Lycianthes

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Lycianthes
Lycianthes rantonnetii

Lycianthes rantonnetii

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Nightshade (Solanales)
Family : Nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Subfamily : Solanoideae
Tribe : Capsiceae
Genre : Lycianthes
Scientific name
Lycianthes
( Dunal ) Hassl.

Lycianthes is a genus inthe nightshade family (Solanaceae). The approximately 150 species have long beencounted amongthe nightshade ( Solanum ), but have beenconsidered an independent genussince the extensive investigations by William D'Arcy (1973, 1986).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Habit of Lycianthes rantonnetii

The representatives of the genus Lycianthes are mostly shrubs that grow upright, creeping or climbing. Sometimes they are trees or climbing plants , only rarely are they perennial, herbaceous plants . Then they grow upright, prostrate or bowed down and drive roots from the nodes or form rhizomes or tubers as persistence organs. They reach heights of (in extreme cases only 0.15) 1 to 3 (in extreme cases up to 8) meters, the leaves and young shoots are hairy or hairless and sometimes become prickly. The trichomes are simple, branched, or tree-shaped.

The leaves stand individually or unevenly in pairs or they appear tuft-like due to the short internodes . The leaf blades are ovate, narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptical, sometimes inverted ovate or linear. The base is pointed or heart-shaped, the tip is pointed or long. The leaf blades are (2) 7 to 19 (23) inches long and (1) 3 to 8 (15) inches wide; If the leaves are unevenly paired, the smaller leaf is barely (1) 2 to 5 (9) centimeters long and (0.5) 1.5 to 3 centimeters wide. The petioles are (2) 10 to 20 (40) millimeters long, in exceptional cases the leaves are almost or completely sessile or have long petioles up to 17 centimeters long.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescences are in the axils or, due to concealment, outside the leaf axils, they are mostly sessile or very short-stemmed clusters of (2) 4 to 10 (20) flowers or also single flowers. The flower stalks are (5) 10 to 25 (45) millimeters or up to 100 millimeters long. The flowers are either blooming during the day and not fragrant, or blooming at night and have a sweet smell. The inflorescence is usually five-fold, in exceptional cases four-fold. The calyx is cup-shaped, about 2.2 to 3 (4) millimeters long, the edge is entire and provided with five or ten linear, uniform or irregular teeth or appendages of up to 5 millimeters in length. The white, blue or purple crown is wheel-shaped, 7 to 18 millimeters long, the edge is almost entire, pentagonal or deeply incised. The resulting petal lobes can be shorter or longer than the fused part.

The Androeceum consists of five stamens , in exceptional cases only four stamens are formed by some individuals. They are usually of different shapes in two or three different lengths, but sometimes they are also of the same length. Often they stand together in a cone, they can be hairy or hairless. The stamens have grown together near the base of the crown, where a continuous ring is formed that has grown together with the crown. If stamens of different lengths appear, there are both stamens within a flower that are longer than the anthers, as well as shorter ones; these shorter ones are often bumpy at the base. The stamens attach to the base of the anthers . The anthers are inclined close together or are fused to form a column. They usually have a length of (1.4) 2.5 to 3 (3.5) millimeters, are rarely longer and then 4 to 6 (9) millimeters long. They open through fine pores at the tip or slightly below the tip. The relatively small pollen grains with a diameter of 14.5 to 16.5 micrometers are trizonocolpat (the three germ folds are on the pollen equator), the pollen grain wall ( exine ) is finely prickly. The individual spines are less than 0.4 micrometers in length.

The gynoecium is smooth, the ovary is spherical to egg-shaped, conical or almost cylindrical. No nectaries are formed. The stylus is inversely pfriemförmig, the tip is inclined to the shorter stamens out. The scar is indented, disc-shaped or saddle-shaped.

