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{{Short description|Family of true bugs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
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| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1807
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1807
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = <center>See text</center>
| subdivision = {{center|See text}}
}}
}}
The family '''Fulgoridae''' is a large group of [[hemiptera]]n insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to [[Lepidoptera]] due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera ''[[Fulgora]]'' and ''[[Pyrops]]'') are sometimes referred to as '''lanternflies''' or '''lanthorn flies''', though they do not emit light.
The family '''Fulgoridae''' is a large group of [[hemiptera]]n insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to [[Lepidoptera]] due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera ''[[Fulgora]]'' and ''[[Pyrops]]'') are sometimes referred to as '''lanternflies''' or '''lanthorn flies''', though they do not emit light.


The head of some species is produced into a hollow process (structure), resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of [[Maria Sibylla Merian]], that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect. [[Carl Linnaeus]] adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as ''laternaria'', ''phosphorea'' and ''candelaria'' to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.
The head of some species is produced into a hollow [[process (anatomy)|process]], resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of [[Maria Sibylla Merian]], that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect. [[Carl Linnaeus]] adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as ''laternaria'', ''phosphorea'' and ''candelaria'' to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[Zeno Payne Metcalf|Metcalf]] in 1938,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Metcalf, Zeno Payne|year=1938|title=The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and other parts of Panama|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology|volume=82|issue=5|pages=277&ndash;423|url=http://biostor.org/reference/60327}}</ref> as amended in 1947,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Metcalf, Zeno Payne|year=1947|chapter=Fulgoridae|title=General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea, Part 9|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|publisher=Smith College}}</ref> recognized five subfamilies ([[Amyclinae]], [[Aphaeninae]], [[Fulgorinae]], [[Phenacinae]], and [[Poiocerinae]]) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies ([[Amyclinae]], [[Aphaeninae]], [[Enchophorinae]], [[Fulgorinae]], [[Phenacinae]], [[Poiocerinae]], [[Xosopharinae]] and [[Zanninae]]) and eleven tribes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lallemand, Victor|year=1963|title=Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxième Partie. Faunes Asiatique et Australienne|journal=Mémoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (2nd series)|volume=75|pages=1&ndash;99}} and the material there cited.</ref> This classification was generally accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liang, Ai-Ping|year=1995|title=Taxonomic changes in oriental Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)|journal=Journal of the New York Entomological Society|volume=103|issue=2|pages=162&ndash;164|jstor=25010151}}</ref><ref name="Urban-2009">{{Cite journal|author1=Urban, Julie M. |author2=Cryan, Jason R.|year=2009|title=Entomologically famous, evolutionarily unexplored: the first phylogeny of the lanternfly family Fulgoridae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution|volume=50|issue=3|pages=471&ndash;484|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004|pmid=19118634}}</ref>
[[Zeno Payne Metcalf|Metcalf]] in 1938,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Metcalf, Zeno Payne|year=1938|title=The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and other parts of Panama|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology|volume=82|issue=5|pages=277&ndash;423|url=http://biostor.org/reference/60327}}</ref> as amended in 1947,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Metcalf, Zeno Payne|year=1947|chapter=Fulgoridae|title=General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea, Part 9|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|publisher=Smith College}}</ref> recognized five subfamilies ([[Amyclinae]], [[Aphaeninae]], [[Fulgorinae]], [[Phenacinae]], and [[Poiocerinae]]) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies ([[Amyclinae]], [[Aphaeninae]], [[Enchophorinae]], [[Fulgorinae]], [[Phenacinae]], [[Poiocerinae]], [[Xosopharinae]] and [[Zanninae]]) and eleven tribes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lallemand, Victor|year=1963|title=Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxième Partie. Faunes Asiatique et Australienne|journal=Mémoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique |series=2nd series|volume=75|pages=1&ndash;99}} and the material there cited.</ref> This classification was generally accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liang, Ai-Ping|year=1995|title=Taxonomic changes in oriental Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)|journal=Journal of the New York Entomological Society|volume=103|issue=2|pages=162&ndash;164|jstor=25010151}}</ref>


