Valea Caprei River (Lăpuș)

Canadian federal election, 2008

October 14, 2008
308 seats in the 40th Canadian Parliament
File:Stephen Harper (Official Photo).jpg File:Stephane-dion.jpg Leader Stephen Harper Stéphane Dion Gilles Duceppe Party Conservative Liberal BQ Leader since 2004 2006 1997 Leader's seat Calgary Southwest Saint-Laurent—Cartierville Laurier—Sainte-Marie Last election 124 (127 at dissolution) 103 (95 at dissolution) 51 (48 at dissolution)   File:LaytonPortrait.jpg Leader Jack Layton Elizabeth May Party New Democratic Party Green Leader since 2003 2006 Leader's seat Toronto—Danforth running in Central Nova Last election 29 (30 at dissolution) 0 (1 at dissolution)
Incumbent PM Stephen Harper Conservative

The 2008 Canadian federal election (officially called the 40th Canadian General Election) is scheduled to be held October 14, 2008, to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons of the 40th Canadian Parliament. The previous parliament was dissolved by the Governor General on September 7, 2008.

The election call resulted in the cancellation of four federal by-elections that had been scheduled to occur in September.

Background

See also: Fixed election dates in Canada

In 2007, Parliament passed a law fixing federal election dates every four years and scheduling the next election date as October 19, 2009, but the law does not (and constitutionally cannot) limit the powers of the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time, such as when opposition parties bring down the government on a vote of confidence.

2006 election

64.7% of all eligible voters cast ballots in the 2006 federal election. The Conservative Party received the most votes of any single party, with 36% of the vote and 124 seats (127 at dissolution). The Liberal Party lowered its total number of seats won to 103 seats (96 at dissolution), taking 30% of the vote. The Bloc Québécois lost three seats, lowering its total to 51 seats (48 at dissolution), with 10.5% of the vote. The New Democratic Party (NDP) retained its seats held at the dissolution of Parliament, and won 11 more, making its total 29 seats (30 at dissolution), with 17.5% of the vote. The Green Party received 4.5% of the vote, a minimal increase from the previous election, but did not win any seats (1 at dissolution). Independents and other parties constituted 1% of the total vote with one independent winning a seat.

Events since the 2006 election

Since the 2006 election, seven Members of Parliament (MPs) have changed party: David Emerson, Wajid Khan and Joe Comuzzi from Liberal to Conservative; Garth Turner from Conservative to Liberal; Blair Wilson from Liberal to Independent to Green; Louise Thibault from Bloc Québécois to Independent; and Bill Casey from Conservative to Independent. In by-elections, the NDP gained one seat from the Liberal Party, while the Conservative Party gained two seats, one from the Liberals and one from Bloc Québécois. Four seats were vacant when the election was called: Three previously held by the Liberal Party, one by Bloc Québécois.

The parliament preceding this election is led by the smallest minority ever in the Canadian House of Commons — a government with just 40.6% of the seats — and led by the Conservative Party of Canada. Although the average length of a minority parliament in Canada is 1 year, 5 months, and 22 days, minorities led by the former Progressive Conservative Party tended to be much shorter: the longest previous Conservative minority was just 6 months and 19 days. The 39th Parliament became Canada's longest serving Conservative minority on October 24, 2006.

On May 30, 2006, the Conservatives tabled Bill C-16, which would amend the Canada Elections Act to provide fixed election dates. The bill received royal assent on May 3, 2007. The bill states that there will be an election in 2009, and it would be the first to have a fixed election date, the third Monday in October (October 19, 2009). Despite the bill, on September 7, 2008, the Prime Minister sought the dissolution of the 39th Parliament, and the Governor General agreed to hold a general election on October 14, 2008.

On February 15, 2007, The Globe and Mail reported that the Conservatives were preparing for an election expected to be called shortly after the 2007 budget, due on March 19, 2007. Part of the reason for the timing of the election was given as strengthening Conservative poll numbers coupled with the desire to take advantage of the perception that Harper has "better leadership qualities than Liberal counterpart Stéphane Dion".

On March 17, 2007, an internal Conservative Party memo was leaked to The Canadian Press, telling members that they "need to be ready to campaign within the next week". The memo asked members to donate $75 to $150 to help to fund the early stages of the election campaign. None of these predictions for a federal election to occur in 2007 proved true, but the majority of pundits still believed a federal election would be triggered before the fixed election date of October 19, 2009, for sometime in 2008.

Stephen Harper hinted at the possibility of dissolving parliament on August 14, 2008. Speaking in Newfoundland and Labrador, he cited Stéphane Dion as the main player in making Parliament become increasingly "dysfunctional". "I’m going to have to make a judgment in the next little while as to whether or not this Parliament can function productively," Harper said. This came after repeated confidence votes that resulted in the NDP and Bloc parties not voting in favour of the government, and the Liberal Party voting in favour or not attending the vote. Rumours of a possible fall election were further fuelled by Harper's announcement of a fourth federal by-election for September 22 in the Toronto riding of Don Valley West.

On August 27, 2008. Harper asked Governor General Michaëlle Jean to cancel her trip to the Paralympic Games in Beijing, adding fuel to speculation that the Prime Minister will seek a dissolution. On September 7, 2008 after much speculation, Harper asked the Governor General to call a federal election on October 14, 2008.

