Edge bugs

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Edge bugs
Leather bug (Coreus marginatus)

Leather bug ( Coreus marginatus )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
Subordination : Bed bugs (heteroptera)
Partial order : Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily : Coreoidea
Family : Edge bugs
Scientific name
Coreidae
Leach , 1815
Gonocerus acuteangulatus
Gonocerus acuteangulatus , mating
Anoplocnemis curvipes
Anisocelis flavolineata
American pine bug ( Leptoglossus occidentalis )

Edge bugs or leather bugs (Coreidae) are a family of bugs (Heteroptera) within the suborder Pentatomomorpha . About 1900 species of about 267 genera are known. In Europe 55 species are represented, of which occur in Central Europe about 20 microns. Many species are light to dark brown and have a dull, often grainy body, from which the name “leather bugs” is derived. The name "Randwanzen" results from the much widened edge of the abdomen ( connexive ) in many species .

features

The representatives of the border bugs are very different in size and body shape. They are 7 to 45 millimeters long and include some of the largest recent representatives of bed bugs, as well as very delicate or slender types of bugs. The representatives of the genus Thasus are among the largest land-living bedbugs. Most border bugs have a strong, elongated to broadly elliptical body. Even if the majority of the animals are inconspicuously colored, there are many species that have a vivid, conspicuous coloration. At least some of these species are believed to be warning colors . Species with a metallic sheen also occur in the tropical rainforests, in which this color is presumably intended to have a distracting effect. Edge bugs are characterized by their head, in which the bucculae , the cheek plates that laterally limit the beak, protrude over the antennae bases. The thighs ( femora ) and rails ( tibia ) of the hind legs are often thickened or flat, leaf-shaped in males. The second and third antennae are not infrequently broadened and flattened out. Many species have strong thorns and tubercles. This is particularly the case at the humeral angles of the pronotum , which are often drawn out into pointed processes. Almost all species have predominantly fully developed (macroptere) wings, individuals with brachypteren (shortened) or apteren (receding) wings are very rare.

The head is relatively small compared to the size of the animals. The feelers are deflected above an imaginary line through the center of the compound eyes . The hemielytres have a subcostal vein and the membranes have multiple wing veins . Internal laterotergites are usually formed. The spiracles on the abdomen are all ventral , but in some species of Agriopocorini they are directly on the side edge. There are three trichobothria on the third to sixth abdomen, and two on the seventh . Those on the fifth through seventh abdominal segments are located together sublaterally. The eighth and ninth paratergites on the abdomen are separated from the tergites. In females the ovipositor has flattened, plate-shaped valvulae . The seventh sternum is usually divided about halfway along. The sternum is only very rarely completely divided, sometimes it is also undivided. In the males the spermatheca has only a proximal pump flange-shaped part and the distal part is missing. The ductus is usually short.

In the nymphs , the scent gland openings on the abdomen are between the fourth to sixth tergum . The eggs usually have a pseudoperculum, which is usually formed as a clearly visible, round cap. It is absent in the subfamily Pseudophloeinae and the genus Hydara . Often times the eggs are many, up to about 60 micropylenes .

Occurrence

The edge bugs are distributed worldwide, but have their main distribution area in the tropics and subtropics, where the largest species and those with the most noticeable body modifications occur.

Way of life

Edge bugs feed on phytophagus and live on top of the plants. Presumably most of the species feed by sucking on the vessels of the plants, only a few species suckle on seeds or the reproductive organs of the plants. As far as is known, all types of Pseudophloeinae feed on herbaceous legumes (Fabaceae). Many groups of border bugs feed on certain groups of plants, sometimes only on certain types of plants. However, there are also species that feed polyphagous on many different plant species. Some of these strong differences even occur within the same genus. Thus Leptoglossus phyllopus and Leptoglossus gonagra very polyphagous Leptoglossus ashmeadi Leptoglossus corculus however, very specific in their food plants choice. It has been observed that several large marginal bug species are territorial and that they vigorously defend their territory from other males invading their territory while sitting on flowers. The thickened and thorny leg links could also play a role in this. Some species can make sounds through stridulation .

Some species are considered pests in agriculture. In the tropics and subtropics in particular, there are a number of species that are found on legumes (Fabaceae) (e.g. beans, soybeans), cucurbitaceae (e.g. cucumbers, zucchini, melons, squash) and sweet grasses (Poaceae) ) (Rice) are harmful. The damage manifests itself in the bedbugs' saliva, which is toxic to the plants and which is injected when sucking and which quickly kills young shoots in particular. For example, applies Leptoglossus phyllopus in North America on various plants and species of the genus Amblypelta of cocoa tree , cassava , coconut palm , Real guava and papaya as a particular threat. Another example is Clavigralla gibbosa who regularly heavy damage in India, to total losses at various legumes such as pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan caused). Species of the genus Chelinidea are considered pests on Opuntia ( Opuntia ), but are therefore also used for biological pest control on these plants introduced into Australia.

Taxonomy and systematics

William Elford Leach described the family for the first time in 1815 and put the now independent families of crooked bugs (Alydidae) and glass winged bugs (Rhopalidae) as subfamilies to it. The kinship status within the family was assessed differently in the course of research into the family. To date, the division at the tribe level is highly controversial and ranges from 10 to 30. Since authors, in their different views, assess the classification of the subgroups as tribe or subfamily just as differently, the number of subfamilies fluctuates accordingly. In contrast to the tribe, however, a division into three subfamilies is now widely recognized. Schuh & Slater (1995) recognized four more subfamilies, whereby the Agriopocorinae were downgraded by Brailovsky & Cassis (1999) to the tribe Agriopocorini of the Coreinae. According to current opinion, the family is therefore divided into the following subfamilies:

Species in Europe

The following species occur in Europe:

More types

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler: Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society . Wiley-Blackwell, New York 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9 , pp. 241 .
  2. ↑ a b Coreidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed May 1, 2014 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Ekkehard Wachmann , Albert Melber, Jürgen Deckert: Bugs. Volume 3: Pentatomomorpha I: Aradoidea (bark bugs), Lygaeoidea (ground bugs, etc.), Pyrrhocoroidea (fire bugs) and Coreoidea (edge ​​bugs, etc.). (=  The animal world of Germany and the adjacent parts of the sea according to their characteristics and their way of life . 78th part). Goecke & Evers, Keltern 2007, ISBN 978-3-937783-29-1 , p.  205 ff .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Family Coreidae. (No longer available online.) Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Faunal Directory, archived from the original on May 2, 2014 ; accessed on May 1, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.environment.gov.au
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h RT Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1995, pp. 274ff.
  6. ↑ a b subfamily Meropachyinae. Coreoidea Species File Online, accessed May 1, 2014 .

literature

  • RT Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1995.

Web links

Commons : Edge bugs (Coreidae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files