Michael Faraday and Military police: Difference between pages

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{{otheruses|Faraday (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:SAFPU NDP'00 01.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command]] providing security coverage at the [[Padang, Singapore|Padang]] in [[Singapore]] during the [[National Day Parade]] in 2000.]]
<!-- NOTE This article uses British English spelling -->{{Infobox_Scientist
|name =  Michael Faraday
 |image = Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg
 |image_width = 200px
 |caption = Faraday in later life
 |birth_date = {{birth date|1791|9|22|mf=y}}
 |birth_place = [[South London]], [[England]]
 |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1867|8|25|1791|9|22}}
 |death_place = [[Hampton Court]], [[London]], [[England]]
 |residence =  [[England]]
 |nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
 |field = [[Physics]] and [[Chemistry]]
 |work_institutions = [[Royal Institution]]
 |alma_mater =
 |academic_mentor =
 [[Electromagnetic induction]], [[Electrochemistry]], [[Faraday effect]]
 |prizes = [[Royal Medal]] (1846)
 |religion = [[Sandemanian]]
 |signature = Faraday signature small.jpg
 |footnotes = Faraday did not attend a university, but [[Humphry Davy]] can be considered his scientific mentor in light of their scientific collaboration over many years.}}
'''Michael Faraday''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an  [[England|English]] [[chemist]] and [[physicist]] (or ''[[natural philosopher]]'', in the [[terminology]] of that time) who contributed to the fields of [[electromagnetism]] and [[electrochemistry]].


'''Military police''' ('''MPs''') are normally the [[police]] of a [[military]] [[organization]].
Faraday studied the [[magnetism|magnetic]] [[field (physics)|field]] around a [[Electrical conductor|conductor]] carrying a DC [[electric current]], and established the basis for the magnetic field concept in physics. He discovered [[electromagnetic induction]], [[diamagnetism]], and [[Faraday's laws of electrolysis|laws of electrolysis]]. He established that [[magnetism]] could affect [[Ray (optics)|rays]] of [[light]] and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.<ref name="EncBrit">[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday Michael Faraday] entry at the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica hosted by LovetoKnow Retrieved January 2007.</ref><ref name="IEEUK">[http://www.iee.org/TheIEE/Research/Archives/Histories&Biographies/Faraday.cfm Institution of Engineering and Technology, London] Archives, Michael Faraday</ref> His [[invention]]s of [[electric motor|electromagnetic rotary devices]] formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that [[electricity]] became viable for use in technology. 


Military police may refer to:
As a chemist, Faraday discovered [[benzene]], investigated the [[clathrate hydrate]] of chlorine, invented an early form of the [[bunsen burner]] and the system of [[oxidation number]]s, and popularized terminology such as [[anode]], [[cathode]], [[electrode]], and [[ion]]. 
* a section of the [[military]] solely responsible for policing the [[armed forces]] (referred to as [[Provost (military police)|provosts]])
* a section of the military responsible for policing in both the armed forces and in the civilian population (most [[gendarmerie]]s, such as the [[National Gendarmerie|French Gendarmerie]])
* a section of the military solely responsible for policing the civilian population (such as the [[Romanian Gendarmerie]])
* the civilian preventative police of a [[Brazilian state]] ([[Military Police (Brazil)|Policia Militar]])


The status of military police is usually prominently displayed on the [[helmet]] and/or on an [[armband]], [[brassard]], or arm or shoulder flash. In the Second World War, the military police of the German Army still used a metal [[gorget]] as an emblem.
Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher [[mathematics]], such as calculus, he was one of the most influential [[scientist]]s in history. Some historians<ref>{{cite book | last =Russell | first = Colin | authorlink = | coauthors = | title= Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | location=New York | pages= | url = | doi = | id =  }}</ref> of science refer to him as the best [[experimentalist]] in the history of science.<ref>[http://www.bath.ac.uk/news/2006/10/25/gulp-ford251006.html "best [[experimentalist]] in the history of science."] Quoting Dr Peter Ford, from the University of Bath’s Department of Physics. Accessed January 2007.</ref> The [[SI]] unit of [[capacitance]], the [[farad]], is named after him, as is the [[Faraday constant]], the charge on a [[mole (unit)|mole]] of [[electron]]s (about 96,485 [[coulomb]]s).  [[Faraday's law of induction]] states that a [[magnetic field]] changing in time creates a proportional [[electromotive force]].


Naval police are sometimes called '''[[master-at-arms|masters-at-arms]]'''.
Faraday was the first and foremost ''Fullerian Professor of Chemistry'' at the [[Royal Institution of Great Britain]], a position to which he was appointed for life.


==Military police in different countries==
Faraday was also highly religious, a member of the [[Sandemanian|Sandemanian Church]], a [[Christian]] sect founded in 1730 which demanded total faith and commitment. Biographers have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God and nature pervaded Faraday's life and work."<ref>{{cite web | author = Baggott, Jim | title = The myth of Michael Faraday: Michael Faraday was not just one of Britain's greatest experimenters. A closer look at the man and his work reveals that he was also a clever theoretician | journal = New Scientist | date = 2 September 1991 | pages = | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117874.600-the-myth-of-michael-faraday-michael-faraday-was-not-justone-of-britains-greatest-experimenters-a-closer-look-at-the-man-and-hiswork-reveals-that-he-was-also-a-clever-theoretician-.html | accessdate = 2008-09-06 }}</ref>


[[Image:Australian Perentie Land Rover and MP motorcycles.jpg|thumb|Australian Army Land Rover and two Military Police motorcycles]]
== Early life ==
===Australia===
[[Image:Faraday Cochran Pickersgill.jpg|thumb|left|150px|upright|Michael Faraday in his late thirties]]
In the [[Australian Army]], the [[Royal Australian Corps of Military Police]] also performs the role of a secondary communications network in the front battle zone.
In the [[Royal Australian Navy]], the [[Naval Police Coxswain Branch]] performs dual roles of performing general police duties, investigation of criminal offences and a secondary role of ships' coxswain staff responsible for administration of ships' personnel.


=== Austria ===
Michael Faraday was born in [[Newington Butts]], part of [[South London]], [[England]]. His family was not well off. His father, James, was a member of the [[Sandemanian]] sect of Christianity. James Faraday had come to London around 1790 from [[Outhgill]] in [[Westmorland]], where he had been the village [[blacksmith]]. The young Michael Faraday, one of four children, having only the most basic of school educations, had to largely educate himself.<ref>"Michael Faraday."  History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://www.answers.com/topic/michael-faraday Answers.com 4 June 2007]</ref> At fourteen he became apprenticed to a local bookbinder and bookseller [[George Riebau]] and, during his seven-year apprenticeship, he read many books, including [[Isaac Watts]]' ''The Improvement of the Mind'', and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions contained therein. He developed an interest in science and specifically in electricity. In particular, he was inspired by the book ''[[Conversations in Chemistry]]'' by [[Jane Marcet]].<ref>{{cite episode
The ''Kommando Militärstreife & Militärpolizei'' (" Military Patrol & Military Police Command") of the [[Austria]]n ''[[Bundesheer]]'' was founded in 2007. The Command is also responsible for military police training. The duties are personal security of high ranking officers, policing of military personnel and traffic control of military transports. The military police is called within the [[Austria]]n borders ''Militärstreife'' ("Military Patrol"), when it is deployed abroad the Militärstreife is renamed in ''Militärpolizei'' ("Military Police").
|transcripturl=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi744.htm
|title=Jane Marcet's Books |credits=John H. Lienhard
|series=The Engines of Our Ingenuity
|serieslink=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |airdate=1992 |number=744 |network=NPR
|station=KUHF-FM Houston|accessdate=2007-10-02}}</ref>
 