Timeline

Main article: Canadian federal election, 2008 timeline

• February 6, 2006: Harper Cabinet is sworn in.
• May 3, 2007: Bill C-16 receives Royal Assent. This bill states that the next election must be held on October 19, 2009, unless there is an earlier dissolution.
• August 26 2008: Harper indicates he may call an election for the fall of 2008; Parliament could be dissolved as early as the week of September 1-September 6.
• August 29, 2008: Harper meets with Gilles Duceppe, the leader of the Bloc Québécois in an attempt to find common ground between the Bloc and the Conservatives.
• August 30, 2008: Harper meets with Jack Layton, the leader of the New Democrats in an attempt to find common ground between the NDP and the Conservatives.
• September 1, 2008: Harper meets with Stéphane Dion, the leader of the Liberals, in an attempt to find common ground between the Liberals and the Conservatives, and avert the dissolution of Parliament, allowing the fall session to continue as planned. However, after a twenty-minute meeting at 24 Sussex Drive, the PM's official residence, Dion emerges stating there is no common ground between the two parties, and that an election is certain.
• September 5, 2008: The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) announces that Prime Minister Stephen Harper will visit the Governor General at 9 am on September 7, 2008 to ask for the dissolution of the 39th Parliament and a general election on October 14, 2008.
• September 7, 2008: At 8:20 am Eastern Daylight Time, Prime Minister Stephen Harper leaves his official residence at 24 Sussex Drive, and takes a short drive to Rideau Hall, the Governor General's official residence. There, he asks the Governor General, Michaëlle Jean, to call a general election on October 14, 2008. She accepts the request.
• October 14, 2008: Elections to be held for members of the House of Commons in the 40th Canadian Parliament.
• November 4, 2008: Writs to be returned to the Chief Election Officer.
• November 12, 2008: 40th Parliament to convene (subject to change).

Pre-election

Prime Minister Stephen Harper said he was considering calling an election because of no cooperation in Parliament, saying "all the signs indicate that this Parliament is at the end of its productiveness," while in Inuvik, Northwest Territories. The Conservative Party of Canada fueled rumours of an oncoming election when it released several campaign adverts that focused on a range of issues, and attacked the Liberal Party of Canada for their proposed carbon tax. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) confirmed that Harper would call an election for October 14 after meeting with New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton and Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe, which gave the Prime Minister little hope that a fall session of Parliament can be productive, PMO officials said. Senior government officials announced on the first of September that Stephen Harper would ask the Governor General Michaëlle Jean to dissolve parliament and call an election for October 14, after he met with Liberal leader Stéphane Dion who called the meeting a "charade". Dion said the two were unable to agree on how to make the upcoming session of Parliament, slated to begin September 15, more productive.

Liberal Party members gathered in Winnipeg on September 2, for a three day caucus meeting which changed from preparing for a new parliamentary session to a strategy session to formulate a plan to attack the Conservatives while healing internal party rifts that have surfaced in recent weeks. Conservatives began spending at least $60 million dollars on pre-election funding projects to a wide variety of institutions and groups. A few announcements have been big, including Industry Minister Jim Prentice's pledge of $25 million for the expansion of the Northlands exhibition facility in Edmonton. But the Tories have also announced a number of smaller projects, including $40,000 for the 2008 55+ Games and $25,000 for the Peace Window of the Holy Trinity Anglican Church in Winnipeg. The announcements have also been spread out across the country. The Atlantic region is to get more than $500,000 for youth jobs and eight cultural organizations. The Association of Book Publishers of British Columbia will receive $81,000. Jack Layton attacked the Conservative Party for bribing the public and for doing the same thing they used to complain about the Liberals doing before elections.

A survey conducted by Environics found that 38 per cent of Canadians would vote for the Conservative party if an election were held immediately, 28 per cent would vote for the Liberal party, 19 for the NDP, eight for the Bloc Québécois and seven for the Green party. The poll shows Conservatives taking early leads in Ontario, British Columbia and the Prairies. In Atlantic Canada, Liberals still hold a strong majority, while in Quebec the Bloc Québécois leads while the Conservatives and Liberals are almost tied for second. When asked, most Canadians said the Conservatives would handle the economy better, while most said the Liberals would handle the environment better.

On September 7, Harper officially asked for the dissolution of Parliament, and called for an election on October 14.

Election campaign

The 40th Canadian Federal Election campaign officially began at 8:20 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time when Governor General Michaëlle Jean accepted Stephen Harper's request to dissolve Parliament and call an election for October 14, 2008. The party leaders jumped right into the campaign, with Stéphane Dion attacking the Conservative's record, and rejected the accusation by Harper that the Liberal party is a risky choice. Jack Layton took a more forceful approach than previous elections, in which the New Democratic Party has just tried to maintain a high number of seats in Parliament to influence government. Layton has made it clear he will campaign for the position of prime minister itself this time, but also returned to a longstanding NDP theme: alleged abuses by big business. He promised to stop what he called "ripoffs" by big oil, cellphone and banks, and his attacks are expected to focus on the Conservatives and all but ignore the Liberals. Elizabeth May of the Green Party said Canadians would care enough about the environment to vote for her party, as long as she was able to get into the television debates. Stephen Harper has stated his objection to including the Green Party into television debates because of the similar policies of the Green and Liberal party, and how it would be unfair. Bloc Québécois Leader Gilles Duceppe said the Conservatives must be prevented from winning a majority, and the BQ is the only party that can do that. Duceppe compared Harper to US President George W. Bush, and said the government is incompetent.

Leaders' Debates

The two Leaders' Debates of 2008, one each in French and English, included the leaders of five parties, Stephen Harper of the Conservatives, Stéphane Dion of the Liberals, Jack Layton of the NDP, Gilles Duceppe of the Bloc Québécois and Elizabeth May of the Green Party.

The French language aired on Wednesday, 1 October from 8 to 10 p.m. EDT, moderated by Stéphan Bureau, a journalist and host. The English language aired Thursday, 2 October from 9 to 11 p.m. EDT, with Steve Paikin of TVOntario as moderator.

Participation

Three parties — the Conservatives, the Bloc Québécois and the NDP — opposed the inclusion of the Green Party, citing statements made by Green Party leader Elizabeth May to the effect that the best outcome of the election would be a Liberal-led government, and a deal struck between the Green Party and Liberals where the Liberals would not run in May's riding, Central Nova, and the Green party in Liberal leader Stéphane Dion's riding, Saint-Laurent—Cartierville, which they say make May a "second Liberal candidate".