However, in 2008 Julie Urban's molecular analysis in her dissertation<ref>{{Cite book|author=Urban, Julie M.|year=2008|title=A Phylogenetic Investigation of the Planthopper Superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) with Emphasis on the Family Fulgoridae|series=Ph.D. dissertation|publisher=Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtexK0pWKWIC}}</ref> showed that a significant revamping of the Fulgoridae subfamilies and tribes would be necessary, as the morphological analysis by itself did not take into account the complexity of the Fulgoridae evolution. Her work was recapitulated in 2009 with Jason Cryan.<ref name="Urban-2009" /> The Zanninae may not even be in the Fulgoridae.<ref name="Urban-2009" />
However, 21st century molecular analysis has called into question the organization of Fulgoridae, and suggests that the subfamily Zanninae may not belong in Fulgoridae.<ref>{{Cite thesis|author=Urban, Julie M.|year=2008|title=A Phylogenetic Investigation of the Planthopper Superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) with Emphasis on the Family Fulgoridae|type=Ph.D. thesis|publisher=Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtexK0pWKWIC}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Urban-2009">{{Cite journal|author1=Urban, Julie M. |author2=Cryan, Jason R.|year=2009|title=Entomologically famous, evolutionarily unexplored: the first phylogeny of the lanternfly family Fulgoridae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution|volume=50|issue=3|pages=471&ndash;484|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004|pmid=19118634|bibcode=2009MolPE..50..471U }}</ref>


===Subfamilies and Selected Genera===
===Subfamilies and selected genera===
[[File:Alcathous3.jpg|thumb|right|''Alcathous fecialis'' (India)]]
[[File:Alcathous3.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Alcathous fecialis]]'' (India)]]
[[File:Lantern bug.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Kalidasa (genus)|Kalidasa]]'' sp., a genus found in the Asian tropics]]
[[File:Lantern bug.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Kalidasa (planthopper)|Kalidasa]]'' sp.]]
[[File:Dichoptera2.jpg|thumb|right|''Dichoptera hyalinata'' (India)]]
[[File:Dichoptera2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Dichoptera hyalinata]]'' (India)]]
[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Fulgorid.jpg|thumb|right|''Fulgora'' sp.]]
[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Fulgorid.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Fulgora]]'' sp.]]
[[File:Polydictya uniformis TPopp.jpg|thumb|right|''Polydictya uniformis'']]
[[File:Polydictya uniformis TPopp.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Polydictya uniformis]]'']]
[[File:Planthopper (Auchalea pandora) (8350745330).jpg|thumb|right|''Poiocera pandora'' (Peru)]]
[[File:Planthopper (Auchalea pandora) (8350745330).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Auchalea pandora]]'' (Peru)]]
The [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lin=s&p=has_linkout&id=38096 NCBI Taxonomy browser: Fulgoridae (retrieved 14 November 2017)]</ref> and the [[Hemiptera]] Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked):
The [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lin=s&p=has_linkout&id=38096 NCBI Taxonomy browser: Fulgoridae (retrieved 14 November 2017)]</ref> and the [[Hemiptera]] Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked):


