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→‎Subgenus Leptostemonum: no sense having piped links next to direct ones
 
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{{short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{hatnote|"Horsenettle" and variants redirect here. If used for a particular species, this name usually applies to the [[Carolina horsenettle]] (''S. carolinense'')}}
{{Hatnote|"Horsenettle" and variants redirect here. If used for a particular species, this name usually applies to the [[Carolina horsenettle]] (''S. carolinense'')}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range =
| fossil_range =
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''Solanopsis'' <small>Bitter</small><br />
''Solanopsis'' <small>Bitter</small><br />
''Triguera'' <small>Cav.</small>
''Triguera'' <small>Cav.</small>
|type_species = ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' L.<ref name = "IPNI, 2023">''Solanum'' | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/30000630-2</ref>
}}
}}
[[File:Solanum Lycopersicum tomkin 1.jpg|thumb|Unripe fruit of ''Solanum lycopersicum'' ([[tomato]])]]
[[File:Solanum Lycopersicum tomkin 1.jpg|thumb|Unripe fruit of ''Solanum lycopersicum'' ([[tomato]])]]
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The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'', also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a ([[Vine|scandent]]) [[shrub]]). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being [[solanine]], which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshade (''[[Solanum nigrum]]'') is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully-ripened fruit and its foliage are both cooked and eaten in some areas. Deadly nightshade (''[[Atropa belladonna]]'') belongs, like ''Solanum'', to subfamily [[Solanoideae]] of the nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of [[Tribe (botany)|tribe]] [[Hyoscyameae]] (''Solanum'' belongs to tribe Solaneae).<ref>Armando T. Hunziker 2001: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein. {{ISBN|3-904144-77-4}}.</ref> The chemistry of ''[[Atropa]]'' species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic [[tropane alkaloid]]s, the best-known of which is [[atropine]].<ref>Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen. 1984 ''A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists'' transl. from 2nd German ed. by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : Wolfe Atlases. Wolfe Publishing.</ref>
The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'', also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a ([[Vine|scandent]]) [[shrub]]). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being [[solanine]], which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshade (''[[Solanum nigrum]]'') is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully-ripened fruit and its foliage are both cooked and eaten in some areas. Deadly nightshade (''[[Atropa belladonna]]'') belongs, like ''Solanum'', to subfamily [[Solanoideae]] of the nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of [[Tribe (botany)|tribe]] [[Hyoscyameae]] (''Solanum'' belongs to tribe Solaneae).<ref>Armando T. Hunziker 2001: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein. {{ISBN|3-904144-77-4}}.</ref> The chemistry of ''[[Atropa]]'' species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic [[tropane alkaloid]]s, the best-known of which is [[atropine]].<ref>Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen. 1984 ''A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists'' transl. from 2nd German ed. by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : Wolfe Atlases. Wolfe Publishing.</ref>


==Food crops==
== Taxonomy ==
⚫
{{See also|List of Solanum species}}
⚫
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are [[poison]]ous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), but many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as [[fruit]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], or [[tuber]]s. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
⚫
* [[Tomato]], ''S. lycopersicum''
⚫
** Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both ''S. lycopersicum'' and wild tomato species such as ''S. pimpinellifolium'', ''S. peruvianum'', ''S. cheesmanii'', ''S. galapagense'', ''S. chilense'', etc. (such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/purple-tomato-debuts-indigo-rose |title=Purple tomato debuts as 'Indigo Rose' | work = Extension Service |publisher= Oregon state university |date= 2012-01-27|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/ |title= Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America &#124; Cucurbit Breeding |publisher= NCSU |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Potato]], ''S. tuberosum'', fourth largest food crop.
⚫
** Less important but cultured relatives used in small amounts include ''S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum''.
⚫
* [[Eggplant]] (also known as brinjal or aubergine), ''S. melongena''

⚫
Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant or [[scarlet eggplant|gilo]] (''[[Solanum aethiopicum|S. aethiopicum]]''), naranjilla or lulo (''[[S. quitoense]]''), Turkey berry (''[[Solanum torvum|S. torvum]]''), pepino or pepino melon (''[[Solanum muricatum|S. muricatum]]''), Tamarillo (''[[Tamarillo|S. betaceum]]''), wolf apple (''[[Solanum lycocarpum|S. lycocarpum]]''), garden huckleberry (''[[Solanum scabrum|S. scabrum]]'') and "[[bush tomato]]es" (several [[Australia]]n species).