Stephen Harper and Jack Layton are reported to have said that if the Green Party were included, they would not participate in the Leaders' Debates. Dion said that while he supports May's inclusion, he would not attend if Harper does not, and the Bloc Québécois has stated it will not boycott the debates if May is included. The media consortium in charge of the debate, made up of the CBC, CTV, Global Television and TVA, had decided that it would prefer to broadcast the debates with the four major party leaders, rather than risk not at all or with minimal participation. The Green Party indicated they had begun procedures to lodge a formal complaint with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, as they have in past federal elections.

On September 10, Harper and Layton released statements that they would not oppose May's inclusion in the debate, citing public backlash and protests — with neither acknowledging making the threat of boycotting the debate — and that the media consortium would reconvene to discuss the matter. Layton stated that "debating about the debate" had become a "distraction", and that he had only one condition, that Stephen Harper be there. In response, spokesmen for Stephen Harper announced they would not stand alone in opposition to the Green Party's inclusion in the debates and also changed their position on the matter. Later that day the consortium announced that May would be allowed to participate in the debate.

On September 25, the Christian Heritage Party filed suit to open the debate to all 18 party leaders, on the basis of the Figueroa court decision which held that the elections are for the benefit of the voters and not of the political parties; also, that since corporate donations to political parties have been prohibited, that by only including some parties, the consortium is donating advertising time to some of the parties, while if they include all 18, it qualifies as a news event. A ruling has not yet been issued on this suit.

Format change

On September 30, Harper announced that he would ask for the 12 minutes on the economy scheduled for the Leader's Debate to be extended to an hour, citing that the financial crisis affecting the U.S. "has deepened since the debate format was finalized", a change which would require agreement from the other parties in the debate to be approved. The NDP released a statement soon after that they supported the move, while public response has been concerned that other topics such as the environment would not end up with enough time to cover the issue.

On October 1, the day of the first debate, it was announced that both debates would be get extended time, from 12 to 30 minutes, for the economy, and leaders would not give opening and closing statements, to allow for longer discussions on the economy without removing time from other topics. It was also revealed that instead of leaders standing at individual podiums for the debate, as had been done in past years, the debate would be done in a round table format.

The debates

French debate

Full Video French Debate - CBC English Dub

Much of French debate revolved around the economy and the environment, with the two topics repeatedly being brought up in discussions allotted for other topics. Stephen Harper came under criticism from every other leader in nearly every topic, especially the economy and environment, with the other party leaders stating that Harper's politics had lead to Canada's current crises in those two areas. Their points included that Harper's environmental plan was considered the worst of all developing countries by organizations around the world, with Elizabeth May labeling it "a type of fraud," and that his attempts to remove regulations in the financial sectors, similar to those done by the Bush administration in the United States, have lead Canada to being nearly as hard hit by the current financial crisis as the United States.

Continuous comparisons of Harper to George W. Bush were made over the course of the debate, with Jack Layton stating at one point that with Bush ending his presidency at the end of the year, Harper would be "the last leader of a developed country to follow the Bush doctrine."

English debate

Full Video English Debate

Following the same tone as the French debate, much of the discussion revolved around the economy and the environment. The other four leaders keep criticizing Harper, especially for his lack of an economic platform despite asking for the format change to focus more on the economy in light of the ongoing financial crisis, and instead using the time to criticize the economic platforms of the other leaders. May lashed out at Harper for not understanding that Canadians were worried about their homes, jobs and finances, and comparing the current situation to Dutch disease, Dion stated that the only thing that keeps Canada from being hit as hard by the crisis as the US are laws created by the previous Liberal government that the Conservatives had been attempting to overturn, Duceppe repeatedly criticized Harper for financial practices and attitudes similar to the Bush administration, and Layton at one point stated that Harper's position showed he was either incompetent or uncaring to the situation, and asked which one he has, to which Harper responded by changing the subject and avoiding the question. Harper also came under criticism for his laissez-faire attitude to the job sector, supporting primarily the oil companies and companies that outsource jobs in the manufacturing sector. When asked by the moderator if his policies were working, Harper was unable to provide a definitive response.

When it turned to the environment, the Carbon Tax proposal came up repeatedly, with both Dion and May supporting it, although May to more ambitious figures than Dion, pointing out it was the most recommended and proven way to deal with carbon emissions by countries and organizations around the world, noting the growth that Sweden and Germany have had with this system. Harper criticized the plan, saying would increase taxpayers' burden and that Dion should be "honest with the people" that some environmental measures will cost the economy and said the plan includes $40 billion in carbon taxes and $26 billion in tax cuts. Dion defended the Liberal's Green Shift, saying that "[Harper's statements are] not true at all", and that "for every dollar that we will raise, you will have a tax cut, and these tax cuts will be on your income". Duceppe commented that he would like targets to be applied to individual provinces, thereby allowing Quebec to financially benefit due to already-implemented greenhouse gas reductions. Layton, who favours a cap-and-trade system, said that it is a "figment of Mr. Harper's imagination" that emissions will fall under his plan. When Harper sought to outline his government's record on other environmental fronts, giving examples of his minority government supported the preservation of hundreds of thousands of hectares of environmentally sensitive land through the Nature Conservancy of Canada, and that the government declared a protected marine area by Lake Superior and created a whale sanctuary by Baffin Island, May responded by saying "The only word he said that's true is on national parks".

Layton also criticized Dion for his lack of accomplishments as official opposition during the minority government, and his party's previous leader's broken promises in areas such as Child Care and Pharmacare.

Duceppe painted the Conservative government's $45 million in national arts and culture funding cuts as an assault on the province's identity, saying "How can you recognize the Quebec nation and then cut culture [funding], which is the soul of a nation?" followed by citing the economic benefits of culture.

In a rare moment of admitting his mistakes, Harper said he had erred in calling for Canada's participation in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, saying "It was absolutely an error, it's obviously clear", adding that the claim of weapons of mass destruction proved false.

