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In 899 the [[Qarmatians]] conquered the region with the oases of Qatif and [[Al-Hasa]]. They declared themselves independent and reigned from al-Mu'miniya near modern [[Hofuf]] until 1071.<ref name="Facey">William Facey, ''The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia'', 1994, ISBN 1 900988 18 6</ref> The [[Buyid]]s of western [[Persia]] raided Qatif in 988. From 1071 until 1253 the [[Uyunids]] ruled the region first from the city of "al-Hasa" (predecessor to modern Hofuf) and later from Qatif. In 1253 the [[Usfurid]]s rose from Al-Hasa and ruled during the struggle of Qays with the [[Ormus|Hormuz]] for control of the coast. Probably at about this time, Qatif became the main port for the mainland surpassing '[[Uqair]] in importance for the trade and thus became the capital of the Usfurids.<ref name="Facey" /> [[Ibn Battuta]], visited Qatif in 1331 and found it a large and prosperous city inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is" (rafidiyya [[Ghulat]])<ref>-which is not.Ibn Battuta, Rihla Ibn Battuta Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1964 pp. 279-80</ref>. Power shifted in 1440 to the [[Jabrid]]s of the Al-Hasa oasis. In 1515 the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] conquered Hormuz and sacked Qatif in 1520, killing the Jabrid ruler [[Muqrin ibn Zamil]].<ref name="Facey" /> The Portuguese invaded the island of [[History_of_Bahrain#Bahrain_as_a_Portuguese_dominion|Bahrain]] and stayed there for the next eighty years. The ruler of Basra extended his power to Qatif in 1524 but ultimately in 1549 the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] took over the whole region, building forts at Qatif<ref>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197405/al-hasa-outpost.of.empire.htm Saudi Aramco World Vol.25 #5, sept/okt 1974]</ref> and 'Uqair, though they could not expel the Portuguese from the island of Bahrain.<ref name="Facey" /> In 1680 the Al Humayd of the [[Banu Khalid]] took the by now weak garrison of the Ottomans in Hofuf. In a battle at Ghuraymil, south of Qatif, the Banu Khalid lost their rule to the new "[[First Saudi State]]" in 1790. In 1818 the Saudi State was destroyed in the [[Ottoman-Saudi War]] and the commander of the mostly Egyptian troops, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], took control of Hofuf, only to evacuate it the next year and return to the west coast. The Humayd regained control until the Banu Khalid were finally defeated in 1830 by the "Second Saudi State" who now took control of the whole region. The Ottomans moved in again in 1871 not to be expelled until 1913 when [[Ibn Saud]] finally established the Saudi rule in the [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
In 899 the [[Qarmatians]] conquered the region with the oases of Qatif and [[Al-Hasa]]. They declared themselves independent and reigned from al-Mu'miniya near modern [[Hofuf]] until 1071.<ref name="Facey">William Facey, ''The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia'', 1994, ISBN 1 900988 18 6</ref> The [[Buyid]]s of western [[Persia]] raided Qatif in 988. From 1071 until 1253 the [[Uyunids]] ruled the region first from the city of "al-Hasa" (predecessor to modern Hofuf) and later from Qatif. In 1253 the [[Usfurid]]s rose from Al-Hasa and ruled during the struggle of Qays with the [[Ormus|Hormuz]] for control of the coast. Probably at about this time, Qatif became the main port for the mainland surpassing '[[Uqair]] in importance for the trade and thus became the capital of the Usfurids.<ref name="Facey" /> [[Ibn Battuta]], visited Qatif in 1331 and found it a large and prosperous city inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is" (rafidiyya [[Ghulat]])<ref>-which is not.Ibn Battuta, Rihla Ibn Battuta Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1964 pp. 279-80</ref>. Power shifted in 1440 to the [[Jabrid]]s of the Al-Hasa oasis. In 1515 the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] conquered Hormuz and sacked Qatif in 1520, killing the Jabrid ruler [[Muqrin ibn Zamil]].<ref name="Facey" /> The Portuguese invaded the island of [[History_of_Bahrain#Bahrain_as_a_Portuguese_dominion|Bahrain]] and stayed there for the next eighty years. The ruler of Basra extended his power to Qatif in 1524 but ultimately in 1549 the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] took over the whole region, building forts at Qatif<ref>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197405/al-hasa-outpost.of.empire.htm Saudi Aramco World Vol.25 #5, sept/okt 1974]</ref> and 'Uqair, though they could not expel the Portuguese from the island of Bahrain.<ref name="Facey" /> In 1680 the Al Humayd of the [[Banu Khalid]] took the by now weak garrison of the Ottomans in Hofuf. In a battle at Ghuraymil, south of Qatif, the Banu Khalid lost their rule to the new "[[First Saudi State]]" in 1790. In 1818 the Saudi State was destroyed in the [[Ottoman-Saudi War]] and the commander of the mostly Egyptian troops, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], took control of Hofuf, only to evacuate it the next year and return to the west coast. The Humayd regained control until the Banu Khalid were finally defeated in 1830 by the "Second Saudi State" who now took control of the whole region. The Ottomans moved in again in 1871 not to be expelled until 1913 when [[Ibn Saud]] finally established the Saudi rule in the [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