At the age of twenty, in 1812, at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent English [[chemist]]  [[Humphry Davy]] of the [[Royal Institution]] and [[Royal Society]], and [[John Tatum (scientist)|John Tatum]], founder of the [[City Philosophical Society]]. Many tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by [[William Dance]] (one of the founders of the [[Royal Philharmonic Society]]). Afterwards, Faraday sent Davy a three hundred page book based on notes taken during the lectures. Davy's reply was immediate, kind, and favorable. When Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with [[nitrogen trichloride]], he decided to employ Faraday as a secretary. When John Payne, one of the Royal Institution's assistants, was fired, Sir Humphry Davy was asked to find a replacement. He appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March.<ref name="EncBrit"/>
[[Image:Humphry Davy Engraving 1830.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sir Humphry Davy, 1830 engraving based on the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830)]]
In the class-based English society of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman. When Davy went on a long tour to the continent in 1813-5, his [[valet]] did not wish to go. Faraday was going as Davy's scientific assistant, and was asked to act as Davy's valet until a replacement could be found in Paris. Faraday was forced to fill the role of valet as well as assistant throughout the trip. Davy's wife, [[Jane Apreece]], refused to treat Faraday as an equal (making him travel outside the coach, eat with the servants, etc.) and generally made Faraday so miserable that he contemplated returning to England alone and giving up science altogether. The trip did, however, give him access to the European scientific elite and a host of stimulating ideas.<ref name="EncBrit"/>


===Belgium===
His sponsor and mentor was [[John 'Mad Jack' Fuller]], who created the [[Fullerian Professorship of Chemistry]] at the Royal Institution.  
The [[Belgian Army]]'s Military Police Group (''Groupe Police Militaire'' in French, ''Groep Militaire Politie'' in Dutch) performs military police duties on behalf of all four components of the Belgian military. The group is headed by a [[lieutenant colonel]] and has 188 members in five MP detachments.


The Military Police Group staff is located in the Queen Elizabeth Barracks in the [[Brussels]] suburb of Evere. Alpha Detachment located at Evere covers the province of Flemish Brabant and the capital, Brussels. Bravo Detachment covers the Walloon Brabant, [[Hainaut]] and [[Namur (province)|Namur]] areas and is located at [[Nivelles]]. Charlie Detachment located at [[Marche-en-Famenne]] covers the [[Liège (province)|Liege]] and [[Luxembourg]] areas. Delta Detachment covers the [[Limbourg]] and [[Antwerp]] areas and is located at [[Leopoldsburg]]. Echo Detachment located at Lombardsijde covers Western and Eastern [[Flanders]].
Faraday was a devout Christian and a member of the small [[Sandemanian]] denomination, an offshoot of the [[Church of Scotland]]. He later served two terms as an elder in the group's church at Glovers Hall, [[Barbican]], which later moved to [[Barnsbury]], [[Islington]].


The Military Police force carries out the following missions:
Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800-1879) on 2 June 1821, although they would never have children. They met through attending the Sandemanian church. 
He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1824, appointed director of the laboratory in 1825; and in 1833 he was appointed Fullerian professor of chemistry in the institution for life, without the obligation to deliver lectures.


*Maintenance of order and discipline: Consists of monitoring, maintaining and, if necessary, re-establishing discipline and military order. This also involves controlling stragglers and refugees in times of war and guarding and escorting prisoners of war.
== Scientific achievements ==
=== Chemistry === 
[[Image:M Faraday Lab H Moore.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Michael Faraday in his laboratory. c1850s by artist [[Harriet Jane Moore]] who documented Faraday's life in watercolours.]]


*Traffic regulation: Includes traffic monitoring and regulation to ensure the flow of military movements in accordance with plans. This includes route reconnaissance and marking, convoy and oversize vehicle escort and river crossing control. Traffic accident investigations is also a part of the job.
Faraday's earliest chemical work was as an assistant to Humphry Davy. Faraday made a special study of [[chlorine]], and discovered two new chlorides of [[carbon]]. He also made the first rough experiments on the diffusion of gases, a phenomenon first pointed out by [[John Dalton]], the physical importance of which was more fully brought to light by [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]] and [[Joseph Loschmidt]]. He succeeded in liquefying several gases; he investigated the alloys of [[steel]], and produced several new kinds of glass intended for optical purposes. A specimen of one of these heavy glasses afterwards became historically important as the substance in which Faraday detected the rotation of the plane of polarisation of light when the glass was placed in a magnetic field, and also as the substance which was first repelled by the poles of the magnet. He also endeavoured, with some success, to make the general methods of chemistry, as distinguished from its results, the subject of special study and of popular exposition.


*Security missions: Prevents and deters any threat to or attack against the personnel and property of the armed forces. The Military Police force protects, for example, the Palace of the Nation and the Parliaments and Councils of the Regions and the Communities, headquarters and classified conferences. MPs also provide VIP motorcycle escorts and honour guards, perform close protection missions, and escort classified documents and money transports.
He invented an early form of what was to become the [[Bunsen burner]], which is used almost universally in science laboratories as a convenient source of heat.<ref>{{cite journal  | last =Jensen  | first =William B.  | authorlink =  | coauthors =  | title =The Origin of the Bunsen Burner | journal = Journal of Chemical Education  | volume = 82  | issue = 4 | pages =  | publisher =  | year =2005  | url = http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2005/Apr/clicSubscriber/V82N04/p518.pdf}}</ref><ref>See page 127 of Faraday's ''Chemical Manipulation, Being Instructions to Students in Chemistry'' (1827)</ref>
Faraday worked extensively in the field of [[chemistry]], discovering chemical substances such as [[benzene]] (which he called bicarburet of hydrogen), inventing the system of [[oxidation number]]s, and liquefying gases such as chlorine. In 1820 Faraday reported on the first syntheses of compounds made from carbon and chlorine, [[hexachloroethane|C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]] and [[tetrachloroethylene|C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>]], and published his results the following year.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Faraday, Michael | title = On two new Compounds of Chlorine and Carbon, and on a new Compound of Iodine, Carbon, and Hydrogen | journal = Philosophical Transactions | year = 1821 | volume = | pages = 47 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Faraday | first = Michael | authorlink = | title = Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics | publisher = Richard Taylor and William Francis | year= 1859 | location = London | pages = 33&ndash;53}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Williams | first = L. Pearce | authorlink = | coauthors = | title= Michael Faraday: A Biography | publisher = Basic Books | year= 1965 | location = New York | pages = 122&ndash;123}}</ref> Faraday also determined the composition of the chlorine [[clathrate hydrate]], which had been discovered by Humphry Davy in 1810.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Faraday, Michael | title = On Hydrate of Chlorine | journal = Quartly Journal of Science | year = 1823 | volume = 15| pages = 71 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Faraday | first = Michael | authorlink = | title = Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics | publisher = Richard Taylor and William Francis | year= 1859 | location = London | pages = 81&ndash;84}}</ref>  


The Belgian Military Police has also taken part in multinational peacekeeping missions such as Afghanistan, Kosovo and Congo. The [[Belgian police|Federal Police’s]] Military Crime Division (DJMM) performs all investigations involving the armed forces.
Faraday also discovered the laws of [[electrolysis]] and popularised terminology such as [[anode]], [[cathode]], [[electrode]], and [[ion]], terms largely created by [[William Whewell]].  