Commenting on the debate, Layton said that he "thoroughly enjoyed" May's contributions to the debate. Reporter Julie Van Dusen said that Harper managed to take the hits calmly, as "someone must have told him … if you fight back or get too partisan, you're going to alienate voters, especially women". Duceppe said he was happy to have forced Harper to admit his support of joining the Iraq war in 2003 was a mistake, adding he will use the admission in the campaign as "Exhibit A" that the Conservative leader lacks solid judgment skills, and that Harper was weakened when he confirmed he does not support a refundable tax credit for the manufacturing industry to encourage companies to improve productivity.

Issues

Arts

Stephen Harper had cut $45 million from arts funding while in office, a move that drew much criticism from the other leaders and Quebec citizens, with most leaders seeking to restore the funding. The Conservatives have stated that the money is being reallocated to other arts and cultural programs, including various official languages projects, the 400th anniversary of Quebec City and projects connected with the 2010 Vancouver-Whistler Winter Olympic Games, although the Conservative's refusal to have a parliamentary review of their cuts and for a moratorium on the measures until the Commons Heritage Committee had a chance to hold hearings on culture and arts funding has most opposition members calling foul.

Both Stéphane Dion and Jack Layton have promised to reverse the cut, with Dion also promising to increase funding to Canada Council for the Arts to $360 million, while Layton also promised to bring income averaging for artists to the national level and providing an annual tax exemption of $20,000 for income earned by copyright and residuals, stating that "one of the key things we must do, before we start giving $50-billion tax giveaways to banks and oil companies, is to protect and promote the arts" and "stable, sure and appropriate funding" for CBC/Radio-Canada while also protecting Telefilm Canada and the Canadian Television Fund.

Harper has said that he believes that the issue is a "niche topic", and that "ordinary Canadians" are not particularly concerned with the issue. A group of Canadian performers, which included Art Hindle, Wendy Crewson and Gordon Pinsent, held a press conference on September 24, saying the cuts would cripple the Canadian arts industry.

On September 29, Harper unveiled a new tax credit plan worth an estimated $150 million a year to encourage parents to enroll their kids in arts programs like music and drama. The credit will apply on up to $500 of eligible fees for children under 16 who participate in eligible arts activities. Harper said that "[the Conservatives] spend a lot more on culture and arts" but "in a way that we ensure is an effective use of taxpayers' money and ultimately, in this case, benefits families and all of society as well". Harper has come under criticism when the week before he expressed his opinion that "ordinary working people were unable to relate to taxpayer-subsidized cultural elites when they see them at a rich gala on television".

Cadman bribe attempt

Main article: Chuck Cadman § Legal controversy

In early 2008 it was revealed that Independent MP Chuck Cadman of Surrey North, who was terminally ill with cancer at the time, had been offered a half-million life insurance policy in exchange for voting against the proposed Liberal budget in May 2005, which he turned down. Under section 119 of the Criminal Code of Canada, it is illegal to bribe an MP. Accordingly, Opposition Liberal party Intergovernmental Affairs critic Dominic LeBlanc asked the RCMP in February 2008 to investigate this allegation, that the Conservatives had offered Mr. Cadman a million-dollar life insurance policy in exchange for his support on the budget vote. In May 2008, the RCMP announced that there was not enough evidence to support charges. However Harper later admitted in an August 2008 court deposition that he personally authorized an offer made to Cadman in 2005. There is currently an ongoing legal battle between the Liberals and the Conservatives over the matter.

On September 24, while campaigning in Surrey North, Stephen Harper's campaign team barred reporters from talking with the local Conservative candidate, Dona Cadman, who is Chuck Cadman's widow. The campaign team called in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and ordered them to "Keep [the reporters] out" while Cadman was taken away by staff. Harper spokesman Kory Teneycke later stated that he had not seen the incident, but the local candidates did not need to be interviewed, that "Local candidates' priority is campaigning in their local ridings, and not talking to the national media", and that it should be enough that they hold daily news conferences with the party's most prominent members.

The incident has reminded people of Conservative tactics during the 2006 election, where attempts by the media to speak with local candidates were stopped by campaign personnel, especially the Harold Albrecht incident, where campaign officials forced Albrecht to stay in a restaurant kitchen when journalists attempted to interview him.

On October 10, an audio expert chosen by the Conservatives, former FBI agent Bruce Koenig, to analyze a tape, a key piece of evidence in the ongoing legal battle of reporter Tom Zytaruk interviewing Harper on the Cadman bribe attempt, announced that the tape had not been altered in anyway.

Canadian involvement in Afghanistan

Main article: Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan

The ongoing involvement of the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan may also influence voters. Desmond Morton, a political science professor at McGill University suggested that the Conservatives could be blamed for the war because they have extended the mission twice, despite the fact that it was then Liberal Leader Jean Chretien who was Canada's prime minister when Canada's current military involvement in Afghanistan first started in 2001. Both the Conservatives and Liberals have at various times agreed to extend the mission(s) to at least 2011, so this may result in some Canadians who are strongly against Canada's ongoing involvement, who might have otherwise typically voted either Liberal or Conservative in the past, to take their votes elsewhere in 2008.

Cities and infrastructure

Toronto Mayor David Miller has spoken out that the parties need to focus more on cities and their infrastructure, stating that 8 out of 10 Canadians live in cities, and that so far only the Green party has revealed a platform on the issue, with a national transit strategy and plans to give cities a permanent revenue source to help fix a growing infrastructure backlog. Miller stated he will not endorse a specific party, but urges people to choose a party that will "help cities thrive". However, he disagrees with Stephen Harper's opinion that "cities are not of national importance".

On September 18, Stéphane Dion pledged to spend more than $70 billion over the next 10 years to improve Canada's infrastructure if elected, and budget surpluses that exceed a $3-billion contingency fund to infrastructure projects, particularly those with a green focus, calling Canada's cities and towns "the engines of our economy". Stephen Harper immediately lashed out at the spending proposal, saying Dion was "promising money no government could afford" and that the Conservative's infrastructure plans "are modest and affordable within the four-year budget we've published".