⚫
==Ornamentals==
⚫
The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:
⚫
*''[[Solanum aviculare|S. aviculare]]'' (kangaroo apple)
⚫
*''[[Solanum capsicastrum|S. capsicastrum]]'' (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
⚫
*''[[Solanum crispum|S. crispum]]'' (Chilean potato tree)
⚫
*''[[Solanum laciniatum|S. laciniatum]]'' (kangaroo apple)
⚫
*''[[Solanum laxum|S. laxum]]'' (potato vine)
⚫
*''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum|S. pseudocapsicum]]'' (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
⚫
*''[[Solanum rantonnetii|S. rantonnetii]]'' (blue potato bush)
⚫
*''[[Solanum seaforthianum|S. seaforthianum]]'' (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)
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*''[[Solanum mauritianum|S. mauritianum]]'' (woolly nightshade, earleaf nightshade)
⚫
*''[[Solanum wendlandii|S. wendlandii]]'' (paradise flower, potato vine)<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|page=1136}}</ref>

⚫
==Medicine==
⚫
Poisonings associated with certain species of ''Solanum'' are not uncommon and may be fatal. However, several species are locally used in [[folk medicine]], particularly by native people who have long employed them.

⚫
==Ecology==
⚫
''Solanum'' species are used as food plants by the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species ([[Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s) – see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on Solanum|list of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Solanum'']].

==Systematics==
⚫
{{see also|List of Solanum species}}
⚫
The genus was established by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name=usda2006>{{cite web | title = Solanum Phylogeny | url = http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/phylogeny/index.jsp | work = Solanaceae Source | publisher = Natural History Museum | access-date = 2009-11-01 }}</ref> Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.


⚫
The genus was established by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name="usda2006">{{cite web |title=Solanum Phylogeny |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/phylogeny/index.jsp |access-date=2009-11-01 |work=Solanaceae Source |publisher=Natural History Museum}}</ref> Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.
⚫
The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.<ref name = usda2006 /> Many of the [[subgenera]] and [[section (botany)|section]]s might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the [[phylogeny]] of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.


⚫
The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.<ref name="usda2006" /> Many of the [[subgenera]] and [[section (botany)|section]]s might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the [[phylogeny]] of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.
⚫
[[Cladistic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with ''Leptostemonum'' being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections ''Cyphomandropsis'' and the old genus ''[[Cyphomandra]]''.<ref name=grin/>


⚫
[[Cladistic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with ''Leptostemonum'' being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections ''Cyphomandropsis'' and the old genus ''[[Cyphomandra]]''.<ref name="grin" />
A recent study built a densely sampled species-level phylogeny for ''Solanum'' comprising 60% of all accepted species based on full plastome dataset and nuclear target-capture data.<ref name="Gagnon">{{cite journal |last1=Gagnon |first1=E. |last2=Hilgenhof |first2=R. |last3=Orejuela |first3=A. |last4=McDonnel |first4=A. |last5=Sablok |first5=G. |last6=Aubriot |first6=X. |last7=Giacomin |first7=L. |last8=Gouvêa |first8=Y. |last9=Bragionis |first9=T. |last10=Stehmann |first10=J.R. |last11=Bohs |first11=L. |last12=Dodsworth |first12=S. |last13=Martine |first13=C. |last14=Poczai |first14=P. |last15=Knapp |first15=S. |last16=Särkinen |first16=T. |display-authors=3|title=Phylogenomic discordance suggests polytomies along the backbone of the large genus Solanum |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=2022 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages = 580–601 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1827 |pmid=35170754 |pmc=9321964 }}</ref> While the taxonomic framework of ''Solanum'' remained stable, researchers observed gene tree conflicts and discordance between phylogenetic trees generated from the target-capture and plastome datasets. The latter corresponded to regions with short internodal branches, and network analysis and polytomy tests suggested the backbone is composed of three polytomies found at different evolutionary depths. The strongest area of discordance, near the crown node of Solanum, was found to be a hard polytomy. Currently, the most likely explanation for the discordance along the backbone of ''Solanum'' is due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) caused by rapid speciation. Presence of short internal branches is typical of ILS in lineages with large population sizes and high mutation rates. This fits with the biology of ''Solanum'' in general, which is typically known to contain “weedy”, disturbance-loving pioneer species resilient to change. Many species are known to have large geographical ranges and ecological amplitude.<ref name="Gagnon"/> Some of the weedy characteristics found in these species include the ability to improve fitness and defense traits in response to disturbance, as well as having allelopathic properties which allow them to establish themselves to the detriment of native vegetation. If such characteristics were present in ancestral Solanum, they could have promoted rapid speciation across the globe, followed by rapid morphological evolution and speciation within areas. The patterns observed here could possibly be the result of three major rapid speciation “pulses” across the evolutionary history of Solanum. The idea of an ecologically opportunistic ancestor is supported by the tendency of many of the major clades to occupy periodically highly stressed and disturbed habitats, including flooded varzea forests, hyper-arid deserts, and highly disturbed and dynamic open mid-elevation Andean montane habitats, where landslides are among the most common areas where many of the species are found.<ref name="Gagnon"/> The idea that well-supported and fully bifurcating phylogenies are a requisite for evolutionary studies is built on the premise that such trees are the accurate way of representing evolution. The shift in systematics from “tree”- to “bush”-like thinking, where polytomies and reticulate patterns of evolution are considered as acceptable or real, comes from the accumulation of studies finding similar unresolvable phylogenetic nodes, despite using different large-scale genomic sampling strategies and various analytical methods. We argue that acknowledging and embracing polytomies and reticulation is crucial if we are to design research programs aimed at understanding the biology of large and rapidly radiating lineages, such as the large and economically important Solanum.<ref name="Gagnon"/>