In 2003, duties relating to refugees and deserters in wartime were transferred from the then disbanded ''[[Belgian Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Nationale]]'' to the MPs. Members of the former 4 and 6 MP Companies were merged into the new MP Group, along with some Gendarmes previously assigned MP-related duties.
Faraday was the first to report what later came to be called metallic [[nanoparticles]]. In 1847 he discovered that the optical properties of gold [[colloid]]s differed from those of the corresponding bulk metal. This was probably the first reported observation of the effects of [[quantum]] size, and might be considered to be the birth of [[nanoscience]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanogallery.info/nanogallery/?ipg=126 |title=The Birth of Nanotechnology |accessdate=2007-07-25 |last=|first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2006 |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Nanogallery.info |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote="Faraday made some attempt to explain what was causing the vivid coloration in his gold mixtures, saying that known phenomena seemed to indicate that a mere variation in the size of [gold] particles gave rise to a variety of resultant colors." }}</ref>


Belgian MPs are identified by black armbands with the letters MP in white block letters, worn on the left arm.
=== Electricity and magnetism ===
Faraday's greatest work was probably with electricity and magnetism. The first experiment which he recorded was the construction of a [[voltaic pile]] with seven halfpence pieces, stacked together with seven disks of sheet zinc, and six pieces of paper moistened with salt water. With this pile he decomposed sulphate of magnesia (first letter to Abbott, 12 July 1812). 


===Brazil===
[[Image:Faraday magnetic rotation.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Electromagnetic rotation experiment of Faraday, ''ca.'' 1821<ref>{{cite book | author = Faraday, Michael | title = Experimental Researches in Electricity | year = 1844 | volume = 2 }} See plate 4.</ref>]]
[[Image:P.E..jpg|thumb|right|200px|Brazilian Army Police soldier]]
'Military police' in Brazil has two meanings - there are [[provost (military police)|provost]] corps for each of the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]]: Army Police ({{lang-pt|Polícia do Exército, PE}}) for the [[Brazilian Army|Army]], Navy Police ({{lang-pt|Polícia da Marinha}}) for the [[Brazilian Navy|Navy]], and ({{lang-pt|Polícia da Aeronaútica, PA}}) Air Force Police for the [[Brazilian Air Force|Air Force]].


The second type are the preventative civilian [[police]], with military organization comparable to [[gendarmerie]], called the [[Brazilian Military Police|Military Police]] ({{lang-pt|Polícia Militar}}). Each [[States of Brazil|State]] has their own Military Police.
In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist, [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] discovered the phenomenon of [[electromagnetism]], Davy and British scientist [[William Hyde Wollaston]] tried but failed to design an [[electric motor]].<ref name="IEEUK"/> Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire and a wire extending into a pool of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] with a magnet placed inside would rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. The latter device is known as a [[homopolar motor]]. These experiments and inventions form the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. Faraday published his results without acknowledging his debt to Wollaston and Davy, and the resulting controversy caused Faraday to withdraw from electromagnetic research for several years.
At this stage, there is also evidence to suggest that Davy may have been trying to slow Faraday’s rise as a scientist (or natural philosopher as it was known then). In 1825, for instance, Davy set him onto optical glass experiments, which progressed for six years with no great results. It was not until Davy's death, in 1829, that Faraday stopped these fruitless tasks and moved on to endeavors that were more worthwhile. Two years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered [[electromagnetic induction]]. [[Joseph Henry]] likely discovered [[Electromagnetic induction|self-induction]] a few months earlier and both may have been anticipated by the work of [[Francesco Zantedeschi]] in Italy in 1829 and 1830.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Francesco_Zantedeschi  |title=Francesco Zantedeschi article at the Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2007-06-16 |last=Brother Potamian |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=1913  |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Wikisource  |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>
 
[[Image:M Faraday Th Phillips oil 1842.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|right|Michael Faraday, portrait by [[Thomas Phillips]] c1841-1842<ref> See [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?mkey=mw02170 National Portrait gallery NPG 269] </ref>]]


There is also a joint [[National Public Security Force]] ({{lang-pt|Força Nacional de Segurança Pública}}), created under the presidency of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states, only to be used when the governor of a state asks for help to control a significant security crisis.
Faraday's breakthrough came when he wrapped two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring, and found that upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other coil.<ref name="IEEUK"/>  This phenomenon is known as [[mutual induction]]. The iron ring-coil apparatus is still on display at the Royal Institution. In subsequent experiments he found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. His demonstrations established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This relation was mathematically modelled by [[Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's law]], which subsequently became one of the four [[Maxwell's equations|Maxwell equations]]. These in turn have evolved into the generalisation known today as [[Field theory (physics)|field theory]]. 
 
Faraday later used the principle to construct the electric [[Electrical generator#Dynamo|dynamo]], the ancestor of modern power generators.


=== Cambodia ===
In 1839 he completed a series of experiments aimed at investigating the fundamental nature of electricity. Faraday used "[[Electrostatics|static]]",  [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]], and "[[Bioelectromagnetism|animal electricity]]" to produce the phenomena of electrostatic attraction, [[electrolysis]], [[Electromagnetism|magnetism]], etc. He concluded that, contrary to scientific opinion of the time, the divisions between the various "kinds" of electricity were illusory. Faraday instead proposed that only a single "electricity" exists, and the changing values of quantity and intensity (voltage and charge) would produce different groups of phenomena.<ref name="IEEUK"/>
The Gendarmerie, or "Military Police", known as the Royal Gendarmerie of [[Cambodia]] is a paramilitary unit with about 7,000 soldiers deployed in all provinces. It is headquartered in [[Phnom Penh]]. The unit's chain of command is through the [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]] High Command.


The Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia is deployed in every province and cities to keep the law in orders. Military police in [[Cambodia]] play an important role in Cambodia society which keep law and orders in cities like the National Police.
Near the end of his career Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor. This idea was rejected by his fellow scientists, and Faraday did not live to see this idea eventually accepted. Faraday's concept of lines of flux emanating from charged bodies and magnets provided a way to visualise electric and magnetic fields. That mental model was crucial to the successful development of electromechanical devices which dominated engineering and industry for the remainder of the 19th century.


==Diamagnetism==
===Canada===
{{main|Canadian Forces Military Police}}
[[Image:Faraday photograph ii.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Michael Faraday holding a glass bar of the type he used in 1845 to show that magnetism can affect light. <ref><small>Detail of an engraving by [[Henry Adlard]], based on an earlier photograph by Maull & Polyblank ''ca.'' 1857. </small>  See [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp01529 National Portrait Gallery, UK] </ref>]]
[[Canadian Forces]] military police functions are currently carried out by the [[Canadian Forces Military Police]]. The [[Canadian Forces National Investigation Service]] handles investigations.
In 1845, Faraday discovered that many materials exhibit a weak repulsion from a magnetic field, a phenomenon he named [[diamagnetism]].


