Chlorokybus: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Genus of basal green algae}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| image = Chlorokybus_atmophyticus.jpg
| divisio = [[Charophyta]]
⚫
| image_caption = ''Chlorokybus atmophyticus''
⚫
| classis = [[Klebsormidiophyceae]]
| greatgrandparent_authority = Irisarri & al.<ref name=AB_t17366/>
| ordo = [[Klebsormidiales]]
| grandparent_authority = Irisarri & al.<ref name=AB_t117367/>
| familia = [[Klebsormidiaceae]]
| parent_authority = Irisarri & al.<ref name=AB_t117368/>
⚫
| genus = '''''Chlorokybus'''''
| taxon = Chlorokybus
⚫
| species = '''''C. atmophyticus'''''
⚫
| authority = Geitler<ref name=AB_g44534/><ref name="Geitler">{{cite book | last=Geitler | first=L. | year=1942 | chapter=Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematik neuer bemerkenswerter atmosphytischer Algen aus Wien | title=Flora NF | volume=136 | pages=1–29 }}</ref>
⚫
| binomial = ''Chlorokybus atmophyticus''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
⚫
| binomial_authority = Geitler, 1942<ref name="Geitler">{{cite book | last=Geitler | first=L. | year=1942 | chapter=Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematik neuer bemerkenswerter atmosphytischer Algen aus Wien | title=Flora NF | volue=136 | pages=1-29 }}</ref>
| subdivision =
{{Linked species list
⚫
|Chlorokybus atmophyticus|Geitler
|Chlorokybus bremeri|Irisarri et al.
|Chlorokybus cerffii|Irisarri et al.
|Chlorokybus melkonianii|Irisarri et al.
|Chlorokybus riethii|Irisarri et al.
}}
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=AB_g44534>{{AlgaeBase genus|name=Chlorokybus|id=44534}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Chlorokybus''''' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal [[green algae]] or [[Charophyta|charophyte]]. It has been classified as the sole member of the family '''Chlorokybaceae''',<ref name=AB_t117368>{{AlgaeBase taxon|name=Chlorokybaceae|id=117368}}</ref> which is the sole member of the order '''Chlorokybales''',<ref name=AB_t117367>{{AlgaeBase taxon|name=Chlorokybales|id=117367}}</ref> in turn the sole member of the class '''Chlorokybophyceae'''.<ref name=AB_t17366>{{AlgaeBase taxon|name=Chlorokybophyceae|id=17366}}</ref><ref name="LeliaertVerbruggen2011">{{cite journal|last1=Leliaert|first1=Frederik|last2=Verbruggen|first2=Heroen|last3=Zechman|first3=Frederick W.|title=Into the deep: New discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny|journal=BioEssays|volume=33 |issue=9 |year=2011 |pages=683–692 |issn=0265-9247 |doi=10.1002/bies.201100035 |pmid=21744372|s2cid=40459076 }}</ref> It grows on soil and rock surfaces,<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21/> and is rare.<ref name=Rogers/>
'''Chlorokybus''' is a genus of [[charophyte]] containing the sole species '''''Chlorokybus atmophyticus''''', a soil [[algae|alga]] found in alpine areas. It sometimes has been classified as the sole member of the class '''Chlorokybophyceae''' but more recently is included in the family [[Klebsormidiaceae]] within the plant division [[Charophyta]].

==Description==
''Chlorokybus'' is a [[microalga]] forming sarcinoid, cubical packets of two to eight cells. Each cell contains a single [[chloroplast]] which contains a central [[pyrenoid]] surrounded by grains of [[starch]], as well as another pyrenoid (called the pseudopyrenoid) near the edge of the chloroplast which lacks starch grains. Mature packets produce a layer of mucilage surrounding the cells.<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21/>

''Chlorokybus'' reproduces asexually by forming [[autospore]]s. The autospores can also differentiate into [[zoospore]]s, which have two [[flagella]]. Zoospores can form groups of up to 32 cells. Zoospores swim to a new location and then settle, retracting their flagella and creating a new vegetative cell.<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21/>

==Taxonomy==
''Chlorokybus atmophyticus'' was once thought to be the only species in the genus.<ref name=Rogers>{{cite journal | jstor= 2442669 | title= The Zoospore of Chlorokybus Atmophyticus, a Charophyte with Sarcinoid Growth Habit | last1= Rogers | first1= Catherine E. | last2= Mattox | first2= Karl R. | last3= Stewart | first3= Kenneth D. | journal= American Journal of Botany | year= 1980 | volume= 67 | issue= 5 | pages= 774–783 | doi= 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07706.x | doi-access= free }}</ref> In 2021, a study showed that there were at least four other species, morphologically indistinguishable, but with deep genomic differences, suggesting divergences possibly about 76 million years ago. ''Chlorokybus'' has been found in Eurasia, Central and South America.<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21/>