===Subgenus ''Bassovia''===
===Subgenus ''Bassovia''===
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* ''[[Solanum granuloso-leprosum]]''
* ''[[Solanum granuloso-leprosum]]''
'''Section ''Cyphomandropsis'''''
'''Section ''Cyphomandropsis'''''
* ''[[Solanum glaucophyllum]]'' <small>Desf.</small> – [[Waxy-leaved nightshade]]<!-- = S. glaucum, S. malacoxylon -->
* ''[[Solanum glaucophyllum]]'' <small>Desf.</small> – Waxy-leaved nightshade<!-- = S. glaucum, S. malacoxylon -->
'''Section ''Pachyphylla'''''
'''Section ''Pachyphylla'''''
* ''[[Tamarillo|Solanum betaceum]]'' <small>Cav.</small> – Tamarillo
* ''[[Tamarillo|Solanum betaceum]]'' <small>Cav.</small> – Tamarillo
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* ''[[Solanum atropurpureum]]'' <small>Schrank</small> – [[Five-minute plant]]
* ''[[Solanum atropurpureum]]'' <small>Schrank</small> – [[Five-minute plant]]
* ''[[Solanum capsicoides]]'' – [[Cockroach berry]], ''polohauaiʻi'' ([[Polynesian language|Polynesian]])
* ''[[Solanum capsicoides]]'' – [[Cockroach berry]], ''polohauaiʻi'' ([[Polynesian language|Polynesian]])
* ''[[Solanum mammosum]]'' – [[Nipplefruit]], titty fruit, cow's udder, "[[Solanum mammosum|apple of Sodom]]"
* ''[[Solanum mammosum]]'' – [[Nipplefruit]], titty fruit, cow's udder, apple of Sodom
* ''[[Solanum palinacanthum]]'' <small>[[Michel Félix Dunal|Dunal]]</small><!-- Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14 (3) 285-287 -->
* ''[[Solanum palinacanthum]]'' <small>[[Michel Félix Dunal|Dunal]]</small><!-- Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14 (3) 285-287 -->
* ''[[Solanum viarum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – Tropical soda apple
* ''[[Solanum viarum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – Tropical soda apple
'''Section ''Androceras''''': 12 spp.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 2418419|title = Allozyme Variation and Evolution in Solanum Section Androceras|journal = Systematic Botany|volume = 4|issue = 3|pages = 203–222|last1 = Whalen|first1 = Michael D|doi = 10.2307/2418419|year = 1979}}</ref>
'''Section ''Androceras''''': 12 spp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whalen |first1=Michael D |year=1979 |title=Allozyme Variation and Evolution in Solanum Section Androceras |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=203–222 |doi=10.2307/2418419 |jstor=2418419}}</ref>
* Series ''Androceras''
* Series ''Androceras''
* Series ''Violaceiflorum''
* Series ''Violaceiflorum''
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'''Section ''Graciliflorum'''''{{Verify source|date=October 2008}}<br />
'''Section ''Graciliflorum'''''{{Verify source|date=October 2008}}<br />
'''Section ''Herposolanum'''''
'''Section ''Herposolanum'''''
* ''[[Solanum wendlandii]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> – [[Giant potatocreeper]]
* ''[[Solanum wendlandii]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> – Giant potatocreeper
'''Section ''Irenosolanum'''''
'''Section ''Irenosolanum'''''
* ''[[Solanum incompletum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – ''Pōpolo kū mai''<!-- "imcompletum" is lapsus --> ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
* ''[[Solanum incompletum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – ''Pōpolo kū mai''<!-- "imcompletum" is lapsus --> ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
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* ''[[Solanum campechiense]]'' – [[Redberry nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum campechiense]]'' – [[Redberry nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum carolinense]]'' <small></small> – [[Carolina horsenettle]], radical weed, sand brier, devil's tomato, "[[bull nettle]]", "tread-softly", "apple of Sodom", "wild tomato" ([[southeastern United States]])
* ''[[Solanum carolinense]]'' <small></small> – [[Carolina horsenettle]], radical weed, sand brier, devil's tomato, "[[bull nettle]]", "tread-softly", "apple of Sodom", "wild tomato" ([[southeastern United States]])
* ''[[Solanum cataphractum]]'' (northern [[Western Australia]], including [[Coronation Island (Western Australia)|Coronation Island]])<ref name="Electronic Flora of South Australia">{{cite web | title=Factsheet – Solanum cataphractum | website=Electronic Flora of South Australia | url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/efsa/lucid/Solanaceae/Solanum%20species/key/Australian%20Solanum%20species/Media/Html/Solanum_cataphractum.htm | access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum cataphractum]]'' (northern [[Western Australia]], including [[Coronation Island (Western Australia)|Coronation Island]])<ref name="Electronic Flora of South Australia">{{cite web |title=Factsheet – Solanum cataphractum |url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/efsa/lucid/Solanaceae/Solanum%20species/key/Australian%20Solanum%20species/Media/Html/Solanum_cataphractum.htm |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=Electronic Flora of South Australia}}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum citrullifolium]]'' <small>A.Braun</small> – Watermelon nightshade (southern [[United States]])
* ''[[Solanum citrullifolium]]'' <small>A.Braun</small> – Watermelon nightshade (southern [[United States]])
* ''[[Solanum dimidiatum]]'' <small>Raf.</small> – [[Torrey's nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum dimidiatum]]'' <small>Raf.</small> – [[Torrey's nightshade]]
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* ''[[Solanum heterodoxum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Melon-leaved nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum heterodoxum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Melon-leaved nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum incanum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Solanum incanum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Solanum linnaeanum]]'' – [[Devil's apple]], "[[Solanum linnaeanum|apple of Sodom]]"