{{columns-list|colwidth=28em|
{{Columns-list|colwidth=28em|
* Amyclinae (central Americas, Africa, Australia)
* [[Amyclinae]] (Central America, Africa, Australia) - selected genera:
⚫
** ''[[Alcathous (planthopper)|Alcathous]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
** tribe Amyclini Metcalf, 1938 (central Americas, Africa)
*** ''[[Alcathous (genus)|Alcathous]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
** ''[[Amycle]]'' <small>Stål, 1861</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Amycle]]'' <small>Stål, 1861</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Druentia]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Rhabdocephala]]'' <small>Van Duzee, 1929</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Scolopsella]]'' <small>Ball, 1905</small>
⚫
** tribe Xosopharini Metcalf, 1947 (Africa, Australia)
⚫
*** ''[[Eningia]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Eurinopsyche]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1906</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Mantosyna]]'' <small>Stål, 1869</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Rentinus]]'' <small>Metcalf, 1947</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Xosophara]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1904</small>
* [[Aphaeninae]]
* [[Aphaeninae]]
** ''[[Aphaena]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1834</small><ref>[https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=8207 FLOW: ''Aphaena'']</ref> (India, China Indo-China)
** ''[[Aphaena]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1834</small><ref>[https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=8207 FLOW: ''Aphaena'']</ref> (India, China, Indo-China)
** ''[[Kalidasa (bug)|Kalidasa]]'' (Indo-China)
** ''[[Kalidasa (planthopper)|Kalidasa]]'' (Indo-China)
** ''[[Lycorma]]'' (Indo-China)
** ''[[Lycorma]]'' (Indo-China)
** ''[[Neolieftinckana]]'' <small>Lallemand, 1963</small> (PNG)
** ''[[Neolieftinckana]]'' <small>Lallemand, 1963</small> (PNG)
** ''[[Omalocephala]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small><ref>[https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=6508] Hemiptera Databases FLOW: ''Omalocephala'' (retrieved 14/11/2017)</ref>
** ''[[Omalocephala]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small><ref>[https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=6508 Hemiptera Databases FLOW: ''Omalocephala''] (retrieved 14/11/2017)</ref>
** ''[[Penthicodes]]'' (Indo-China)
** ''[[Penthicodes]]'' (Indo-China)
** ''[[Scamandra]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small> (Malesia)
** ''[[Scamandra]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small> (Malesia)
* Dichopterinae Melichar, 1912
* [[Dichopterinae]] Melichar, 1912
** tribe Cladodipterini Metcalf, 1938 (south America)
** ''[[Cladodiptera]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (South America)
*** ''[[Cladodiptera]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small>
** ''[[Dichoptera]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (type genus - Asia)
*** ''[[Diacira]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
** ''[[Dorysarthrus]]'' <small>Puton, 1895</small>
*** ''[[Sclerodepsa]]'' <small>Emeljanov, 2011</small>
** ''[[Protachilus]]'' <small>Fennah, 1944</small>
* Enchophorinae Haupt, 1929 (S. America, Madagascar)
** tribe Dichopterini Melichar, 1912
*** ''[[Dichoptera]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (type genus - Asia)
** ''[[Artacie]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small>
*** †''[[Wedelphus]]'' <small>Szwedo & Wappler, 2006</small>
** ''[[Belbina]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
⚫
** ''[[Chilobia]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
** tribe Dorysarthrini Emeljanov, 1979 (Africa to Asia)
*** ''[[Dorysarthrus]]'' <small>Puton, 1895</small>
** ''[[Enchophora]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small>
*** ''[[Pibrocha]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1902</small>
** ''[[Enhydria]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
** tribe Protachilini <small>Emeljanov, 2013</small>
** ''[[Villala]]'' <small>Goemans & O'Brien, 2005</small>
⚫
*** ''[[Protachilus]]'' <small>Fennah, 1944</small>
* [[Fulgorinae]]
* [[Fulgorinae]]
** ''[[Aphrodisias (bug)|Aphrodisias]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1906</small><ref>[https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=8227] Hemiptera Databases FLOW: ''Aphrodisias'' (retrieved 20/11/2017)</ref> (Central America)
** ''[[Aphrodisias (planthopper)|Aphrodisias]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1906</small><ref>[https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=8227 Hemiptera Databases FLOW: ''Aphrodisias''] (retrieved 20/11/2017)</ref> (Central America)
** ''[[Cathedra (bug)|Cathedra]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1903</small> (monotypic, S. America)
** ''[[Cathedra (planthopper)|Cathedra]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1903</small> (monotypic, S. America)
** ''[[Fulgora]]'' <small>Linné, 1767</small> (tropical Americas)
** ''[[Fulgora]]'' <small>Linné, 1767</small> (tropical Americas)
** ''[[Odontoptera]]'' <small>Carreno, 1841</small> (tropical Americas)
** ''[[Odontoptera]]'' <small>Carreno, 1841</small> (tropical Americas)
** ''[[Pyrops]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (tropical Asia)
** ''[[Pyrops]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (tropical Asia)
** ''[[Saiva]]'' <small>Distant, 1906</small> (India, Indo-China, Malesia)
** ''[[Saiva]]'' <small>Distant, 1906</small> (India, Indo-China, Malesia)
** ''[[Zanna (bug)|Zanna]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1902</small> (Africa, Asia)
* [[Lyncidinae]] Schmidt, 1915 (southern Africa)
* Lyncidinae Schmidt, 1915 (southern Africa)
** ''[[Lyncides]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small>
** ''[[Lyncides]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small>
** ''[[Risius]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small>
** ''[[Risius]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small>
* Phenacinae (central and south America)
* [[Phenacinae]] (Central and South America)