===Protests===
{{main|2011 Saudi Arabian protests}}
On 10 March 2011, in the wake of [[2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests|protests and uprisings against authoritarian regimes in other Arab countries]] and a day before called-for "day of rage" protests across Saudi Arabia, 'dozens' of [[Shia]]s attended a rally in the city centre calling for political reforms in the kingdom and the release of prisoners allegedly held without charge for more than 14 years. All protests are illegal and the government had previously warned against this action. Police opened fire on the protestors, injuring three, and there were reports of [[stun grenade]]s being used as well as many more injuries from police use of [[Baton (law enforcement)|batons]].<ref>[http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?englishnews&20110311&56&739935 Saudi police open fire on protesters], RTHK, 11 March 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12708401 Saudi Arabia police open fire at protest in Qatif], BBC News, 10 Mar 2011</ref>


==Climate==
==Climate==

Revision as of 22:17, 26 June 2011

This article is about a region of Saudi Arabia. For other uses, see Katif.
Qatif
القطيف
Country Saudi Arabia
ProvinceEastern Province (Ash Sharqiyah)
Population
 (2009)
 • Metro
population_total = 474,573 [2]
Time zone+3 GMT

Qatif or Al-Qatif (Arabic: القطيف Al-Qaṭīf) is a governorate and urban area located in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region has its own municipality and includes the Qatif downtown and many other smaller cities and towns.

Qatif is one of the eldest settlements in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, its history back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. How ever, in recent days, after the discovery of oil and establishment of Jubail Industrial City, most of Qatifi people are working in Oil, Industry, Public services, education and healthcare sectors.


History

The historic oasis area shows its first archeological evidence of settlement beginning about 3500 BC. It was known by other names, such as Al-Khatt (Arabic: الخَطّ), immortalized in the poetry of `Antara ibn Shaddad, Tarafa ibn Al-`Abd, Bashar ibn Burd (in his famous Ba'yya), and others. The word "Khatty" became the preferred "kenning" for "spear" in traditional poetic writing until the dawn of the modern era, supposedly because the region was famous for spear making, just as "muhannad" ("of India") was the preferred kenning for "sword". The older name also survives as the eponym of several well-known local families ("Al-Khatti", spelled variously in English).[citation needed]

Qatif functioned for centuries as the main town and port in this region of the Persian Gulf. In fact, it was called Cateus by the Greeks, and some early European maps even labeled the entire present-day Persian Gulf as the "Sea of El Catif". Qatif oasis and the nearby island of Tarout are some of the most interesting tourist and archeological sites in the Kingdom, which reflects the importance of the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula in the past.[citation needed]

Until 1521 and Ottoman rule, Qatif belonged to the historical region known as the Province of Bahrain, along with Al-Hasa and the present-day Bahrain islands.