* ''[[Solanum linnaeanum]]'' – [[Devil's apple]], apple of Sodom
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Solanum marginatum]]'' <small>L.f.</small> – [[White-margined nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum marginatum]]'' <small>L.f.</small> – [[White-margined nightshade]]
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'''Section ''Afrosolanum'''''<br />
'''Section ''Afrosolanum'''''<br />
'''Section ''Anarrhichomenum'''''
'''Section ''Anarrhichomenum'''''
* ''[[Solanum baretiae]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tepe | first1 = E. J. | last2 = Ridley | first2 = G. | last3 = Bohs | first3 = L. | title = A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany | journal = PhytoKeys | year = 2012 | issue = 8 | pages = 37–47 | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101 | pmc = 3254248 | pmid=22287929}}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum baretiae]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tepe |first1=E. J. |last2=Ridley |first2=G. |last3=Bohs |first3=L. |year=2012 |title=A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=8 |pages=37–47 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101 |pmc=3254248 |pmid=22287929 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
'''Section ''Archaesolanum'''''
'''Section ''Archaesolanum'''''
* ''[[Solanum aviculare]]'' – [[Poroporo]] (New Zealand), kangaroo apple (Australia)
* ''[[Solanum aviculare]]'' – [[Poroporo]] (New Zealand), kangaroo apple (Australia)
'''Section ''Basarthrum'''''
'''Section ''Basarthrum'''''
* ''[[Solanum catilliflorum]]''<ref name="AndersonMartine2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Martine | first2 = C. T. | last3 = Prohens | first3 = J. | last4 = Nuez | first4 = F. | title =''Solanum perlongistylum'' and ''S. catilliflorum'', New Endemic Peruvian Species of Solanum, Section Basarthrum, Are Close Relatives of the Domesticated Pepino, ''S. muricatum'' | journal = Novon | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | year = 2006 | pages = 161–67 | issn = 1055-3177 | doi = 10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[161:SPASCN]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid = 85629504 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/37293 }}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum catilliflorum]]''<ref name="AndersonMartine2006">{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=G. J. |last2=Martine |first2=C. T. |last3=Prohens |first3=J. |last4=Nuez |first4=F. |year=2006 |title=''Solanum perlongistylum'' and ''S. catilliflorum'', New Endemic Peruvian Species of Solanum, Section Basarthrum, Are Close Relatives of the Domesticated Pepino, ''S. muricatum'' |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/37293 |journal=Novon |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=161–67 |doi=10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[161:SPASCN]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1055-3177 |s2cid=85629504}}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum muricatum]]'' – Pepino dulce, pepino melon, melon pear, "pepino", "tree melon"
* ''[[Solanum muricatum]]'' – Pepino dulce, pepino melon, melon pear, "pepino", "tree melon"
* ''[[Solanum perlongistylum]]''<ref name="AndersonMartine2006"/>
* ''[[Solanum perlongistylum]]''<ref name="AndersonMartine2006" />
* ''[[Solanum tergosericeum]]''<ref name=ochoa>{{Cite journal | last = Ochoa | first = C. M. | title = ''Solanum tergosericeum'' (Solanaceae sect. Basarthrum): A new species from Peru | journal = Phytologia | year = 2006 | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 212–15 | url = http://www.phytologia.org/Phytologia%20PDFs/88%282%29pdfFiles/88%282%29212-215Ochoa.pdf | doi = 10.5962/bhl.part.27433 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum tergosericeum]]''<ref name="ochoa">{{Cite journal |last=Ochoa |first=C. M. |year=2006 |title=''Solanum tergosericeum'' (Solanaceae sect. Basarthrum): A new species from Peru |journal=Phytologia |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=212–15 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.27433 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
'''Section ''Benderianum'''''<br />
'''Section ''Benderianum'''''<br />
'''Section ''Brevantherum'''''
'''Section ''Brevantherum'''''
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'''Section ''Macronesiotes'''''<br />
'''Section ''Macronesiotes'''''<br />
'''Section ''Normania'''''<br />
'''Section ''Normania'''''
* †''[[Solanum nava]]'' (?)
* †''[[Solanum nava]]'' (?)
'''Section ''Petota'''''<!-- subsections Estolonifera and Potatoe -->
'''Section ''Petota'''''<!-- subsections Estolonifera and Potatoe -->