The Canadian Forces Provost Marshal is the head of the military police in Canada.
Faraday also found that the plane of [[polarization|polarisation]] of linearly polarised light can be rotated by the application of an external magnetic field aligned in the direction the light is moving.  This is now termed the [[Faraday effect]].  He wrote in his notebook, "I have at last succeeded in ''illuminating a magnetic curve'' or ''[[line of force]]'' and in ''magnetising a ray of light''". This established that magnetic force and light were related.


Prior to the amalgamation of Canada's Army, Navy and Air Force into the unified [[Canadian Forces]] in 1968, separate service branches had performed military police functions independently: the [[Canadian Provost Corps]] and the [[Royal Canadian Air Force Police]].
Late in life (1862), Faraday used a spectroscope to search for a different alteration of light, the change of spectral lines by an applied magnetic field.  However, the equipment available to him was insufficient for a definite determination of a spectral change.  [[Pieter Zeeman]] later used an improved apparatus to study the same phenomenon, publishing his results in 1897 and receiving the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for his success.  In both his 1897 paper<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance | journal = Nature | year = 1897 | volume = 55 | pages = 347 | author = Zeeman, Pieter | doi = 10.1038/055347a0}}</ref> and his Nobel acceptance speech<ref>{{cite web | title = Pieter Zeeman - Nobel Lecture | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/zeeman-lecture.html | access-date = 2008-05-29}}</ref>, Zeeman referred to Faraday's work.


The roles of the military police in Canada are separated into two main groups. The first group is Garrison Operations, which includes activities such as investigations and patrols. The second group is operational support in combat operations, such as POW convoy escorts, VIP's close protection, and route reconnaissances. The main tasks for the reserve companies are the Operational tasks, while the regular force concentrates their training on the "Garrison" tasks.
==Faraday cage== 


The Canadian Military police all wear a red beret regardless of their attachment to the maritime, land or air command. They also wear a shoulder patch on the left arms with bilingual writing: MILITARY POLICE MILITAIRE.
[[Image:YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg|thumb|left|150px|James Clerk Maxwell]]


===Republic Of China (Taiwan)===
In his work on static electricity, Faraday demonstrated that the charge only resided on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had no influence on anything enclosed within a conductor. This is because the exterior charges redistribute such that the interior fields due to them cancel. This shielding effect is used in what is now known as a [[Faraday cage]].
Unlike military police in many other countries, the [[Republic of China Military Police]] ({{zh-tp|t=中華民國憲兵|p=Zhōnghuá Mínguó Xiànbīng}}) are a separate branch of the [[ROC]] Armed Forces. The ROCMP are responsible for enforcing military law, maintaining military discipline, providing backup for the civilian police force or serving as combat troops during times of emergency, providing security for certain government buildings, including the [[Presidential Office Building (Taipei)|Presidential Building]] in [[Taipei]] City, as well as performing counter-terrorism and VIP protection operations. The ROCMP are also charged with the defense of the capital [[Taipei]].


===Croatia===
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language. However, his mathematical abilities did not extend as far as trigonometry or any but the simplest algebra. It was [[James Clerk Maxwell]] who took the work of Faraday, and others, and consolidated it with a set of equations that lie at the base of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena.  On Faraday's uses of the [[lines of force]], James Clerk Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order--one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods."<ref name="MaxwellSciPapVol1">[http://books.google.com/books?id=RaqhIhxqLiwC&pg=PA360&lpg=PA360&dq=%22to+have+been+in+reality+a+mathematician%22&source=web&ots=CUK1Be_o6H&sig=R8OycQBKt7eOLEgWVt328XdHqv8&hl=en The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell Volume 1] page 360; Courier Dover 2003, ISBN 0486495604</ref>
[[Image:Military Police Member (Croatian Army).jpg|thumb|150px|Croatian MP in uniform]]


[[Croatia]]n [[Military Police]] (on [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: Vojna Policija) is part of [[Croatian Armed Forces]] (on Croatian: Oružane Snage Republike Hrvatske). Croatian [[Military Police]] is formed in [[27 August]] [[1991]].,soon after [[Croatian Army]]in that time called National Guard Corps (Croatian: Zbor Narodne Garde).Parts of Croatian [[Military Police]] are:
== Public service ==
[[Image:FaradayFatherThames.jpg|thumb|right|150px|upright|Michael Faraday meets Father Thames, from ''Punch'' (21 July 1855)]]


NSVP - Military Police Education center "Bojnik Alfred Hill"
Beyond his scientific research into areas such as chemistry, electricity, and magnetism at the Royal Institution, Faraday undertook numerous, and often time-consuming, service projects for private enterprise and the British government. This work included investigations of explosions in [[coal mine]]s, being an [[expert witness]] in court, and the preparation of high-quality optical [[glass]]. In 1846, together with [[Charles Lyell]], he produced a lengthy and detailed report on a serious [[explosion]] in the colliery at [[Haswell County Durham]] which killed 95 miners. Their report was a meticulous [[forensic investigation]] and  indicated that [[coal dust]] contributed to the severity of the explosion. The report should have warned coal owners of the hazard of coal dust explosions, but the risk was ignored for over 60 years until the  [[Senghenydd Colliery Disaster]] of 1913.


66th Military Police Battalion
As a respected scientist in a nation with strong maritime interests, Faraday spent extensive amounts of time on projects such as the construction and operation of [[Lighthouse|light house]]s and protecting the bottoms of ships from [[corrosion]]. 


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[[Image:Crystal Palace from the northeast from Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851. 1854.jpg|thumb|left|The Great Exhibition in Hyde Park 1851.]]


68th Military Police Battalion
Faraday also was active in what would now be called [[environmental science]], or engineering. He investigated industrial pollution at [[Swansea]] and was consulted on air pollution at the [[Royal Mint]]. In July 1855, Faraday wrote a letter to [[The Times]] on the subject of the foul condition of the [[River Thames]], which resulted in an oft-reprinted cartoon in [[Punch]].  (See also [[The Great Stink]].)


69th Military Police Company
Faraday assisted with planning and judging of exhibits for the [[Great Exhibition]] of 1851 in London. He also advised the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] on the cleaning and protection of its art collection, and served on the National Gallery Site Commission in 1857.  


70th Military Police Company
[[Image:Faraday Michael Christmas lecture detail.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Michael Faraday delivering a Christmas Lecture in 1856.]]


71st Military Police Battalion
Education was another area of service for Faraday. He lectured on the topic in 1854 at the Royal Institution, and in 1862 he appeared before a Public Schools Commission to give his views on education in Great Britain. Faraday also weighed in, negatively, on the public's fascination with table-turning, mesmerism, and seances, chastising both the public and the nation's educational system.<ref>See ''The Illustrated London News'', July 1853, for Faraday's comments. </ref>


72nd Military Police Battalion
Faraday gave a successful series of lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames at the [[Royal Institution]], entitled ''[[The Chemical History of a Candle]]''. This was one of the earlier [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Christmas lectures]] for young people, which are still given each year. Between 1827 and 1860, Faraday gave the Christmas lecture a record nineteen times.


