Yaltomata
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Jaltomata is a genus of plants inthe nightshade family (Solanaceae). The approximately 60 known species are common in the Neotropic . The fruits of some species areeatenas fruit .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Jaltomata species are persistent , herbaceous or shrub- growing and sometimes climbing plants with a stature height of usually 1 to 2 m, in exceptional cases up to 5 m. The stem axis is usually hollow, flattened round or square to pentagonal.
The leaves are sometimes arranged in pairs or in whorls and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. Often the 5 to 25 mm long petioles are asymmetrical on the leaf blade. The leaf blades are ovate and occasionally elliptical or ovate-elliptical. They usually have a length of 9.5 to 15 cm and a width of 5.5 to 8.5 cm, sometimes they are significantly smaller and then 3.5 to 6 cm × 2.5 to 4 cm in size. They are entire, slightly wavy or serrated, the tip of the leaf is pointed, the base of the blade is truncated and blunt or wedge-shaped.
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences sit individually in the leaf axils or arise from a dichotom and consist of two to three or even up to 12 to 18 umbel-shaped flowers.
The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The chalice is five-lobed or five-part, inverted-conical and wheel-shaped. The calyx lobes are usually oval-triangular or triangular in shape, wider than long or just as wide as long, mostly longer than the tube. Within the genus there are species with whitish, green, pale yellow, violet or blue crowns , sometimes they are also two-colored with violet or pink; the shape of the crowns varies between wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, tubular and, for one species, urn-shaped. The crown has a diameter of usually 14 to 25 (less often 10 to 35) mm and is 2 to 2.7 cm long. On the corolla tube there are usually ten corolla lobes, five lobes are slightly larger, but usually shorter than the tube. Alternating with this are five shorter corolla lobes, which sometimes can be very inconspicuous or not pronounced. The flowers of some species close at night.
The stamens of a flower are built the same in all species, only exception is jaltomata repanidentata longer with two stamens, the anthers are also increased. The stamens can be of the same length or almost the same length, or they can have two distinctly different lengths. In the vicinity of the flower base, the stamens thicken so that they unite to form a ring, where they are sometimes very hairy. The anthers are usually 1 to 2.7 (0.8 to 3) mm long; the pollen grains are medium-sized with 26 to 36 µm. The ovary contains numerous ovules . The ring-shaped nectaries secrete a yellowish, orange or red nectar. On the pen sits a nearly round, indented or slightly bilobar carpel .
All examined species of the genus are self-compatible . Many species of the genus have protogynous (pre-female) flowers. The anthers remain closed on the first day of flowering, they only open on the second day. In some species, the stamens elongate between these two phases so that they are lifted up to form a stigma.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits of Jaltomata are round or flattened round, juicy berries with small, (3) 5 to 9 mm large or larger, mostly 14 to 23 (10 to 25) mm large fruits. The ripe fruits can be purple, black, green, orange, red or yellow, and are almost enclosed by the greatly enlarged calyx. There are 70 to 180 seeds in one berry. The kidney-shaped to almost round seeds have a size of (0.8) 1.4 to 2 mm. The embryo in the semen is strongly curved.
Systematics
Botanical history
The genus Jaltomata was first described in 1838 by Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal as a genus with a single species Jaltomata edulis , but one year later it was also subordinated to the genus Saracha by Schlechtendal . It was not until 1973 that JL Gentry recognized the genus status again, at the same time he recognized that the species described by Schlechtendal as Jaltomata edulis had already been introduced by Antonio José Cavanilles as Atropa procumbens . The correct name of the species is therefore Jaltomata procumbens .
Many other species today assigned to the genus were initially classified under other genera. For example, the genus Saracha, introduced by Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón in 1799, contained some species that are now counted as part of Jaltomata . Due to later nomenclature errors by John Miers , some of these species were also listed as Witheringia . In addition, Miers introduced a new genus Hebecladus , in which species described by Ruiz and Pavon in 1799 as Atropa were classified. However, more recent work includes the genus Hebecladus in Jaltomata . As a result of these differing views on the scope of the genus and the discovery of a large number of new species, the number of recognized species within the genus has increased significantly. In 1979, William D'Arcy counted only four species in the genus, in 1991 already ten, currently over 60 species, some of which have not yet been officially described, are counted in the genus.
External system
As with other genera of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), the classification of the genus Jaltomata within the family is not completely clear. From D'Arcy Jaltomata is classified within the nightshade family in the tribe Solaneae ; the subtribe Physalinae , to which the Physalis also belong, is initially given as the sub-tribus due to the enlarged sepals . However, through morphological investigations, Hunziker came to the conclusion that this assignment could not be correct, he placed the genus in the subtribe Witheringinae .
Phylogenetic studies also determine that the suspected close relationship to Physalis is not given. Olmstead placed in its phylogenetically-based scheme of the nightshade family, the genus jaltomata in the tribe Solaneae while the genus Physalis the subtribe Physalinae is assigned to the tribe Physaleae.
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Morphologically, the representatives of the genus Jaltomata differ from species of the sister genus Solanum mainly in that the anthers open to the side (in Solanum through pores at the tips of the anthers) and the appearance of nectar. These differences are likely due to different pollinators.