On September 23, Montreal and Toronto mayors Gérald Tremblay and David Miller laid out their demands for urban municipalities, describing cities' current financial problems as a national issue, saying that cities have become the country's economic, social and cultural development engines and need appropriate support, and that they need better "fiscal tools" to continue their role as Canada's economic engines or the country will suffer. They listed Homelessness, traffic gridlock, crowded buses and overstretched police departments as just a few of the symptoms, that "These problems are too big and too important to be solved on the backs of property taxpayers" and that "in order to remain competitive, transport goods efficiently and attract new talent, our cities require quality infrastructure, affordable housing and first-rate recreational and cultural facilities". Jean Perrault, president of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and mayor of Sherbrooke, Quebec, has stated that things like the Federal Gas Tax Fund were an important federal commitment, but that more is needed to tackle cities' overwhelming infrastructure needs.

On September 29, Layton announced plans to direct one cent per litre of the gas tax, approximately $400 million a year, into transit projects across the country, and direct $350 million from the sale of carbon permits to big polluters, saying that "the major polluters would be the ones paying to make transit greener, not you and your families", and that "fighting climate change requires investing in transit, and that's what our plan does".

Economy

Polls have suggested that the economy is the major issue going into this election, especially with the resulting high price of gas, along with rising prices of other goods and services, such as food, and the possible impact the current financial crisis may have on Canada. Experts say that Canada has just narrowly dodged a recession, although the economy is in its worst shape since 1991.

Both Dion and Harper have said that the others' plans will lead Canada into a recession, while Dion also stated that Harper has "mismanaged a once-booming economy into one with growth dropping to among the lowest of the G8 nations".

The Conservatives have stated possible negative consequences that could happen to the economy based on Liberal election promises if they were to be elected. As of September 20, 2008, Liberal election promises have totaled in excess of $80 billion spending over the next decade. In contrast, the cost of programs promised by the Conservatives to date is less than $2 billion annually. Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister, has criticized the Liberal's spending promises, saying they are making "mind-boggling" spending plans that he predicts would send Canada into deficit.

After the rejection of the proposed bailout of the United States financial system and resulting market fluctuation all over the world, including the Toronto Stock Exchange, Jack Layton called for Harper to call a special meeting for federal party leaders to discuss the potential effects of the U.S economic crisis on Canadians, suggestion the afternoon of October 1, since all leaders would be in Ottawa for the first Leaders' Debate that night. A spokesman for Harper later reported that Harper would not call such a meeting, and to save discussion for the Leader's Debate, as "[they] will have an opportunity later this week to debate — not behind closed doors but in front of all Canadians — the issues at stake not [just] for our economy but for our country". Harper later announced that he would ask for the 12 minutes on the economy scheduled for the Leader's Debate to be extended to an hour, citing that the financial crisis affecting the U.S. "has deepened since the debate format was finalized", a change which would require agreement from the other parties in the debate to be approved. The NDP released a statement soon after that they supported the move, while public response has been concerned that other topics such as the environment would not end up with enough time to cover the issue. All the leaders supported the idea, and the opening and closing statements were dropped and the allotted time for the economy extended to 30 minutes without affecting the other topics.

During the Leaders' Debates Harper repeatedly came under fire for lack of an economic plan in the current time of crisis and while campaigning, and for his lack of ability to explain how he would deal with the current crisis, merely repeating that Canada was unlikely to face such a crisis as he had made "different choices" than the US while in power without being able to explain what those different choices were, as all of his examples were immediately compared to practices done by the Bush administration, and insisted that Canadians "don't panic", to much criticism for this attitude and the fact that Conservative ads state the exact opposite, claiming that the crisis will hit Canada worse that the Wall Street Crash of 1929. In response to mounting pressure from the public, Harper announced on October 3 that he would reveal an economic plan on October 7, one week before the election.

Environment

Shortly after the election was called, Harper was criticized for using a four-vehicle motorcade that included a van and SUV to travel the 395 m (1,296 ft) across the street from the door of 24 Sussex Drive to the door of Rideau Hall to dissolve parliament. In return, the Conservatives criticized the Liberal party's decision to use a 29-year-old Boeing 737 for campaigning, saying that the older airplane's poor fuel efficiency demonstrates hypocrisy on environmental matters. Daniel Lauzon, a spokesperson for the Liberals, denied their airplane was substantially less efficient than the Conservatives' Airbus 319.

The Tories have been previously criticized for backing out of Canada's commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Their new plan requires industries to reduce the rate at which they generate greenhouse gases, with a goal of reducing overall emissions by 45 to 65 percent by 2050. The plan has been criticized by groups such as the Sierra Club, who called it "completely inadequate". Criticism has focused on the use of "intensity-based" targets, for which emission reductions are relative to overall production, so overall emissions could potentially increase if production also increases. This is in contrast to a "hard cap" on emissions, for which the overall amount cannot increase. The Conservatives' plan includes a hard cap to begin in 2020 or 2025, while environmental groups have advocated for an immediate hard cap.

The Liberals have developed a "Green Shift" plan, creating a carbon tax that will be coupled with reductions to income tax rates. Criticism of the Green Shift plan has focused on its economic effects, with the Conservatives predicting it would cause a "big recession". When pressed by reporters to provide evidence of this impact, Harper "wasn't able to cite a study that specifically modelled the impact of the Liberal Green Shift plan", instead citing an older economic model about the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.

One trucking association claimed the Liberal carbon tax plan could put up to 10,000 jobs in jeopardy in Moncton alone. Environmental activist David Suzuki has come out in support of Dion's plan, saying "To oppose [the carbon tax plan], it's just nonsense. It's certainly the way we got to go" and giving an interview explaining why it is the most effective way to solve the environmental crisis.

The NDP's plan for the environment has focused on emissions trading, claiming their system will decrease greenhouse emissions by 80% by 2050. The plan includes a series of financial incentives to retrofit public transit systems and transition the economy to be "green-collar". The plan would also halt new tar sands development until emissions have been capped. Layton has also criticized the Liberal carbon tax plan, stating it taxes families instead of polluters.