** ''[[Cerogenes]]'' <small>Horváth, 1909</small>
** ''[[Cerogenes]]'' <small>Horváth, 1909</small>
** ''[[Menenia]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small>
** ''[[Menenia]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small>
** ''[[Phenax]]'' <small>Germar, 1833</small>
** ''[[Phenax (planthopper)|Phenax]]'' <small>Germar, 1833</small>
** ''[[Pterodictya]]'' <small>Burmeister, 1835</small>
** ''[[Pterodictya]]'' <small>Burmeister, 1835</small>
* [[Poiocerinae]]
* [[Poiocerinae]]
** ''[[Alphina]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
** ''[[Alphina]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
⚫
** ''[[Amantia (planthopper)|Amantia]]'' <small>Stål, 1864</small>
** ''[[Calyptoproctus]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (Americas)
** ''[[Calyptoproctus]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small> (Americas)
** ''[[Cyrpoptus]]'' <small>Stål, 1862</small>
** ''[[Cyrpoptus]]'' <small>Stål, 1862</small>
⚫
** ''[[Lystra (planthopper)|Lystra]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1803</small> (central & southern America)
** ''[[Poblicia]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small> (N. America)
** ''[[Poblicia]]'' <small>Stål, 1866</small> (N. America)
** ''[[Polydictya]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1844</small> (south-east Asia:<ref>Constant J (2010) A new species of ''Polydictya'' from Lombok (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). ''Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie'' '''56 (2)''': 155–162.</ref> Indo-China, Malesia)
** ''[[Polydictya]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1844</small> (South-East Asia:<ref>Constant J (2010) A new species of ''Polydictya'' from Lombok (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). ''Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie'' '''56 (2)''': 155–162.</ref> Indo-China, Malesia)
** ''[[Poiocera]]'' <small>De Laporte, 1832</small>
** ''[[Poiocera]]'' <small>De Laporte, 1832</small>
⚫
** ''[[Scaralina]]'' <small>Yanega, 2024</small>
** ''[[Scaralis]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
** ''[[Scaralis]]'' <small>Stål, 1863</small>
* Strongylodematinae Fennah, 1962 (southern Africa)
* [[Strongylodematinae]] Fennah, 1962 (southern Africa)
** ''[[Capocles]]'' <small>Emeljanov, 2004</small>
** ''[[Capocles]]'' <small>Emeljanov, 2004</small>
** ''[[Capenopsis]]'' <small>Melichar, 1912</small>
** ''[[Capenopsis]]'' <small>Melichar, 1912</small>
** ''[[Codon (bug)]]'' <small>Fennah, 1962</small>
** ''[[Codon (planthopper)|Codon]]'' <small>Fennah, 1962</small>
** ''[[Strongylodemas]]'' <small>Stål, 1853</small>
** ''[[Strongylodemas]]'' <small>Stål, 1853</small>
** ''[[Tecmar (bug)]]'' <small>Fennah, 1962</small>
** ''[[Tecmar (planthopper)|Tecmar]]'' <small>Fennah, 1962</small>
⚫
* [[Xosopharinae]] Metcalf, 1947 (Africa, Australia)
⚫
** ''[[Eningia]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
⚫
** ''[[Eurinopsyche]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1906</small>
⚫
** ''[[Mantosyna]]'' <small>Stål, 1869</small>
⚫
** ''[[Rentinus]]'' <small>Metcalf, 1947</small>
⚫
** ''[[Xosophara]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1904</small>
* Zanninae Metcalf, 1938
⚫
** ''[[Zanna (planthopper)|Zanna]]'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1902</small> (Africa, Asia)
* Fulgoridae ''[[incertae sedis]]''
* Fulgoridae ''[[incertae sedis]]''
** ''[[Amdewana]]'' <small>Nast, 1951</small> ([[neotropical]])
** ''[[Amdewana]]'' <small>Nast, 1951</small> ([[neotropical]])
** ''[[Amerzanna]]'' <small>O'Brien, 1991</small>
** ''[[Amerzanna]]'' <small>O'Brien, 1991</small>
** ''[[Flatolystra]]'' <small>Nast, 1950</small> (south America)
** ''[[Flatolystra]]'' <small>Nast, 1950</small> (south America)
** ''[[Fulgoricesa]]'' <small>Koçak & Kemal, 2010</small> monotypic: ''[[Fulgoricesa peruviana]]'' (Lallemand, 1956) (synonym: ''Weyrauchia'').
** ''[[Fulgoricesa]]'' <small>Koçak & Kemal, 2010 (synonym: ''Weyrauchia'')</small>
⚫
** ''[[Lystra (bug)|Lystra]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1803</small> (central & southern America)
** ''[[Neocynthus]]'' <small>Nast, 1950</small> (South America)
** ''[[Neocynthus]]'' <small>Nast, 1950</small> (South America)
** ''[[Pyrgoteles (insect)|Pyrgoteles]]'' <small>Gerstaecker, 1873</small> (Africa)
** ''[[Sinuala]]'' <small>O'Brien, 1991</small> (3 spp., Central America)
** ''[[Stalubra]]'' <small>O'Brien, 1991</small> (south America)
** ''[[Stalubra]]'' <small>O'Brien, 1991</small> (South America)
}}
}}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
Line 108: Line 107:
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Adult Lycorma delicatula.jpg|[[Aphaeninae]]: ''[[Lycorma delicatula]]'' ([[Spotted lanternfly]])
⚫
Rentinus dilatatus (26573785033).jpg|[[Amyclinae]]: ''[[Rentinus]] dilatatus''
Adult Lycorma delicatula.jpg|[[Aphaeninae]]: ''[[Lycorma]] delicatula'' ([[Spotted lanternfly]])
Scamandra fasciata Type (5033372789).jpg|[[Aphaeninae]]: ''[[Scamandra]] fasciata'' ([[Holotype]])
Scamandra fasciata Type (5033372789).jpg|[[Aphaeninae]]: ''[[Scamandra fasciata]]'' (BMNH)
Odontoptera carrenoi MHNTvol.jpg|[[Fulgorinae]]: ''[[Odontoptera]] carrenoi''
Lystra lanata MHNT.jpg|[[Poiocerinae]]: ''[[Lystra lanata]]''
Odontoptera carrenoi MHNTvol.jpg|[[Fulgorinae]]: ''[[Odontoptera]] carrenoi'' - [[Muséum de Toulouse]]
Lystra lanata MHNT.jpg|[[Lystrinae]]: ''[[Lystra (bug)|Lystra]] lanata'' - [[Muséum de Toulouse]]
Pterodictya reticularis MHNT.jpg|[[Phenacinae]]: ''[[Pterodictya]] reticularis''
⚫
Fulgorid Planthopper - Cyrpoptus belfragei?, Colchester Park, Mason Neck, Virginia - 28118728713.jpg|[[Poiocerinae]]: ''[[Cyrpoptus]]'' sp. (North America)
Pterodictya reticularis MHNT.jpg|[[Phenacinae]]: ''[[Pterodictya]] reticularis'' - [[Muséum de Toulouse]]
⚫
Calyptoproctus stigma TPopp.jpg|''[[Calyptoproctus]] sp.''
⚫
Fulgorid Planthopper - Cyrpoptus belfragei?, Colchester Park, Mason Neck, Virginia - 28118728713.jpg|[[Lystrinae]]: [[Cyrpoptus]] sp. (North America)
⚫
Calyptoproctus stigma TPopp.jpg|''[[Calyptoproctus]] stigma''
Pibrocha egregia TPopp.jpg|''[[Pibrocha]] egregia''
Pibrocha egregia TPopp.jpg|''[[Pibrocha]] egregia''
⚫
Rentinus dilatatus (26573785033).jpg|[[Xosopharinae]]: ''[[Rentinus]] dilatatus''
Lanternfly Fulgoridae.jpg | Unidentified Fulgoridae, [[Western Australia|WA]]
</Gallery>
</Gallery>