Internal system
A current revision of the genus Yaltomata and thus a complete list of species is not available. The following list corresponds to the validly described species on the list compiled by Thomas Mione on his homepage. Types and combinations not yet validly described have been omitted, newer publications have been added.
Flower Jaltomata weberbaueri from Collection Mione, Leiva & Yacher 725
Flowers Jaltomata yacheri from Collection Mione, Leiva & Yacher 737
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Phylogenetic studies have identified three clades within the genus, which can be morphologically separated from each other mainly by the color of the fruit:
- In the first clade, which is a sister clade to the rest of the genus, there are species with red fruits, a semi-shrubby habit and a woody base. These include Jaltomata antillana and Jaltomata auriculata , as well as probably the species Jaltomata sanctae-mertae not yet included in the investigations .
- The second clade has black or purple fruits. The exception is a green-fruited, not yet described species from Mexico, which is close to Jaltomata procumbens . The investigation also included the species Jaltomata bohsiana , Jaltomata chihuahuensis , Jaltomata darcyana , Jaltomata grandiflora , Jaltomata procumbens , Jaltomata repandidentata and a hitherto undescribed species with a yellow crown in this clade .
- By far the largest clade is formed by shrubby species with orange-colored fruits, mainly native to South America, whereby the characteristic of green fruits has also been pronounced twice here. Within the clade there is great variability in terms of the shape and color of the crown and the color of the nectar.
Occurrence
The distribution area of the Yaltomata species extends from southeastern Arizona ( USA ) to southern Bolivia , they can be found on three of the Galapagos Islands and the Greater Antilles . The majority of the species is native to the Andes , the distribution area of the most common species Jaltomata repanidentata extends from Mexico to Bolivia. At least six species occur in the Loma Formations - extremely dry desert areas only moistened by the mists rising up from the Pacific Ocean - most of these species are endemic there .
use
The fruits of various species of the genus are eaten as fruit and can be found in Mexican markets. The leaves of the plants are sometimes cooked and eaten like spinach or used as fodder. Some herbarium records also refer to a medicinal use of the plants.
literature
- Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Thomas Mione: Protogyny in the genus Jaltomata (Solanaceae) ( Memento of the original from May 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Thomas Mione: Jaltomata Nomenclatural History ( Memento of the original of November 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved July 17, 2007.
- ↑ a b c d Ryan J. Miller, Thomas Mione, Hanh-La Phan and Richard G. Olmstead: Color by Numbers: Nuclear Gene Phylogeny of Jaltomata (Solanaceae), Sister Genus to Solanum, Supports Three Clades Differing in Fruit Color. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 36, Number 1, 2011. pp. 153-162. doi : 10.1600 / 036364411X553243 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Thomas Mione: Species List ( Memento of the original from April 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 16, 2012.
- ↑ See Hunziker, page 198.
- ↑ RG Olmstead et al .: Phylogeny and Provisional Classification of the Solanaceae Based on Chloroplast DNA (PDF; 131 kB). In: M. Nee, DE Symon, RN Lester & JP Jessop (editors): Solanaceae IV , Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 1999. Pages 111-137.
- ↑ Thomas Mione, Segundo Leiva G., Leon Yacher and Alison M. Cameron: Jaltomata Atiquipa (Solanaceae): A new Species of Southern Peru. In: Phytologia , Volume 93, Number 2, August 2011. pp. 203-207.
- ^ A b Thomas Mione and David M. Spooner: Jaltomata bohsiana: A New Species and Key to the Jaltomata (Solanaceae) of Mexico. In: Novon , Volume 20, 2010, pp. 186-189.
- ↑ a b c Segundo Leiva González, Thomas Mione and León Yacher: Tres nuevas especies de Jaltomata Schlechtendal (Solanaceae) del Norte del Perú. In: Arnaldoa , Volume 14, Number 1, 2007, pp. 29-44.
- ^ A b Segundo Leiva González, Thomas Mione and León Yacher: Dos nuevas especies de Jaltomata Schlechtendal (Solanaceae) del Norte del Perú . In: Arnaldoa , Volume 15, Number 2, 2008. pp. 185-196.
- ↑ Thomas Mione and Segundo Leiva Gonzalez: Transfer of Saracha weberbaueri Dammer subspecies pallascana Bitter, also known as Saracha pallascana (Bitter) Macbride, to Jaltomata pallascana (Bitter) Mione (Solanaceae). In: Arnoldoa , Volume 15, Number 2, 2008. pp. 285-288.
- ↑ Segundo Leiva González, Thomas Mione and León Yacher: Jaltomata parviflora (Solanaceae) una nueva especie del Norte del Perú. In: Arnaldoa , Volume 17, Number 1, 2010. pp. 33-39.
- ^ Thomas Mione, Segundo Leiva G. and Leon Yacher: Jaltomata spooneri (Solanaceae): A new species of Southern Peru. In: Phytologia , Volume 95, Number 2, May 2013. pp. 167-171.
- ↑ Thomas Mione: Geographic Distribution of the genus Jaltomata ( Memento of the original of February 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved February 25, 2007.
- ↑ Edible Jaltomatas on web.ccsu.edu , accessed November 25, 2016.
Web links
- Jaltomata research - Jaltomata website by Prof. Thomas Mione (English)