Equalization

Main article: Anything But Conservative

Danny Williams, the Progressive Conservative premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, launched a campaign called Anything But Conservative, primarily targeted at Harper and the federal Conservatives. He opposes a Conservative majority, due in part to Harper's promise during the 2006 election to modify the equalization formula to fully share offshore oil revenues with the province, which Williams says Harper has broken, and what Harper has stated he will do with a majority government. Accordingly, virtually all members of the provincial PC caucus are supporting Liberal or NDP candidates in this election.

Leo Power, a veteran of federal politics and the Conservative Party of Canada's campaign co-chair for Newfoundland and Labrador, said raising money and recruiting volunteers has proved difficult, and blames Williams's ABC campaign, saying it has cut deep into the federal election machine that is struggling to compete. Power has also said his party's best hope of winning a seat in the province is in the riding of Avalon with incumbent candidate Fabian Manning.

Leadership

Since before the election was announced, the Conservative party has been running attack ads about Dion, saying he is not a capable leader. The Conservatives have drawn criticism for these ads, as it was considered inappropriate to continuously run these attack ads when there was no election on.

On October 9, Stephen Harper again tried to call into question the abilities of Liberal leader Dion after footage from the false starts of an interview on CTV Atlantic, and later rebroadcast on Mike Duffy Live, were aired to the public, and tried to defame Dion's grasp of the English language and the strength of the Liberals' plan for the Canadian economy.

The footage shows Dion repeatedly asking interviewer Steve Murphy to either repeat or clarify questions, and Dion taking his time to respond in proper English. The Liberals were under the impression that the network would not to air the false starts after the interview was restarted, but CTV announced that they felt it was their responsibility to show it. Harper responded to the clips by saying that "When you're running a trillion-and-a-half-dollar economy you don't get a chance to have do-overs, over and over again" and "What this incident actually indicates very clearly is Mr. Dion and the Liberal Party really don't know what they would do on the economy", and when told that the difficulties were in part due to English being Dion's second language, Harper said "I don't think this is a question of language at all. The question was very clear. It was asked repeatedly."

Mark Dunn, a spokesman for Dion, accused the Tories of making fun of the Liberal leader's hearing issues. Dion responded to Harper's comments, saying Harper had "no class", saying "I did not understand the question", and "Maybe it's because I have a hearing problem, maybe because [English is] my second language, but I did not understand the question." Both the Conservatives and the CTV have come under criticism for their handling of the footage, but they have stated they stand by their actions. Duceppe has called Harper's comments a "double standard", saying that many English-speaking politicians have little or no ability to speak French, yet francophones are somehow always expected to be perfect, and that the attack was and attempted "low blow". But Duceppe also took the opportunity to critisize Dion, suggesting he understood the question. "The real question is that I think Dion understood the question. The real problem wasn't the language, it was the substance," Duceppe said, "He had nothing to say". Layton also defended Dion, saying he has "struggled with questions, too."

Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien has come out criticizing Harper's leadership abilities, noting especially Harper's controlling ways with his cabinet ministers, saying he would have quit if former prime minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau had treated him that way, that "Mr. Dion was a minister for nine years. And Mr. Harper arrived there with no experience and it shows", that the phrase 'Tory times are bad times', in use since the 1930s, was still true and that "Harper destroyed 50 years of relationships with China", Canada's second biggest trading partner after the US, noting both past Liberal and Progressive Conservative governments sought to maintain its dealings with the key trading partner. Former Prime Minister Paul Martin has also supported Dion's plans and abilities, and many have noted Dion's ability to get both Chrétien and Martin to support him, despite Chrétien and Martin's ongoing feud. Some have compared the attack to the major gaff by the Conservatives in the 1993 federal election where the Progressive Conservatives ran a series of attack ads mocking Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's facial paralysis and refused to apologize for them, which resulted in much public backlash against the party, with them only wining two seats and handing the Liberals a majority government.

Listeriosis outbreak

Main article: 2008 Canadian listeriosis outbreak

The Minister of Agriculture Gerry Ritz, who has already been criticized by Canada's food scientists for his handling of the 2008 listeriosis outbreak, has also been criticized for making inappropriate comments, further angering the families of those affected. Ritz had joked about the outbreak while he was on a conference call with scientists and political staffers on August 30, saying the political fallout from the outbreak was "like a death by a thousand cuts, or should I say cold cuts". In addition, when he was informed of a listeriosis-related death in Prince Edward Island, he quipped "Please tell me it's [Liberal agriculture critic] Wayne Easter." Despite calls for Ritz's resignation from the other parties and the public, Stephen Harper has supported Ritz and rebuffed calls for his resignation.

While most groups are calling for an increase in spending in meat inspection programs in the wake of the listeriosis outbreak, the Public Service Alliance of Canada revealed to the media that the Conservative party plans to cut federal funding to these programs by $3 million, effectively ending their operation in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia.

Speech plagiarism

On September 30, it was revealed by Bob Rae of the Liberal Party that on March 20, 2003, Stephen Harper had plagiarized a speech that called for troops to be deployed to Iraq to assist the US invasion from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, which Howard had delivered two days before, on March 18.

Following Rae's statement, Harper's spokesman Kory Teneycke dismissed the issue as irrelevant, saying "I'm not going to get into a debate about a five-year-old speech that was delivered three Parliaments ago, two elections ago, when the prime minister was the leader of a party that no longer exists".

The Canadian Alliance staff member and former Fraser Institute policy analyst, Owen Lippert, who wrote that speech was working on the current election campaign at Conservative campaign headquarters. On September 30, 2008 he issued a statement and resigned as a result of the incident.

He stated:

Pressed for time, I was overzealous in copying segments of another world leader’s speech. Neither my superiors in the Office of the Leader of the Opposition nor the leader of the Opposition was aware that I had done so.

On October 3, there was a second plagiarism allegation from the Liberals, who said that Harper had copied several sentences from a speech by former Ontario premier Mike Harris. Harper denied the allegation, saying "we're talking about a couple of sentences of fairly standard political rhetoric".