73rd Military Police Battalion (HRM (Croatian Navy))
[[Image:Faraday Michael old age.jpg|thumb|upright|left|150px|Faraday in old age.]]
== Later life ==


74th Military Police Company (HRZ (Croatian Air Force))
In June 1832, the [[University of Oxford]] granted Faraday a Doctor of Civil Law degree (honorary). During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a [[knighthood]] and twice refused to become [[President of the Royal Society]].  


75th Military Police Battalion<ref>[http://www.vojska.net Vojska.net - strategy, wargaming, military history website<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 1848, as a result of representations by the [[Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Consort]], Michael Faraday was awarded a [[grace and favour]] house in  [[Hampton Court]], [[Surrey]] free of all expenses or upkeep. This was the Master Mason's House, later called Faraday House, and now No.37 Hampton Court Road. In 1858 Faraday retired to live there.<ref> [http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=197 Twickenham Museum on Faraday and Faraday House], Accessed June 2006 </ref>


===Denmark===
Faraday died at his house at [[Hampton Court]] on 25 August 1867. He had previously turned down burial in [[Westminster Abbey]], but he has a memorial plaque there, near [[Isaac Newton]]'s tomb. Faraday was interred in the Sandemanian plot in [[Highgate Cemetery]].
[[Image:DK Navy OR-2A.jpg|thumb|right|[[Corporal#Denmark|corporal]] of Danish navy military police insignia]]
[[Image:DK-MIL-POL.jpg|thumb|right|Danish navy military police vehicles]]
In Denmark the military police (Danish: ''militærpoliti'') services are carried out by branches under each service. The [[Royal Danish Navy|navy]] and [[Royal Danish Army|army]] each have their own military police branch, whereas the [[Royal Danish Air Force|air force]] does not have a military police branch as such but has an ''installation guard branch'' (Danish: ''stationselementet''), and a ''combat support wing'' which handles military police duties in either national or international tasks. They fulfill exactly the same duties as MP's in the two other branches.


MP-personnel typically wears either branch-specific display dress uniforms with white shoulder-markings with the text ''MP'' or the branch-common daily [[Battle Dress Uniform|battle dress uniforms]], with a red [[beret]]. In the air force the MP-shoulder markings is typically replaced with markings saing either ''VAGT'' or ''GUARD'', but for international missions they also uses the ''MP''-markings.
== Miscellaneous ==
[[Image:Michael Faraday statue AB.jpg|thumb|left|upright|150px|''Michael Faraday'' - statue in Savoy Place, London. <br><small>Sculptor [[John Henry Foley]] RA </small>]]


MP-personnel generally doesn't have elevated legal authority towards civilians in non-military places, but only towards military personnel and on military installations (also public accessible places like [[Holmen naval base]] in [[Copenhagen]]). On some occasions MP-personnel can support the civilian police in certain tasks, but will only have slightly more legal authority than civilians - similar to the police home guard.
Faraday refused to participate in the production of chemical weapons for the [[Crimean War]] citing ethical reasons.


In the army military police are almost without exception [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO's]] or [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]], whereas the navy and air force relies mainly of [[Other ranks, Denmark|danish ranks OR-1 to OR-3]].
A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]]. A recently built hall of accommodation at [[Brunel University]] is named after Faraday. A hall at [[Loughborough University]] was named after Faraday in 1960. Near the entrance to its dining hall is a bronze casting, which depicts the symbol of an electrical [[transformer]], and inside there hangs a portrait, both in Faraday's honour. A five-story building at the [[University of Edinburgh]]'s science campus is named for Faraday. 


Furthermore the [[Danish Home Guard|home guard]] has a police branch, which supports both the civilian [[Police of Denmark|danish police]] and the military police.
A Faraday [[Michael_Faraday_Memorial|memorial]] designed by [[brutalist]] architect [[Rodney Gordon]] was built at the [[Elephant & Castle]] gyratory system in 1961, near Faraday's birthplace at [[Newington Butts]].


Typical MP-jobs are:
Faraday's picture was printed on British £20 [[British banknotes|banknotes]] from 1991 until 2001.<ref>[http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/withdrawn_notes.htm Bank of England, ''Withdrawn Notes'']</ref>
* Installation/perimeter guard
* Personnel protection
* Traffic control
* Courier services
* Prisoner transport


===Finland===
The former UK [[Faraday Atmospheric Research Station]] in Antarctica was named after him. Faraday was one of the then eight foreign members of the [[French Academy of Sciences]].


The ''[[Sotilaspoliisi]]'' (literally, "Soldier Police") are the military police of the [[Finnish Defence Forces]]. The Finnish MPs wear a black armband on the left shoulder with the letters 'SP' in white. A military policeman is usually armed with a 9 mm pistol, a baton, pepper spray and handcuffs on his belt. The military police includes both career and conscript personnel, and is primarily used to guard military installations and supervise military traffic. All military police personnel are trained with basic police techniques and usually receive training for fighting in urban areas. The military police have power over civilians only inside military areas and installations. However, a military police patrol may stop a crime that it witnesses in process in a civilian area. Additionally if a military police unit is near to a serious crime taking place, such as a robbery or an assault, and the civilian police are delayed, a military police unit that is near to the scene can offer to handle the situation until the civilian police arrive.
== Works==


As with some other Finnish Defence Forces units, the military police can be used to provide assistance to the civilian police when they are undermanned or lack special resources. In such case, the military police may take measures which the civilian police deems necessary. For example, during the 2005 Helsinki World Athletic Championship Games, military police conscripts and career personnel were placed along the [[marathon]] route to prevent the large numbers of spectators from obstructing the runners.
Faraday's books, with the exception of ''Chemical Manipulation'', were collections of scientific papers or transcriptions of lectures.<ref>See page 220 of Hamilton's ''A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution'' (2002)</ref>  Since his death, Faraday's diary has been published, as have several large volumes of his letters and Faraday's journal from his travels with Davy in 1813 - 1815.
* ''Chemical Manipulation, Being Instructions to Students in Chemistry'', John Murray, 1st ed. 1827, [http://www.archive.org/details/chemicalmanipula00fararich 2nd ed. 1830], [http://books.google.com/books?id=apjfZ3P8GdQC&pg=PA1&dq=chemical+manipulation#PPP9,M1 3rd ed. 1842]
* ''[http://www.archive.org/details/experimentalrese00faraiala Experimental Researches in Electricity, vols. i. and ii.]'', Richard and John Edward Taylor, vols. i. and ii.. 1844 and 1847; vol. iii., 1844; vol. iii. Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855
* ''[http://www.archive.org/details/experimentalrese00fararich Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics]'', Taylor and Francis, 1859
* ''A Course of Six Lectures on [[the Chemical History of a Candle]]'', edited by W. Crookes, Griffin, Bohn & Co., 1861 [http://www.archive.org/details/chemicalhistoryo00faraiala PDF/DjVu] from [[Internet Archive]]
* '' [http://www.archive.org/details/onvariousforceso00farauoft On the Various Forces in Nature]'', edited by W. Crookes, Chatto & Windus, 1873
* Faraday's ''Diary'' edited by T. Martin was published in eight volumes, 1932 - 1936
* ''Curiosity Perfectly Satisfyed: Faraday's Travels in Europe 1813-1815'', edited by B. Bowers and L. Symons, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1991
* ''The Correspondence of Michael Faraday'', edited by F. A. J. L. James, INSPEC, Inc., volume 1, 1991; volume 2, 1993; volume 3, 1996; volume 4, 1999
* [http://www.archive.org/details/courseofsixlectu00fararich Course of six lectures on the various forces of matter, and their relations to each other] London ; Glasgow : R. Griffin, 1860.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/liquefactionofga00fararich The liquefaction of gases] Edinburgh: W. F. Clay, 1896.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836-1862. With notes, comments and references to contemporary letters] London: Williams & Norgate 1899.