Line 124: Line 122:


==Sources==
==Sources==
* T. Porion, 1994 - [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF1-english.html Fulgoridae 1. Illustrated Catalogue of the American Fauna], [[Sciences Nat]], [[Venette]], 72 pages, 14 plates in colours
* T. Porion, 1994 - [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF1-english.html Fulgoridae 1. Illustrated Catalogue of the American Fauna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018055150/http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF1-english.html |date=2017-10-18 }}, [[Sciences Nat]], [[Venette]], 72 pages, 14 plates in colours
* T. Porion & P. Bleuzen, 2004 - [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF1S1-english.html Fulgoridae 1. Supplement 1. New Neotropical Fulgoridae], [[Hillside Books, Canterbury]], 22 pages, 4 plates in colours
* T. Porion & P. Bleuzen, 2004 - [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF1S1-english.html Fulgoridae 1. Supplement 1. New Neotropical Fulgoridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004040/http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF1S1-english.html |date=2016-03-05 }}, [[Hillside Books, Canterbury]], 22 pages, 4 plates in colours
* T. Porion & S. Nagai, 1996 - [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2-english.html Fulgoridae 2. Illustrated Catalogue of the Asian and Australian Fauna], [[Sciences Nat]], [[Venette]], 80 p., 20 plates in colours ([http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2S1-english.html Suppl. 1], [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2S2-english.html Suppl. 2])
* T. Porion & S. Nagai, 1996 - [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2-english.html Fulgoridae 2. Illustrated Catalogue of the Asian and Australian Fauna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317061308/http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2-english.html |date=2012-03-17 }}, [[Sciences Nat]], [[Venette]], 80 p., 20 plates in colours ([http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2S1-english.html Suppl. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317061322/http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2S1-english.html |date=2012-03-17 }}, [http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2S2-english.html Suppl. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161820/http://www.plumeria.demon.co.uk/etudesFulgores/PLF2S2-english.html |date=2016-03-05 }})