In 899 the Qarmatians conquered the region with the oases of Qatif and Al-Hasa. They declared themselves independent and reigned from al-Mu'miniya near modern Hofuf until 1071.[1] The Buyids of western Persia raided Qatif in 988. From 1071 until 1253 the Uyunids ruled the region first from the city of "al-Hasa" (predecessor to modern Hofuf) and later from Qatif. In 1253 the Usfurids rose from Al-Hasa and ruled during the struggle of Qays with the Hormuz for control of the coast. Probably at about this time, Qatif became the main port for the mainland surpassing 'Uqair in importance for the trade and thus became the capital of the Usfurids.[1] Ibn Battuta, visited Qatif in 1331 and found it a large and prosperous city inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is" (rafidiyya Ghulat)[2]. Power shifted in 1440 to the Jabrids of the Al-Hasa oasis. In 1515 the Portuguese conquered Hormuz and sacked Qatif in 1520, killing the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil.[1] The Portuguese invaded the island of Bahrain and stayed there for the next eighty years. The ruler of Basra extended his power to Qatif in 1524 but ultimately in 1549 the Ottomans took over the whole region, building forts at Qatif[3] and 'Uqair, though they could not expel the Portuguese from the island of Bahrain.[1] In 1680 the Al Humayd of the Banu Khalid took the by now weak garrison of the Ottomans in Hofuf. In a battle at Ghuraymil, south of Qatif, the Banu Khalid lost their rule to the new "First Saudi State" in 1790. In 1818 the Saudi State was destroyed in the Ottoman-Saudi War and the commander of the mostly Egyptian troops, Ibrahim Pasha, took control of Hofuf, only to evacuate it the next year and return to the west coast. The Humayd regained control until the Banu Khalid were finally defeated in 1830 by the "Second Saudi State" who now took control of the whole region. The Ottomans moved in again in 1871 not to be expelled until 1913 when Ibn Saud finally established the Saudi rule in the Eastern Province.[citation needed]

Climate

Qatif enjoys a continental climate with temperatures approaching 49 degrees Celsius (120.2 F) in the summer and an average humidity of 75%. In winter, temperatures range between 2 and 18 degrees Celsius (36F and 64F). During the months of May and June, warm seasonal winds called albwarh affect the region. The rest of the year, the moist southern winds, or alcos, bring humidity. There is little rainfall.

Demographics

The Qatif region is the largest concentration of Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia however less than 5% of Qatif are Sunni Muslims. Since 2005, the government has eased the restrictions on commemorating Day of Ashura in public.[4]

As of 2009, the total population of Qatif was 474,573 [5]. Qatif has one of the lowest numbers of non-Saudi residents in the kingdom (only 59,808) [citation needed].

Qatifi people are likely to work in the oil industry (Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger, Halliburton and Baker Hughes) Some of the employees have moved to Dhahran where these companies are located, but the majority still reside in Qatif and go to Dhahran by cars or Saudi Aramco buses in about 30 minutes journey. others work in Aramco refineries in Ras Tanura. and Others work in the petrochemical companies in Jubail (80km from Qatif), some go everyday and some have moved to Jubail. SABIC is the larget employer in Qatif, However, some Qatifi are also working in other oil, petrochemical, and engineering companies located in Dhahran, Khobar, Dammam, Ras Tanura, or Jubail. Some of Qatifi people work in public services, healthcare and education.

Economy

The Qatif coastline is rich with shrimp and many varieties of fish. Qatif Fish Market is the largest in the middle east. Qatif villages are known to have many date palms and other fruits

Saudi Aramco (the Saudi national oil company) completed the development of Qatif Project in October 2004, consisting facilities to produce, process and transport 500,000 bpd of blended Arabian Light crude oil from the Qatif field and 300,000 bpd of Arabian Medium crude oil from the offshore Abu Sa'fah field (The total is 800,000 bdp), plus 370 million standard cubic feet per day of associated gas.[6]

Education

There is no universities.

Tourism

  • Qatif is well-known for its traditional markets (suqs) such as the weekly Thursday Market "Suq Alkhamees" and "Suq Waqif"
  • Beautiful esplanade along its shore
  • Tarout Island castle

Transport

Airport

Air travel is provided by King Fahd International Airport, the distance from the terminal to the city center is just 30 km (20 miles).

Highway

Qatif enjoys excellent connections with other Saudi urban centers through highways mainly the Dhahran-Jubail Highway which runs across Qatif, and Abu Hadriyah Highway which serves as a western border for Qatif and separates it from King Fahd International Airport.

It is also close to the causeway that connects the kingdom with the nation of Bahrain (about 35 miles). Air service is provided at the nearby King Fahd International Airport.

Towns and villages

List of towns and villages forming Qatif county:

References

  1. ^ a b c d William Facey, The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, 1994, ISBN 1 900988 18 6
  2. ^ -which is not.Ibn Battuta, Rihla Ibn Battuta Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1964 pp. 279-80
  3. ^ Saudi Aramco World Vol.25 #5, sept/okt 1974
  4. ^ Human Rights Watch (Denied Dignity)
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/www/en/home.html#our-operations%257C%252Fen%252Fhome%252Four-operations%252Foil%252Fmajor-oil-processing-complexes%252Fqatif-oil-processing-facility.baseajax.html

External links

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