The crimes committed by military personnel are, as a rule, investigated by the military. Minor infractions are usually investigated by the career personnel of the unit, while more serious crimes are investigated by the investigative section of the General Staff of the Finnish Defence Forces. In minor matters, the company commander or his superiors may use disciplinary powers, but more serious cases are deferred to the civilian prosecutor who will take the case to the district court. In military cases, the district court and superior courts include military members in addition to the professional judge. Officers with at least major's rank have ''[[privilegium fori]]'' to have their cases tried by the Court of Appeals as a court of first instance.
== Quotations ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* "Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature, and in such things as these, experiment is the best test of such consistency."<ref>From the entry of 19 March 1849 in Faraday's ''Diary''</ref>
* "Work. Finish. Publish." — his advice to the young [[William Crookes]]
* "The important thing is to know how to take all things quietly."
[[Image:Faraday Michael grave.jpg|thumb|upright|right|150px|Michael Faraday's grave at [[Highgate Cemetery]]]]
* Regarding the hereafter, "Speculations? I have none. I am resting on certainties."
* "No wonder that my remembrance fails me, for I shall complete my 70 years next Sunday (the 22); -- and during these 70 years I have had a happy life; which still remains happy because of hope and content.<ref>Letter of Faraday to Christian Friedrich Schönbein, 19 September 1861.  See also page 349 of ''The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836-1862'' (1899, London: Williams &amp; Norgate) at [http://www.archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich this site].</ref>


===France===
* Above the doorways of the Pfahler Hall of Science at [[Ursinus College]] in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, there is a stone inscription of a quote attributed to Michael Faraday which reads "but still try, for who knows what is possible..."<ref> See [http://www.flickr.com/photos/monyca/17917765/in/pool-ursinus/ ''but still try'']</ref>
[[Image:Gendarme prévôtal.jpg|thumb|French gendarme on MP duty inside a multinational force (note the MP armband)]]
* "One day sir, you may [[tax]] it." Faraday's reply to [[William Gladstone]], then British Minister of Finance, when asked of the practical value of electricity.
The [[French Gendarmerie|''Gendarmerie Nationale'']] acts as both the military police and one of the two national police forces of [[France]]. The ''[[Gendarmerie Navale]]'' (also called the ''Gendarmerie Maritime'') polices the [[French Navy|Navy]] (and also acts as a [[coast guard]] and [[water police]] force) and the ''[[Gendarmerie de l'Air]]'' polices the [[French Air Force|Air Force]]; both are branches of the ''Gendarmerie Nationale''.
* "If you would cause your view ... to be acknowledged by scientific men; you would do a great service to science. If you would even get them to say yes or no to your conclusions it would help to clear the future progress. I believe some hesitate because they do not like their thoughts disturbed."<ref>From ''Life and Letters'', 2:389.</ref>


[[Image:Military mp guatemala.JPG|thumb|200pix|right|A Military Police NCO from [[Guatemala]].]]
== See also ==
{{wikisource author}}
{{commons|Michael Faraday}}
* [[Faraday rotator]]
* [[Faraday cage]]
* [[Homopolar generator]]
* [[Faraday constant]]
* [[Faraday's law of induction]]
* [[Faraday]] (Unit of electrical charge)
* [[Farad]] (Unit of electrical capacitance)
* [[Forensic engineering]]
* [[Lines of force]]
* [[Zeeman effect]]
* [[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]
* [[Timeline of low-temperature technology]]


===Germany===
== Notes and references ==
During [[World War II]], [[Germany]] had numerous military police units. The primary units were the ''[[Feldgendarmerie]]'', which comprised members of the ''Gendarmerie''. Other units included the Army Patrol Service (''Heerestreifendienst''), the Train Station Guards (''Bahnhofwache''), and the ''[[Feldjägerkorps]]''.
{{reflist|2}}


The ''[[Feldjäger]]'' are the current military police of the [[Germany|German]] ''[[Bundeswehr]]''. The term ''Feldjäger'' ("field rifleman" or "field hunter") has a long tradition and dates back to the mid-17th century. Their motto is ''Suum Cuique'' ("To each his own", derived from [[Cicero]], ''De Finibus, Bonorum et Malorum'', ''liber V'', 67: "''(...) ut fortitudo in laboribus periculisque cernatur, (...), iustitia in'' suo cuique ''tribuendo.''").
== Further reading ==
===Biographies===


===India===
* {{cite book | author = Bence Jones, Henry | title = The Life and Letters of Faraday| year = 1870 | publisher = J. B. Lippincott and Company | location = Philadelphia | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=YzuCdNmu5soC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Faraday&as_brr=1#PPP5,M2 }}
The [[Indian Corps of Military Police|Corps of Military Police]] (CMP) is the military police of the [[Indian Army]]. In addition, the CMP is trained to handle prisoners of war and to regulate traffic, as well as to handle basic telecommunication equipment such as telephone exchanges. They can be identified by their red berets, white lanyards and belts, and they also wear a black [[brassard]] with the letters "MP" imprinted in red.


Internal policing duties in a regiment (or a station) are handled by the [[Regimental Police]], who are soldiers of the unit who are assigned to policing tasks for a short period of time. They are essentially used to regulate traffic, and can be identified by a black brassard with the letters "RP" embossed in gold or white.
* {{cite book | author = Cantor, Geoffrey | title = Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist | year = 1991 | publisher = Macmillian | location = | isbn = 0-333-55077}}


The [[Indian Air Force]] is policed by the [[Indian Air Force Police]]. They can be identified by their white peaked caps, white lanyards and belts (with a pistol holster). They also wear a black brassard with the letters "IAFP" imprinted in red.
* {{cite book | author =  Gladstone, J. H. | title = Michael Faraday | year = 1872 | publisher = Macmillan | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pbs4AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Faraday&as_brr=1#PPP8,M2}}


The [[Indian Navy]] has the [[Indian Navy Police|Navy Police]], and they can be identified by a black brassard with the letters "NP" in gold, with the state emblem placed in between the N and the P.
* {{cite book | author = Hamilton, James | title = Faraday: The Life | year = 2002 | location = London | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 0-00-716376-2}}


===Ireland===
* {{cite book | author = Hamilton, James | title = A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution | year = 2004 | location = New York publisher = Random House | isbn = 1-4000-6016-8}}
The [[Póilíní Airm|Irish Military Police]] (colloquially “PA”s, deriving from the official title, ''[[Póilíní Airm]]'') are responsible for the prevention and detection of crime in the [[Irish Defence Forces]]. Entry to the PA is restricted to serving members of the Defence Forces. All members of the Corps are NCOs, with Officers being transferred in for temporary assignments. Unlike many Military Police Services, they retain responsibility for the controlling access to many, but not all, military posts. In addition they provide a military detachment to the [[Oireachtas]] (Houses of Parliament) and have a large ceremonial role. In the past they had a role in training armed elements of the [[Garda Siochana]] but in recent times this has decreased. Historically, they were responsible for detaining political prisoners in Military Prisons (until the handing over of Military Prisons at Cork, Spike Island, Arbour Hill and the Curragh to the Civil Authorities) and in the past occasionally provided firing squads for executions (the last time being the “Emergency” period of 1939-1946).