On October 6, the Conservatives contended that Dion had also committed plagiarism when, as Minister of the Environment in 2005, he went to a United Nations conference on climate change to deliver a speech which had substantial similarities to the executive summary of a year old UN report. The Liberal party has yet to respond to the plagiarism allegation.

Controversies

Candidates

Conservative

Chris Reid, the Conservative candidate from Toronto Centre, resigned over controversial statements on his blog, which advocated revising Canadian gun control legislation to legalize concealed carry. He was replaced by David Gentili.

Liberal

Liberal candidate Simon Bédard was also asked to resign after his past comments were publicized suggesting that lethal force should have been used in the Oka Crisis.

Liberal candidate Lesley Hughes has also been dropped by the Liberal party, but is now running as an independent after comments about the September 11th attacks.

NDP

Andrew McKeever, an NDP candidate in Durham, announced on October 3 that he would resign from the election campaign after it was revealed that he had posted comments on Facebook in which he called one war activist a “fascist bitch” and threatened to beat up another person. Mr. McKeever wrote comments peppered with expletives and calling the operators of a war resister website “Nazis.” McKeever was also quoted as saying “I like the part in Schindler’s List when the guard starts waxing the prisoners.” McKeever’s decision to drop out of the race came with just over a week left in the campaign, meaning his name would remain on the ballot. One week before the publication of McKeever's resignation, NDP leader Jack Layton defended McKeever and refused to make him step down.

Julian West, the candidate for the riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands, dropped out of the race after details surfaced about an environmental event he attended 12 years ago when he dropped his shorts, went skinny-dipping, and asked some upset teens if they wanted to body paint him. Two other candidates in British Columbia who were proponents of marijuana decriminalization — Dana Larsen and Kirk Tousaw — resigned earlier after incriminating videos surfaced on the Internet. One of the videos showed Mr. Larsen preparing to light up a joint while driving a car after he had taken hallucinogenic drugs.

Independent

At an all-candidates debate staged for a high school student audience in Sudbury on September 29, independent candidate David Popescu responded to a question about same-sex marriage by stating that "homosexuals should be executed". His remarks were widely criticized across Canada, and the Greater Sudbury Police Service announced an investigation into whether the comments constituted a crime under Canadian hate speech legislation. He was subsequently investigated by the Toronto Police as well, after a radio interview on October 2 in which he specifically advocated the execution of Egale Canada executive director Helen Kennedy.

Toronto vandalism

Supporters of Ontario Liberal MPs Carolyn Bennett (St. Paul's) and Gerard Kennedy (Parkdale—High Park) who had Liberal signs outside their houses were subject vandalism during the later hours of October 3, including graffiti, phone and cable lines being cut, and damage to vehicles that included brake cutting. Toronto police reported over 30 incidents of vandalism as of October 6. Some of the victims didn't realize their brakes had been cut until they were in traffic, and there was at least one near-accident. Liberal Senator Jerry Grafstein was one of the residents who reported vandalism to his car.

Vandalism was also reported at the campaign offices of Trinity—Spadina Liberal candidate Christine Innes and Beaches—East York New Democratic Party candidate Marilyn Churley.

Target seats

The following is a list of ridings which were narrowly lost by the indicated party. For instance, under the Liberal column are the 15 seats in which they came closest to winning but did not. Listed is the name of the riding, followed by the party which was victorious (in parentheses) and the margin, in terms of percentage of the vote, by which the party lost.

These ridings are likely to be targeted by the specified party because the party lost them by a very slim margin in the 2006 election.

Up to 15 are shown, with a maximum margin of victory of 15%.

* Indicates incumbent not running again. To clarify further; this is a list of federal election winners with their party in parentheses, and their margin as a percentage of the vote over the party whose list the seat is on (not the same as the margin of victory if the party potentially "targeting" the seat in that list did not finish second in the previous election).

Conservative	Liberal
Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River, SK (Lib) 0.3%* Brant, ON (Lib) 0.9% West Nova, NS (Lib) 1.1% Vancouver Island North, BC (NDP) 1.1% Oakville, ON (Lib) 1.3% West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country, BC (Lib) 1.5% Huron—Bruce, ON (Lib) 1.8%* London West, ON (Lib) 2.2% Madawaska—Restigouche, NB (Lib) 2.4% Newton—North Delta, BC (Lib) 3.6% Saint Boniface, MB (Lib) 3.6% Saint John, NB (Lib) 3.6% Mississauga South, ON (Lib) 4.1% Richmond, BC (Lib) 4.1% Random—Burin—St. George's, NL (Lib) 4.7%	Parry Sound—Muskoka, ON (Con) <0.1% Winnipeg South, MB (Con) 0.3% Glengarry—Prescott—Russell, ON (Con) 0.4% Tobique—Mactaquac, NB (Con) 0.9% St. Catharines, ON (Con) 1.1% Ahuntsic, QC (BQ) 1.7% Fleetwood—Port Kells, BC (Con) 1.9% London—Fanshawe, ON (NDP) 1.9% Ottawa—Orléans, ON (Con) 2.0% Simcoe North, ON (Con) 2.0% Brossard—La Prairie, QC (BQ) 2.2% Papineau, QC (BQ) 2.2% Burnaby—Douglas, BC (NDP) 2.6% Barrie, ON (Con) 2.7% Kitchener—Conestoga, ON (Con) 2.7%
Bloc Québécois	New Democratic
Louis-Hébert, QC (Con) 0.4% Beauport—Limoilou, QC (Con) 1.6% Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles, QC (Con) 2.7% Hull—Aylmer, QC (Lib) 3.3% Honoré-Mercier, QC (Lib) 3.8% Pontiac, QC (Con) 5.0% Laval—Les Îles, QC (Lib) 6.1% Outremont, QC (Lib) 6.3%¹ Bourassa, QC (Lib) 11.4% Jonquière—Alma, QC (Con) 12.8% Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier, QC (Ind) 13.9%	Thunder Bay—Superior North, ON (Lib) 1.0% Newton—North Delta, BC (Lib) 1.6% Thunder Bay—Rainy River, ON (Lib) 1.7% Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing, ON (Lib) 3.7% Nickel Belt, ON (Lib) 4.6%* Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, BC (Lib) 4.6% Welland, ON (Lib) 4.8% Oshawa, ON (Con) 5.2% Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge—Mission, BC (Con) 5.2% Beaches—East York, ON (Lib) 5.4% Kenora, ON (Lib) 5.7% Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, SK (Con) 6.5%* Central Nova, NS (Con) 7.8% South Shore—St. Margaret's, NS (Con) 8.3% Fleetwood—Port Kells, BC (Con) 8.3%