''Chlorokybus'' was placed in a new class, order and family. The new class Chlorokybophyceae was basal within the charophytes.<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21/>
{{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Mesostigmatophyceae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Spirotaenia]]''
⚫
|2=Chlorokybophyceae
}}
}}
|2={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Klebsormidiophyceae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Charophyceae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Coleochaetophyceae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Zygnematophyceae]]
|2=[[Embryophyta]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

Within the genus, the species were related as shown in the cladogram:<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21/>
{{clade
⚫
|label1 = ''Chlorokybus''
|1={{clade
|1=''C. cerffii''
|2={{clade
|1=''C. riethii
|2={{clade
|1=''C. bremeri''
|2={{clade
⚫
|1=''C. atmophyticus''
|2=''C. melkonianii''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=IrisDariProsFurs21>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Irisarri |first1=Iker |last2=Darienko |first2=Tatyana |last3=Pröschold |first3=Thomas |last4=Fürst-Jansen |first4=Janine M. R. |last5=Jamy |first5=Mahwash |last6=de Vries |first6=Jan |date=2021 |title=Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=288 |issue=1963 |page=20212168 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.2168 |pmid=34814752 |pmc=8611356 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Plant classification}}
{{Plant classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q860872}}


[[Category:Charophyta]]
[[Category:Charophyta]]
[[Category:Charophyta genera]]

{{algae-stub}}

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[[es:Chlorokybophyceae]]
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[[fr:Chlorokybus atmophyticus]]
[[ko:클로로키부스 아트모티쿠스]]

Latest revision as of 09:28, 27 October 2023

Chlorokybus
Chlorokybus atmophyticus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Viridiplantae
(unranked): Charophyta
Class: Chlorokybophyceae
Irisarri & al.[5]
Order: Chlorokybales
Irisarri & al.[4]
Family: Chlorokybaceae
Irisarri & al.[3]
Genus: Chlorokybus
Geitler[1][2]
Species[1]

Chlorokybus is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or charophyte. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae,[3] which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales,[4] in turn the sole member of the class Chlorokybophyceae.[5][6] It grows on soil and rock surfaces,[7] and is rare.[8]

Description[edit]

Chlorokybus is a microalga forming sarcinoid, cubical packets of two to eight cells. Each cell contains a single chloroplast which contains a central pyrenoid surrounded by grains of starch, as well as another pyrenoid (called the pseudopyrenoid) near the edge of the chloroplast which lacks starch grains. Mature packets produce a layer of mucilage surrounding the cells.[7]

Chlorokybus reproduces asexually by forming autospores. The autospores can also differentiate into zoospores, which have two flagella. Zoospores can form groups of up to 32 cells. Zoospores swim to a new location and then settle, retracting their flagella and creating a new vegetative cell.[7]

Taxonomy[edit]

Chlorokybus atmophyticus was once thought to be the only species in the genus.[8] In 2021, a study showed that there were at least four other species, morphologically indistinguishable, but with deep genomic differences, suggesting divergences possibly about 76 million years ago. Chlorokybus has been found in Eurasia, Central and South America.[7]

Chlorokybus was placed in a new class, order and family. The new class Chlorokybophyceae was basal within the charophytes.[7]

Within the genus, the species were related as shown in the cladogram:[7]

Chlorokybus

C. cerffii

C. riethii

C. bremeri

C. atmophyticus

C. melkonianii

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybus". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  2. ^ Geitler, L. (1942). "Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematik neuer bemerkenswerter atmosphytischer Algen aus Wien". Flora NF. Vol. 136. pp. 1–29.
  3. ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybaceae". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  4. ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybales". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  5. ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Chlorokybophyceae". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  6. ^ Leliaert, Frederik; Verbruggen, Heroen; Zechman, Frederick W. (2011). "Into the deep: New discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny". BioEssays. 33 (9): 683–692. doi:10.1002/bies.201100035. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 21744372. S2CID 40459076.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Irisarri, Iker; Darienko, Tatyana; Pröschold, Thomas; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M. R.; Jamy, Mahwash & de Vries, Jan (2021). "Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1963): 20212168. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2168. PMC 8611356. PMID 34814752.
  8. ^ a b Rogers, Catherine E.; Mattox, Karl R.; Stewart, Kenneth D. (1980). "The Zoospore of Chlorokybus Atmophyticus, a Charophyte with Sarcinoid Growth Habit". American Journal of Botany. 67 (5): 774–783. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07706.x. JSTOR 2442669.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorokybus&oldid=1182130220"