===Israel===
* {{cite book | author =  Thompson, Silvanus | title = Michael Faraday, His Life and Work | year = 1901 | publisher = Cassell and Company | place = London | isbn = 1-4179-7036-7 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HKf5g3qYYz8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Silvanus+Thompson+faraday&as_brr=1#PPR3,M2 }}
The ''[[Military Police Corps (Israel)|Heil HaMishtara HaTzva'it]]'' ("Military Police Corps") is the military police/[[Provost (military police)|provost]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. It also helps monitor prisons, both those containing Israeli soldiers and [[Palestinian]] detainees.


The corps does not have any civilian jurisdiction and works in conjunction with the [[Israel Police]] when civilians are involved for that reason. The [[Israel Border Police]] is Israel's [[Gendarmerie]]-equivalent.
: * Reprinted in 2005 by Adamant Media Corporation 


===Italy===
* {{cite book | author = Tyndall, John | title = Faraday as a Discoverer | year = 1868 | publisher = Longmans, Green, and Company | location = London | edition = | url = http://www.archive.org/details/faradayasdiscove00tyndrich}}
[[Image:2june 2007 438.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Italian [[Carabinieri]] with the MP uniform. ]]
The ''[[Arma dei Carabinieri]]'' is a gendarmerie force which acts as both the military police and one of the three national police forces in [[Italy]]. Formed on [[July 13]], [[1814]], it has been for almost two centuries the senior branch of the Italian Army, until on [[October 5]], [[2000]] it had become a fully independent Service of the Italian military.


With a strength of about 120000, the Arma dei Carabinieri is a very large organization, including its own Air and Naval Services, but most of its personnel is used for civilian police duties.
* {{cite book | author = Williams, L. Pearce | title = Michael Faraday: A Biography | year = 1965 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York }}


The properly Military Police components of the Arma dei Carabinieri are grouped into the "Divisione Unità Mobili Carabinieri" (Carabinieri Mobile Units Division), organized as follows:
* The British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association (1931). ''Faraday''. R. & R. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1931.


2nd Brigade:
===Others===
1st Carabinieri Parachutist Regiment "Tuscania".
7th Carabinieri Battalion "Trentino - Alto Adige".
13th Carabinieri Battalion "Friuli - Venezia Giulia".
Gruppo Intervento Speciale.


From this units are drawn most of the elements that form the Carabinieri MP coys, platoons and detachments assigned to all the major Italian Army, Navy and Air Force units, as well as many of the personnel forming the MSU Regiments (Multinational Specialist Units) and the IPUs (Integrated Police Units) serving abroad in support of European Union, NATO and United Nation missions. The Arma dei Carabinieri have gained a very good reputation for the professionalism and organization of their MP units in support of international missions, so much that during the 2004 G8 Sea Island Conference the Carabinieri have been tasked to organize and run the CoESPU (Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units), to centralize the training of multinational MP units for international missions.
* {{cite book | author = Agassi, Joseph | title = Faraday as a Natural Philosopher | year = 1971 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | isbn = }}


The 1st Brigade of the same "Divisione Unità Mobili Carabinieri", organized on 11 Mobile battalions and 1 Cavalry Regiment, does contribute to form the same Military Police components as the 1st Brigade, but is mostly tasked to riot control civilian police duties. It is worth to note that inside each of its battalions there is usually a small Mechanized company, so in case of war they are likely to be mobilized for combat duties (as it happened during both World Wars).
* {{cite book | author = Ames, Joseph Sweetman (Ed.) | title = The Discovery of Induced Electric Currents | volume = 2 | year = c1900 | publisher = American Book Company | location = New York | isbn = }}


The ''[[Guardia di Finanza]]'' while a military corps part of the Italian Army, does not have any Military Police duties, being a force acting in borders control, customs duties and police investigations about financial crimes and illegal drug trafficking.
* {{cite book | author = Gooding, David (Ed.) | title = Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867 | year = 1985 | publisher = Macmillan/Stockton | location = London/New York | isbn = }}


===Japan===
* {{cite book | author = Thomas, John Meurig  | title = Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place | year = 1991 | publisher = Hilger| location = Bristol | isbn = 0-7503-0145-7}}
During [[World War II]], the ''[[Kempeitai]]'' were the military police of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and the ''[[Tokeitai]]'' were the military police of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. They also performed [[military intelligence|intelligence]] and [[secret police]] functions and were active in [[Japan]] and its occupied territories. They also maintained [[Special Research Units]] which conducted research and development into biological warfare.


Today's [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] maintain military police units.
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}


===Biographies===
===Malaysia===
* [http://www.rigb.org/rimain/heritage/faradaypage.jsp Biography at The Royal Institution of Great Britain]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1225 Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall, Project Gutenberg] (downloads)
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF6-91Eichman.html The Christian Character of Michael Faraday]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Michael Faraday on the British twenty-pound banknote]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/lifediscoverieso00crowrich The Life and Discoveries of Michael Faraday] by J. A. Crowther, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1920


The ''[[Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja]]'' (Royal Military Police Corps) performs military police duties in the [[Malaysian Army]]. Apart from enforcing discipline and conduct of members of the Army, the Corps oversees security of designated Army installations, performs escort and ceremonial duties, and assists civil law enforcement authorities. The ''Kor Polis Tentera'' is also tasked with crime prevention and investigating criminal activities on Army property or by military personnel.
===Others===
* [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaymotor/index.html Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's 1821 Motor] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
* [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaypail/index.html Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday "Faraday"] at LoveToKnow 1911 Britannica Online Encyclopedia
* {{dmoz|Science/Physics/History/People/Faraday,_Michael/}}
* {{gutenberg author | id=Michael_Faraday | name=Michael Faraday}} (downloads)
*[http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/faraday/doc.scn?fr=0&rp=http%3A%2F%2Frack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu%2Fis%2Ffaraday%2F&pg=4 "Experimental Researches in Electricity" by Michael Faraday] Original text with Biographical Introduction by Professor John Tyndall, 1914, Everyman edition.
* [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/index.rss Video Podcast with Sir John Cadogan talking about Benzene since Faraday]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836-1862. With notes, comments and references to contemporary letters (1899)] full download [http://www.archive.org/download/lettersoffaraday00fararich/lettersoffaraday00fararich.pdf PDF]


With its roots in the British [[Royal Military Police]], members of the ''Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja'' also wear the distinctive red peaked cap, white lanyard and belt, as well as a black [[brassard]] with the letters "PT" imprinted. PT stands for "Polis Tentera" with "Polis" being the Malay translation for "Police" while "Tentera" being the Malay translation for "Mlitary".
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[George Biddell Airy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Copley Medal]]|years=1832<br/>''jointly with [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Antoine César Becquerel]] and [[John Frederic Daniell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Copley Medal]]|years=1838<br/>''jointly with [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]]}}
{{s-end}}