Lawn signs for all the major candidates decorate an intersection during the London North Centre by-election

¹ Won by the NDP in a by-election with more than a 15% margin over the Liberals.

• The Green Party of Canada did not come within 15% of winning any riding in the 2006 election, but since came 9.0% short of winning London North Centre, ON (Lib) in a by-election.

Targeted Cabinet ministers

The following Cabinet ministers were elected by a margin of less than 10% in 2006:

1. Tony Clement, Health and Federal Economic Initiative for Northern Ontario: 0.1% over Lib in Parry Sound—Muskoka, ON
2. Lawrence Cannon, Transport, Infrastructure and Communities: 5.0% over BQ in Pontiac, QC
3. Jim Flaherty, Finance: 5.7% over Lib in Whitby—Oshawa, ON
4. Rob Nicholson, Justice: 5.9% over Lib in Niagara Falls, ON
5. Peter MacKay, Defence and Atlantic Opportunities: 7.8% over NDP in Central Nova, NS
6. John Baird, Environment: 9.0% over Lib in Ottawa West—Nepean, ON

Opinion polls

Plot of Opinion Polls during the election period

Main article: Opinion polling in the Canadian federal election, 2008

Candidates

Further information: Canadian federal election, 2008 (candidates)

By party

• Bloc Québécois candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election
• Christian Heritage Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election
• Conservative Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election
• Green Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election
• Independent candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election
• Liberal Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election
• New Democratic Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election

Incumbent MPs not running for re-election

Conservatives

• Dave Batters, Palliser, Saskatchewan
• Joe Comuzzi, Thunder Bay—Superior North, Ontario
• Norman Doyle, St. John's East, Newfoundland and Labrador
• David Emerson, Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia
• Ken Epp, Edmonton—Sherwood Park, Alberta
• Brian Fitzpatrick, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
• Art Hanger, Calgary Northeast, Alberta
• Loyola Hearn, St. John's South—Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador
• Betty Hinton, Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo, British Columbia
• Bob Mills, Red Deer, Alberta
• Brian Pallister, Portage—Lisgar, Manitoba
• Carol Skelton, Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, Saskatchewan
• Monte Solberg, Medicine Hat, Alberta
• Myron Thompson, Wild Rose, Alberta
• John Williams, Edmonton—St. Albert, Alberta

Liberals

• Colleen Beaumier, Brampton West, Ontario
• Raymond Bonin, Nickel Belt, Ontario
• Roy Cullen, Etobicoke North, Ontario
• Nancy Karetak-Lindell, Nunavut, Nunavut
• Paul Martin, LaSalle—Émard, Quebec
• Bill Matthews, Random—Burin—St. George's, Newfoundland and Labrador
• Joe McGuire, Egmont, Prince Edward Island
• Andy Scott, Fredericton, New Brunswick
• Paul Steckle, Huron—Bruce, Ontario
• Belinda Stronach, Newmarket—Aurora, Ontario
• Tom Wappel, Scarborough Southwest, Ontario

Bloc Québécois

• Raymond Gravel, Repentigny, Quebec
• Gilles A. Perron, Rivière-des-Mille-Îles, Quebec
• Pauline Picard, Drummond, Quebec
• Caroline St-Hilaire, Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher, Quebec

New Democrats

• Bill Blaikie, Elmwood—Transcona, Manitoba
• Alexa McDonough, Halifax, Nova Scotia
• Penny Priddy, Surrey North, British Columbia

External links

Government links

• Elections Canada
  • Elections Canada nominations database
• Parliament of Canada
• Prime Minister of Canada

Party Platforms

Main article: Party platforms, Canadian federal election, 2008

• | Conservative Party Platform
• | Liberal Party Platform
• | NDP platform
• | Green Party Platform
• | Bloc Québécois Platform

General links

• Works related to 2008 Canadian federal election at Wikisource

Election coverage

• Nodice.ca – Canadian federal election 2008
• Politics Watch

Opinion polls

• Nodice.ca – Canadian federal election 2008 – Public Opinion Polls
• Angus Reid Strategies 2008 Federal Election Page – Surveys related to the campaign, voting intention, issues, and views on party leaders
• Pollingreport.ca

Projections and predictions

• DemocraticSPACE Seat Projections
• Election Prediction Project
• Hill and Knowlton election predictor
• LISPOP – Projected distribution of seats
• Trendlines Research Daily chart tracking of average of 11 Riding Projection models
• Paulitics 2008 Election Seat Projection

Blogs

• The Blogging Tories – Conservative blogs
• Green Bloggers – Green blogs
• LibLogs – Liberal blogs
• The Blogging Dippers – New Democrat blogs

Party websites

Parties with representation in the House of Commons

• Bloc Québécois
• Conservative Party of Canada
• Green Party of Canada
• Liberal Party of Canada
• New Democratic Party

Parties without representation in the House of Commons

• Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party
• Canadian Action Party
• Christian Heritage Party of Canada
• Communist Party of Canada
• First Peoples National Party
• Libertarian Party of Canada
• Marijuana Party of Canada
• Marxist-Leninist Party of Canada
• NeoRhino.ca
• Newfoundland and Labrador First Party
• People's Political Power of Canada
• Progressive Canadian Party
• Western Block Party
• Work Less Party