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are indented spherical, ovate-elliptical or pear-shaped berries . They are usually a little longer than they are wide and are 7 to 22 (32) millimeters long or up to 75 × 19 millimeters in size. The tip of the fruit is pointed, the fruit stalk is occasionally bent. The usually red, orange or yellow pericarp is juicy. The endocarp usually grows towards the placenta and thus forms pockets typical of the genus, in which the seeds sit individually. The fruits rarely contain up to eight stone pits with one to two seeds, as in Lycianthes lycioides . Often, but not always, the fruits contain one to 20 stone bodies ( sclerosomes ). Each fruit contains (2) 8 to 100 (120) seeds . These are usually disc-shaped or almost kidney-shaped, and have a length of (0.8) 1.5 to 3.5 (5) millimeters. They are slightly or heavily indented, and sometimes they are relatively thick. The surface is finely grained, the embryo is rolled, the cotyledons are almost as long as the rest of the embryo. The endosperm is abundant.

Other specifications

A base chromosome number of was found in five examined species . So far only a few studies on the ingredients of the Lycianthes are available. The species examined contained alkaloids that are similar in composition to other nightshade plants.

distribution

The range of most species of the genus is neotropical . The main distribution area of ​​the genus is in Mexico and Central America . Few species are present in the West Indies . In South America , most species are found in the Andes of Venezuela and Colombia and in areas south of them. 32 species are native to Peru alone . In Brazil the distribution is less strong, here only ten species are found in the east. The genus is even less common in Argentina , where only five species can be found. Around 20 species are native to southeast Asia , but they are absent in Australia and Africa .

Danger

The IUCN lists the two Ecuadorian species Lycianthes hypochrysea as endangered ( Vulnerable ) and Lycianthes rimbachii as endangered ( Endangered ) in its Red List of Endangered Species .

Systematics

External system

In the systematics of the nightshade family, the genus Lycianthes counts as a typical representative of the subfamily Solanoideae. While William D'Arcy's systematic classifies the genus in a relatively large tribe Solaneae , Armando Hunziker divides it into sub- tribus . The Lycianthes are placed in this classification in the sub-tribus Solaninae, although Hunziker mentions the morphologically and phylogenetically justified proximity to the peppers ( Capsicum ), which would indicate a classification in the sub-tribus Capsicinae. Only in the phylogenetically based system of Richard Olmstead do the peppers ( Capsicum ) and the Lycianthes together form the tribe Capsiceae.

The following two cladograms show possible external relationships of the Lycianthes . The first cladogram by Richard Olmstead is an excerpt from the cladogram for the systematics of the entire nightshade family (Solanaceae) and dates from 1999, the second cladogram is based on an investigation of the relationships within and outside of the nightshade genus ( Solanum ) and was Created in 2005 by Lynn Bohs .




 Subfamily Physaleae


   

 Capsicum


   

 Lycianthes




   

 Solanum


   

 Yaltomata




Simplified after




 Yaltomata


   

 Solanum


   

 Capsicum


   

 Lycianthes





   

 Subfamily Physaleae



Simplified after

Internal system

About 150 species are distinguished in the genus Lycianthes . As early as 1920, Bitter presented a division into sub-genres, sections and series that is still valid today:

  • Subgenus Lycianthes : They have fruits with seeds enclosed by kernels.
    • Section Lycianthes : They are upright, woody shrubs; the flowers are diurnal and the anthers are of unequal length (3 + 2).
  • Subgenus Polymeris : They form fruits with many seeds that are not surrounded by pips; occasionally stone cells appear in the fruits.
    • Section Asaropis : They are prostrate plants with heart-shaped leaves and single flowers. The stamens are equally long; Stone cells in the fruits are missing.
    • Polymeris section : They are shrubs or climbing plants with night-blooming flowers in clusters. The calyx has ten teeth in two unequal rows. The anthers are of unequal length (4 + 1); Stone cells are often present in the fruits.
      • Oligochondra series : They are tall, creeping or upright, small shrubs with night-blooming flowers in clusters. The fruits, which are often provided with stone cells, are drooping.
      • Virgatae series : They are flat, trailing plants with night-blooming flowers in clusters. The fruits without stone cells are drooping.
    • Section Simplicipila : They are subshrubs with day-flowering flowers in clusters. The stamens are equally long; the fruits stand upright, stone cells may or may not be present.