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Portal|Insects|Arthropods}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*{{commonscat-inline|Fulgoridae}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Fulgoridae}}
*{{Cite web|title=North American Fulgoridae|publisher=College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Delaware|url=http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/planthoppers/families/fulgoridae.html|access-date=2014-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616011958/http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/planthoppers/families/fulgoridae.html|archive-date=2013-06-16|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|title=North American Fulgoridae|publisher=College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Delaware|url=http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/planthoppers/families/fulgoridae.html|access-date=2014-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616011958/http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/planthoppers/families/fulgoridae.html|archive-date=2013-06-16|url-status=dead}}
*[https://villpace.com/how-to-make-homemade-lantern-fly-spray/ How to Make Homemade Lantern Fly Spray?]
*{{Cite web|title=Southeast Asia: Fulgoridae of Thailand, illustrations|publisher=S.E.A. Connections|url=http://seaconnection.ws/fulgoridae.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126020210/http://seaconnection.ws/fulgoridae.html|archive-date=26 January 2011|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|title=Southeast Asia: Fulgoridae of Thailand, illustrations|publisher=S.E.A. Connections|url=http://seaconnection.ws/fulgoridae.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126020210/http://seaconnection.ws/fulgoridae.html|archive-date=26 January 2011|url-status=dead}}

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[[Category:Fulgoridae| ]]
[[Category:Fulgoridae| ]]

Latest revision as of 23:15, 19 May 2024

Fulgoridae
Pyrops candelaria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Superfamily: Fulgoroidea
Family: Fulgoridae
Latreille, 1807
Subfamilies
See text

The family Fulgoridae is a large group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to Lepidoptera due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera Fulgora and Pyrops) are sometimes referred to as lanternflies or lanthorn flies, though they do not emit light.

The head of some species is produced into a hollow process, resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of Maria Sibylla Merian, that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect. Carl Linnaeus adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as laternaria, phosphorea and candelaria to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.

Taxonomy[edit]

Metcalf in 1938,[1] as amended in 1947,[2] recognized five subfamilies (Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, and Poiocerinae) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies (Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Enchophorinae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, Poiocerinae, Xosopharinae and Zanninae) and eleven tribes.[3] This classification was generally accepted.[4]

However, 21st century molecular analysis has called into question the organization of Fulgoridae, and suggests that the subfamily Zanninae may not belong in Fulgoridae.[5][6]

Subfamilies and selected genera[edit]

Alcathous fecialis (India)
Kalidasa sp.
Dichoptera hyalinata (India)
Fulgora sp.
Polydictya uniformis
Auchalea pandora (Peru)

The NCBI[7] and the Hemiptera Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked):

Notes:

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Metcalf, Zeno Payne (1938). "The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and other parts of Panama". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 82 (5): 277–423.
  2. ^ Metcalf, Zeno Payne (1947). "Fulgoridae". General catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea, Part 9. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College.
  3. ^ Lallemand, Victor (1963). "Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxième Partie. Faunes Asiatique et Australienne". Mémoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. 2nd series. 75: 1–99. and the material there cited.
  4. ^ Liang, Ai-Ping (1995). "Taxonomic changes in oriental Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 103 (2): 162–164. JSTOR 25010151.
  5. ^ Urban, Julie M. (2008). A Phylogenetic Investigation of the Planthopper Superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) with Emphasis on the Family Fulgoridae (Ph.D. thesis). Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Urban, Julie M.; Cryan, Jason R. (2009). "Entomologically famous, evolutionarily unexplored: the first phylogeny of the lanternfly family Fulgoridae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 50 (3): 471–484. Bibcode:2009MolPE..50..471U. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004. PMID 19118634.
  7. ^ NCBI Taxonomy browser: Fulgoridae (retrieved 14 November 2017)
  8. ^ FLOW: Aphaena
  9. ^ Hemiptera Databases FLOW: Omalocephala (retrieved 14/11/2017)
  10. ^ Hemiptera Databases FLOW: Aphrodisias (retrieved 20/11/2017)
  11. ^ Constant J (2010) A new species of Polydictya from Lombok (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 56 (2): 155–162.
  12. ^ Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (retrieved 26 June 2018)

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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