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* ''[[Solanum douglasii]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Green-spotted nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum douglasii]]'' <small>Dunal</small> – [[Green-spotted nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum interius]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Solanum interius]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* Solanum melongena L.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reina |first1=Antonio Maria MARTINEZ |last2=Zumaqué |first2=Lilibeth Tordecilla |last3=Martínez |first3=Liliana María Grandett |last4=Pinto |first4=María del Valle Rodríguez |date=2020-08-25 |title=Adopcion Adopción de la variedad de berenjena C015 (Solanum melongena L.) en la región Caribe colombiana: measuring adoption |url=https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencia_agricultura/article/view/11062 |journal=Ciencia y Agricultura |language=es |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.19053/01228420.v17.n3.2020.11062 |s2cid=225303476 |issn=2539-0899|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Solanum melongena L.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reina |first1=Antonio Maria MARTINEZ |last2=Zumaqué |first2=Lilibeth Tordecilla |last3=Martínez |first3=Liliana María Grandett |last4=Pinto |first4=María del Valle Rodríguez |date=2020-08-25 |title=Adopcion Adopción de la variedad de berenjena C015 (Solanum melongena L.) en la región Caribe colombiana: measuring adoption |url=https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencia_agricultura/article/view/11062 |journal=Ciencia y Agricultura |language=es |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.19053/01228420.v17.n3.2020.11062 |issn=2539-0899 |s2cid=225303476 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''[[Solanum nigrescens]]'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> – [[Divine nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum nigrescens]]'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small> – [[Divine nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[European black nightshade]], "[[black nightshade]]"
* ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[European black nightshade]], "[[black nightshade]]"
Line 292: Line 263:
[[File:Solanum furcatum I.JPG|thumb|right|[[Forked nightshade]] (''S. furcatum'')]]
[[File:Solanum furcatum I.JPG|thumb|right|[[Forked nightshade]] (''S. furcatum'')]]
[[File:Solanum umbelliferum Bluewitch.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bluewitch nightshade]] (''S. umbelliferum'') flowers]]
[[File:Solanum umbelliferum Bluewitch.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bluewitch nightshade]] (''S. umbelliferum'') flowers]]
*''[[Solanum abutiloides]]'' – Dwarf tamarillo
*''[[Solanum abutiloides]]'' – Dwarf tamarillo
*''[[Solanum amygdalifolium]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''[[Solanum amygdalifolium]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Solanum bellum]]''
* ''[[Solanum bellum]]''
Line 341: Line 312:
* ''[[Solanum trilobatum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Solanum trilobatum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Solanum umbelliferum]]'' – [[Bluewitch nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum umbelliferum]]'' – [[Bluewitch nightshade]]
* ''[[Solanum verrogeneum]]'' <small>Berengena</small>
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' <small>Ortega</small><!-- = S. racemosum Noronha, = Solanum nelsonii Zipp. ex Span. -->
* ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' <small>Ortega</small><!-- = S. racemosum Noronha, = Solanum nelsonii Zipp. ex Span. -->
* ''[[Solanum viride]]'' <small>Spreng.</small> – Green Nightshade<!-- [[Cultivar]] from Fiji: ''[[Solanum anthropophagorum]]'' <small>Seem.</small> -->
* ''[[Solanum viride]]'' <small>Spreng.</small> – Green Nightshade<!-- [[Cultivar]] from Fiji: ''[[Solanum anthropophagorum]]'' <small>Seem.</small> -->
Line 350: Line 320:
Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in ''Solanum'':
Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in ''Solanum'':
* ''[[Chamaesaracha coronopus]]'' (as ''S. coronopus'')
* ''[[Chamaesaracha coronopus]]'' (as ''S. coronopus'')
* ''[[Cordia alliodora]]'' (as ''S. mucronatum'')
* ''[[Lycianthes biflora]]'' (as ''S. multifidum'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don</small>)
* ''[[Lycianthes biflora]]'' (as ''S. multifidum'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don</small>)
* ''[[Lycianthes denticulata]]'' (as ''S. gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' and var. ''latifolium'')
* ''[[Lycianthes denticulata]]'' (as ''S. gouakai'' var. ''angustifolium'' and var. ''latifolium'')
Line 355: Line 326:
* ''[[Lycianthes mociniana]]'' (as ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Dunal in Poir.</small> and ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Sessé & Moc.</small>)
* ''[[Lycianthes mociniana]]'' (as ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Dunal in Poir.</small> and ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Sessé & Moc.</small>)
* ''[[Lycianthes rantonnetii]]'' (as ''S. rantonnetii'', ''S. urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' and var. ''typicum'')
* ''[[Lycianthes rantonnetii]]'' (as ''S. rantonnetii'', ''S. urbanum'' var. ''ovatifolium'' and var. ''typicum'')
* Undetermined species of ''[[Lycianthes]]'' have been referred to under names such as ''[[Solanum chrysophyllum|S. chrysophyllum]]'', ''S. ciliatum'' <small>Blume ex Miq.</small>, ''S. corniculatum'' <small>Hiern</small>, ''[[Solanum lanuginosum|S. lanuginosum]]'', ''[[Solanum mucronatum|S. mucronatum]]'', ''S. retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'', ''S. violaceum'' <small>Blume</small>, ''S. violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', ''S. virgatum'' notst ''β albiflorum'', ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Lag.</small> or ''S. uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.
* Undetermined species of ''[[Lycianthes]]'' have been referred to under names such as ''[[Solanum chrysophyllum|S. chrysophyllum]]'', ''S. ciliatum'' <small>Blume ex Miq.</small>, ''S. corniculatum'' <small>Hiern</small>, ''[[Solanum lanuginosum|S. lanuginosum]]'', ''S. retrofractum'' var. ''acuminatum'', ''S. violaceum'' <small>Blume</small>, ''S. violifolium'' f. ''typicum'', ''S. virgatum'' notst ''β albiflorum'', ''S. uniflorum'' <small>Lag.</small> or ''S. uniflorum'' var. ''berterianum''.

