  • 1984: In Itaipú (Paraná) the world's largest hydroelectric power station goes into operation.
  • 1985 (March 15): Tancredo de Almeida Neves (1910–1985) is elected president in the first free elections since 1964 . However, he dies before he takes office (April 21). His successor is José Sarney (* 1930) until 1990 .
  • 1988 (October 5th): entry into force of a new constitution.
  • 1988 (October 5th): Tocantins becomes the 26th Brazilian state by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 .
  • 1991 (March 26th): Brazil, together with Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay , founds the "Common Market of the South" ( Mercosur ), which Chile joined in 1996 , Bolivia in 1997 and Peru in 2003 .
  • 1991 (October 5th): President Fernando Collor de Mello (* 1949) declares national bankruptcy . Horrible national debt , ongoing economic crisis, recession, high inflation.
  • 1992 (September 29): President Collor de Melo is suspended from office due to a corruption affair and resigns on December 29. Itamar Franco (1930–2011) is his successor .
  • from 1993: Increase in series of murders of street children by paramilitary killer gangs and scandalous attacks by the police
  • 1993 (April 21): The future form of government (monarchy or republic) is voted in a referendum. The majority decided to keep the republic.
  • 1993 (August 8): Gold diggers massacre the Yanomami Indians in the Amazon region. The military are against extending the indigenous peoples' rights to self-determination.
  • 1995 (January 1): Fernando Henrique Cardoso (* 1931) becomes the new president.

Brazil in the 21st century

  • 2003 (January): The leader of the Workers' Party (PT) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (* 1945) takes over the presidency after an overwhelming election victory.
  • 2004: Brazilian government representatives announced on March 4, 2004 that they could, if desired, participate with 1,100 soldiers in a UN force for Haiti . Brazil was the first country to make such an offer. On April 9, 2004, the Brazilian Defense Minister José Viegas announced that Brazil would take over the leadership of the new UN peacekeeping forces in Haiti in July 2004 . The South American country will send 1470 soldiers from the army, navy and air force to the Caribbean Republic. Viegas attached importance to the clarification that the military deployment of the Brazilians in Haiti is very different from that of the USA in Iraq .
  • 2005: The Brazilian government is rocked by a series of corruption scandals (including the Mensalão scandal ), to which the head of the presidential office, Minister José Dirceu , and the president of the PTB are victims. Both of them are denied their mandate.
  • 2006: On October 29th, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was re-elected president in the second ballot. He receives 60.83% of the vote. His challenger Geraldo Alckmin receives 39.17%.
  • 2010: Dilma Rousseff becomes the first woman to be elected Brazilian President. He takes office on January 1, 2011.
  • 2014: In March, the investigation and the prosecution in the corruption scandal begin operation Lava Jato and extends the scandal list .
  • 2016: On August 31, Dilma Rousseff is removed from office by a vote in the Federal Senate , the interim President Michel Temer officially takes over the duties of President until the next election.
  • 2018: Jair Bolsonaro, a retired captain in the Brazilian army, is elected 38th President of Brazil with 55 percent of the vote in the second round.

See also: List of Heads of State of Brazil

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: Datas Históricas e Comemorativas / Janeiro ( Memento of April 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 17, 2018.