Selection of types:

Botanical history

Already in 1767 described Linnaeus with Solanum lycioides a way that today the genus Lycianthes is counted and considered as the type species. In 1852 Michel Félix Dunal named a subsection within the nightshade ( Solanum ) for the first time as Lycianthes , which were later classified as a section by Richard Wettstein in 1891 and as a subgenus by Georg Bitter in 1917 . Also in 1917, Émile Hassler suggested excluding Solanum lycioides from the genus Solanum , as the seeds of this species were untypically enclosed by a core. Through this work, the Lycianthes were first described as a genus. As early as 1920 Georg Bitter published a monograph on this genus, in which he expanded it to over 100 species, although he also included species that lacked the core in the fruit. In two papers from 1973 and 1986, William D'Arcy examined the morphology of the calyx of the Lycianthes and related genera and came to the conclusion that the status as an independent genus of the Lycianthes is justified. He also concluded that, contrary to previously assumed, the genus should be positioned closer to the peppers ( Capsicum ) than to the nightshade ( Solanum ). This assumption was confirmed by phylogenetic studies.

use

The fruits of some species are occasionally eaten as fruit. In Venezuela, the fruits of Lycianthes moziniana can be found in markets, the fruits of other types are sold in Mexico, among other places. The species Lycianthes asariflora also provides edible fruits, but these are rarely traded on markets.

The species Lycianthes rantonnetii is a common ornamental plant in high-lying tropical gardens.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae . ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. ISBN 978-3-904144-77-3 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Carmen Benítez de Rojas, William D'Arcy: The Genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Venezuela . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 84, 1997. Pages 167-200.
  3. ↑ Lycianthes in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010.4. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  4. ↑ See JAM van Balken: Overview of Solanaceae Species ( Memento of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) , online
  5. ↑ a b RG Olmstead et al .: Phylogeny and Provisional Classification of the Solanaceae Based on Chloroplast DNA (PDF; 131 kB) . In Solanaceae IV, Advances in Biology and Utilization , editors: M. Nee, DE Symon, JP Jessup, and JG Hawkes, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1999. Pages 111-137
  6. ↑ Lynn Bohs: Major Clades in Solanum based on ndhF Sequence Data . In: V. Hollowell et al. (Editors): Solanaceae: William G. D'Arcy Memorial , Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2005. Pages 27-49.
  7. ^ GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Species Records of Lycianthes . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area, accessed September 26, 2011 (English, incomplete list of species).
  8. ^ The Plant List. A working list of all plant species. January 1, 2010, accessed on September 26, 2011 (English, Lycianthes - assessment of species names and synonyms with regard to the degree of probability of their validity with further links).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l C. Lauterbach / Georg Bitter: Contributions to the flora of Papuasia, VI. In: A. Engler (Hrsg.): Botanical year books for systematics, plant history and plant geography . tape 55 , no. 1 . Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1919, The Papuan species of Solanum / Subgenus III. Lycianthes (Dun.) Bitt., P. 89–113 ( online species of the subgenus Lycianthes in the genus Solanum , which are now assigned to the genus Lycianthes ; scanned at www.biodiversitylibrary.org).
  10. ↑ a b c Leonard Co: Solanaceae. Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassler. In: Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. 2011, accessed January 26, 2012 .
  11. ↑ Lycianthes bullata. Plant name details. In: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved September 27, 2011 .
  12. ↑ a b CL flower: Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië . Ed .: Ter Lands Drukkerij. tape 13 . Batavia, S. 697 (Latin, online - 1825-1826, digitized from Biodiversity Heritage Library).
  13. ↑ a b c d Lycianthes . Subordinate taxa. In: Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed March 2, 2012 .
  14. ^ Otto Warburg: Contributions to the knowledge of the Papuan flora . In: A.Engler (Hrsg.): Botanical year books for systematics, plant history and plant geography . tape 13 . Leipzig 1891, p. 415-416 (Latin, [1] - digitized at Biodiversity Heritage Library).

Web links

Commons : Lycianthes  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Lycianthes entry in the W3Tropicos database (English)
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on January 23, 2008 .