⚫
== Ecology ==
⚫
''Solanum'' species are used as food plants by the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species ([[Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s).

==Toxicity==
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are [[poison]]ous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), with some species even being deadly.

== Uses ==
⚫
Many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as [[fruit]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], or [[tuber]]s. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
⚫
* [[Tomato]], ''S. lycopersicum''
⚫
** Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both ''S. lycopersicum'' and wild tomato species such as ''S. pimpinellifolium'', ''S. peruvianum'', ''S. cheesmanii'', ''S. galapagense'', ''S. chilense'', etc. (such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/purple-tomato-debuts-indigo-rose |title=Purple tomato debuts as 'Indigo Rose' | work = Extension Service |publisher= Oregon state university |date= 2012-01-27|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/ |title= Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America &#124; Cucurbit Breeding |publisher= NCSU |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Potato]], ''S. tuberosum'', fourth largest food crop.
⚫
** Less important but cultured relatives used in small amounts include ''S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum''.
⚫
* [[Eggplant]] (also known as brinjal or aubergine), ''S. melongena''

⚫
Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant or [[scarlet eggplant|gilo]] (''[[Solanum aethiopicum|S. aethiopicum]]''), naranjilla or lulo (''[[S. quitoense]]''), Turkey berry (''[[Solanum torvum|S. torvum]]''), pepino or pepino melon (''[[Solanum muricatum|S. muricatum]]''), Tamarillo (''[[Tamarillo|S. betaceum]]''), wolf apple (''[[Solanum lycocarpum|S. lycocarpum]]''), garden huckleberry (''[[Solanum scabrum|S. scabrum]]'') and "[[bush tomato]]es" (several [[Australia]]n species).

⚫
=== Ornamentals ===
⚫
The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:
⚫
*''[[Solanum aviculare|S. aviculare]]'' (kangaroo apple)
⚫
*''[[Solanum capsicastrum|S. capsicastrum]]'' (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
⚫
*''[[Solanum crispum|S. crispum]]'' (Chilean potato tree)
⚫
*''[[Solanum laciniatum|S. laciniatum]]'' (kangaroo apple)
⚫
*''[[Solanum laxum|S. laxum]]'' (potato vine)
*''[[Solanum mammosum|S. mammosum]]'' (Nipplefruit, titty fruit, cow's udder, apple of Sodom)
⚫
*''[[Solanum pseudocapsicum|S. pseudocapsicum]]'' (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
⚫
*''[[Solanum rantonnetii|S. rantonnetii]]'' (blue potato bush)
⚫
*''[[Solanum seaforthianum|S. seaforthianum]]'' (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)
⚫
*''[[Solanum mauritianum|S. mauritianum]]'' (woolly nightshade, earleaf nightshade)
⚫
*''[[Solanum wendlandii|S. wendlandii]]'' (paradise flower, potato vine)<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|page=1136}}</ref>

⚫
=== Medicine ===
⚫
Several species are locally used in [[folk medicine]], particularly by native people who have long employed them.


==References==
==References==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q146555}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146555}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Solanum| ]]
[[Category:Solanum| ]]

Latest revision as of 00:17, 7 May 2024

For other uses, see Solanum (disambiguation).
"Horsenettle" and variants redirect here. If used for a particular species, this name usually applies to the Carolina horsenettle (S. carolinense)

Solanum
Brazilian nightshade (Solanum seaforthianum)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Solanoideae
Tribe: Solaneae
Genus: Solanum
L.[1]
Type species
Solanum nigrum L.[2]
Subgenera

Bassovia
Leptostemonum
Lyciosolanum
Solanum
(but see text)

Synonyms

Androcera Nutt.
Aquartia Jacq.
Artorhiza Raf.
Bassovia Aubl.
Battata Hill
Bosleria A.Nelson
Ceranthera Raf.
Cliocarpus Miers
Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn.
Diamonon Raf.
Dulcamara Moench
Lycopersicon Mill.
Melongena Mill.
Normania Lowe
Nycterium Vent.
Ovaria Fabr.
Parmentiera Raf. (non DC.: preoccupied)
Petagnia Raf.
Pionandra Miers
Pheliandra Werderm.
Pseudocapsicum Medik.
Scubulus Raf.
Solanastrum Fabr.
Solanocharis Bitter
Solanopsis Bitter
Triguera Cav.

Unripe fruit of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles (unrelated to the genus of true nettles, Urtica), as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.

Solanum species show a wide range of growth habits, such as annuals and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon (the tomatoes) and Cyphomandra are now included in Solanum as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000 species.

Name[edit]

The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) for a plant also known as strychnos, most likely S. nigrum. Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the Latin word sol, meaning "sun", referring to its status as a plant of the sun.[3]

Species having the common name "nightshade"[edit]

The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara, also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a (scandent) shrub). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being solanine, which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully-ripened fruit and its foliage are both cooked and eaten in some areas. Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) belongs, like Solanum, to subfamily Solanoideae of the nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanum belongs to tribe Solaneae).[4] The chemistry of Atropa species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic tropane alkaloids, the best-known of which is atropine.[5]

Taxonomy[edit]

See also: List of Solanum species

The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[6] Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.

The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.[6] Many of the subgenera and sections might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.

Cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis and the old genus Cyphomandra.[1]

Subgenus Bassovia[edit]

Section Allophylla

Section Cyphomandropsis

Section Pachyphylla

Subgenus Leptostemonum[edit]

Five-minute plant (S. atropurpureum) fruit
Solanum palinacanthum
Shrubby nightshade (S. robustum) flowers
Giant potatocreeper (S. wendlandii) flowers
Porcupine tomato (S. pyracanthos) fruit

Section Acanthophora

Section Androceras: 12 spp.[7]

  • Series Androceras
  • Series Violaceiflorum
  • Series Pacificum

Section Anisantherum
Section Campanulata
Section Crinitum
Section Croatianum
Section Erythrotrichum

Section Graciliflorum[verification needed]
Section Herposolanum

Section Irenosolanum

Section Ischyracanthum
Section Lasiocarpa

Section Melongena

Section Micracantha

Section Monodolichopus
Section Nycterium
Section Oliganthes

Section Persicariae

Section Polytrichum
Section Pugiunculifera
Section Somalanum
Section Torva

Subgenus Lyciosolanum[edit]

Subgenus Solanum sensu stricto[edit]

Solanum erianthum
Jasmine nightshade (S. laxum) flowers
Currant tomato (S. pimpinellifolium) fruit
Andean black potatoes (S. tuberosum)
Turkey berry (S. torvum) flowers
Yellow nightshade (S. villosum) fruit

Section Afrosolanum
Section Anarrhichomenum

Section Archaesolanum

Section Basarthrum

Section Benderianum
Section Brevantherum

Section Dulcamara

Section Herpystichum
Section Holophylla

Section Juglandifolia

Section Lemurisolanum
Section Lycopersicoides

Section Lycopersicon

Section Macronesiotes
Section Normania

Section Petota

Section Pteroidea
Section Quadrangulare
Section Regmandra
Section Solanum

Other notable species[edit]

Forked nightshade (S. furcatum)
Bluewitch nightshade (S. umbelliferum) flowers

Formerly placed here[edit]

Lycianthes rantonnetii and its congeners were often placed in Solanum

Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in Solanum:

Ecology[edit]

Solanum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths).

Toxicity[edit]

Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are poisonous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), with some species even being deadly.

Uses[edit]

Many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as fruits, leaves, or tubers. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:

  • Tomato, S. lycopersicum
    • Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both S. lycopersicum and wild tomato species such as S. pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. cheesmanii, S. galapagense, S. chilense, etc. (such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,[13] Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)[14]
  • Potato, S. tuberosum, fourth largest food crop.
    • Less important but cultured relatives used in small amounts include S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, S. ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum.
  • Eggplant (also known as brinjal or aubergine), S. melongena

Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant or gilo (S. aethiopicum), naranjilla or lulo (S. quitoense), Turkey berry (S. torvum), pepino or pepino melon (S. muricatum), Tamarillo (S. betaceum), wolf apple (S. lycocarpum), garden huckleberry (S. scabrum) and "bush tomatoes" (several Australian species).

Ornamentals[edit]

The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:

Medicine[edit]

Several species are locally used in folk medicine, particularly by native people who have long employed them.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Solanum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
  2. ^ Solanum | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/30000630-2
  3. ^ Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Vol. 4, R-Z. Taylor and Francis. p. 2058. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
  4. ^ Armando T. Hunziker 2001: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein. ISBN 3-904144-77-4.
  5. ^ Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen. 1984 A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists transl. from 2nd German ed. by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : Wolfe Atlases. Wolfe Publishing.
  6. ^ a b "Solanum Phylogeny". Solanaceae Source. Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  7. ^ Whalen, Michael D (1979). "Allozyme Variation and Evolution in Solanum Section Androceras". Systematic Botany. 4 (3): 203–222. doi:10.2307/2418419. JSTOR 2418419.
  8. ^ "Factsheet – Solanum cataphractum". Electronic Flora of South Australia. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  9. ^ Tepe, E. J.; Ridley, G.; Bohs, L. (2012). "A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany". PhytoKeys (8): 37–47. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101. PMC 3254248. PMID 22287929.
  10. ^ a b Anderson, G. J.; Martine, C. T.; Prohens, J.; Nuez, F. (2006). "Solanum perlongistylum and S. catilliflorum, New Endemic Peruvian Species of Solanum, Section Basarthrum, Are Close Relatives of the Domesticated Pepino, S. muricatum". Novon. 16 (2): 161–67. doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[161:SPASCN]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1055-3177. S2CID 85629504.
  11. ^ Ochoa, C. M. (2006). "Solanum tergosericeum (Solanaceae sect. Basarthrum): A new species from Peru". Phytologia. 88 (2): 212–15. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.27433.
  12. ^ Reina, Antonio Maria MARTINEZ; Zumaqué, Lilibeth Tordecilla; Martínez, Liliana María Grandett; Pinto, María del Valle Rodríguez (2020-08-25). "Adopcion Adopción de la variedad de berenjena C015 (Solanum melongena L.) en la región Caribe colombiana: measuring adoption". Ciencia y Agricultura (in Spanish). 17 (3): 1–10. doi:10.19053/01228420.v17.n3.2020.11062. ISSN 2539-0899. S2CID 225303476.
  13. ^ "Purple tomato debuts as 'Indigo Rose'". Extension Service. Oregon state university. 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
  14. ^ "Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America | Cucurbit Breeding". NCSU. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
  15. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solanum&oldid=1222624630"