=== NATO===
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->


'''Evolution of Military Policing'''
{{Persondata
|NAME=Faraday, Michael
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=British [[Physicist]] and [[Chemist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=22 September 1791
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Newington Butts]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH=25 August 1867
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Hampton Court]], [[London]], [[England]]
}}
{{BD|1791|1867|Faraday, Michael}}
[[Category:Physicists]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:English chemists]]
[[Category:English inventors]]
[[Category:English physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:People from Elephant and Castle]]
[[Category:People associated with electricity]]
[[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]]
[[Category:English Protestants]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]


During the Cold War the approach of [[NATO]] to military policing was to provide Military Police support to National Forces in terms of:<ref>RMP Journal April 2007</ref>
[[af:Michael Faraday]]

[[ar:مايكل فاراداي]]
Traffic Control, <br>
[[bs:Michael Faraday]]
Military Security, and<br>
[[br:Michael Faraday]]
Law & Order.
[[bg:Майкъл Фарадей]]

[[ca:Michael Faraday]]
Post cold war, this has now evolved into:
[[cs:Michael Faraday]]

[[cy:Michael Faraday]]
Mobility Support, <br>
[[da:Michael Faraday]]
Security, <br>
[[de:Michael Faraday]]
Policing, and<br>
[[et:Michael Faraday]]
Detention.
[[el:Μάικλ Φαραντέι]]

[[es:Michael Faraday]]
===Netherlands===
[[eo:Michael Faraday]]
In the [[Netherlands]], the function of military police is performed by the ''[[Koninklijke Marechaussee]]'' ("Royal Constabulary"), a separate branch of the [[Military of the Netherlands|military]] independent of the [[Royal Netherlands Army|Army]], [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Navy]] and [[Royal Netherlands Air Force|Air Force]]. Besides performing military duties, the ''Marechaussee'' is also a gendarmerie force.
[[eu:Michael Faraday]]

[[fa:مایکل فارادی]]
The word ''[[marshal|Marechaussee]]'' seems to derive from the old French name ''Marecheaux'' given to an ancient court of justice in Paris called the "Tribunal of Constables and Marshals of France". These constables and marshals were to become members of the Gendarmerie which served as a model for the police forces of both Belgium and the Netherlands. The term ''Marechaussee'' was also used for the [[Continental Army]]'s military police during the [[American Revolution]].
[[fr:Michael Faraday]]

[[gd:Michael Faraday]]
===New Zealand===
[[gl:Michael Faraday]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:NZ MPs.jpg|thumb|New Zealand military police in 2006|{{deletable image-caption|1=Saturday, 17 November 2007}}]] -->
[[ko:마이클 패러데이]]
In the [[New Zealand Army]], the [[Corps of Royal New Zealand Military Police]] only recruits internally, with applications only being accepted from personnel who have served for at least two years. MPs may be either career soldiers or from the [[Territorial Army]] (part-time soldiers).
[[hr:Michael Faraday]]

[[id:Michael Faraday]]
The [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] recruits directly for [[Air Security Guards]], who carry out military police functions and are responsible for providing security as well as ground defence training and drill/ceremonial training for other RNZAF Staff.
[[ia:Michael Faraday]]

[[is:Michael Faraday]]
The [[Royal New Zealand Navy]], like the Army, does not recruit directly into their "police" branch. Instead, personnel of a certain rank and time-in-service may apply for the Master-At-Arms trade. Security of shore bases is the responsibility of [[New Zealand Defence Force]] civilian security personnel.
[[it:Michael Faraday]]

[[he:מייקל פאראדיי]]
At all NZDF facilities, civilian staff are used to augment military police manpower, particularly for relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols. This allows the MPs to concentrate on the more complex and specialised tasks within their areas of responsibility, such as criminal investigation. Many former servicemen and women find employment as Civil Security Guards at NZDF establishments and this helps keep their expertise in-house.
[[ka:მაიკლ ფარადეი]]

[[ht:Michael Faraday]]
===Norway===
[[ku:Michael Faraday]]
[[Image:Norway military police cars new livery.JPG|thumb|right|[[Volkswagen Passat]]s of the Norweigan military police]]
[[la:Michael Faraday]]
In [[Norway]], military police are service members of the [[Norwegian Army]], [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] or [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]]. Since about 2002, all are trained at [[Sessvollmoen Camp]]. MPs in the Army are assigned to the Military Police Battalion, located at Bardufoss, [[Troms]] county. The first battalion commander and Provost Marshal of 6. division Norwegian Army was Maj M Langvik, the current [[battalion]] commander is Lieutenant Colonel Jan Henry Norvalls. The battalion consists of approximately 50 officers and NCOs, and 150 privates and corporals. Norwegian MPs first go through a six-month selection/educational period, before being assigned to the battalion or to regimental duties with other units for the remainder of their twelve-month service. Norwegian MPs do not have authority over civilians, except on or in the vicinity of military installations, vehicles or other property or under [[martial law]]. They do have authority over military personnel, including in certain circumstances reservists, anywhere, including when such personnel are off duty.
[[lv:Maikls Faradejs]]

[[lb:Michael Faraday]]
The [[Norwegian Home Guard|''Heimevernet'']] ("Home Guard") also has MPs in its ranks. Usually each District (regiment) has one or two platoons, consisting exclusively of former regular or conscript military police personnel.
[[lt:Michael Faraday]]

[[hu:Michael Faraday]]
Norwegian MPs wear a red beret and a red lanyard around the left shoulder extending to the left front pocket. Only personnel currently serving as MPs are allowed to wear this. When on official duty, they also wear the MP armband, which is black with "MP" in red letters. It was previously worn on the right shoulder, but is now worn on the left shoulder, following [[NATO]] practice. They can also wear white webbing, or a number of items for special duties, like high visibility vests for traffic duty, or as mounted personnel while performing Motorcycle escort for the Royal Family or their official guests, etc.
[[ml:മൈക്കേല്‍ ഫാരഡെ]]

[[nl:Michael Faraday]]
Army canine units are also assigned to the MP battalion, but the personnel in such units are not necessarily MPs. Such personnel do not hold military police authority, and do not wear the MP insignia.
[[ja:マイケル・ファラデー]]

[[no:Michael Faraday]]
MPs have no other powers over civilians than ordinary members of the public, except inside, or in the immediate vicinity of military installations. More serious cases, like narcotics, are handed over to civilian police for investigation.
[[nds:Michael Faraday]]

[[pl:Michael Faraday]]
===Philippines===
[[pt:Michael Faraday]]
The [[Philippine Armed Forces]] each maintain their own military police.
[[ro:Michael Faraday]]

[[ru:Фарадей, Майкл]]
The former [[Philippine Constabulary]] was also known as the [[Military Police Command]]
[[sq:Michael Faraday]]
The Republic Act 6975 also known as The DILG Reorganization Act of 1991, the PC formed the basis of the [[Philippine National Police|PNP]] now under the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]].
[[simple:Michael Faraday]]

[[sk:Michael Faraday]]
===Poland===
[[sl:Michael Faraday]]
The [[Military Gendarmerie]] (''Żandarmeria Wojskowa'', ŻW) are the MP's for the entire [[Polish Armed Forces|Polish military]].
[[sr:Мајкл Фарадеј]]

[[sh:Michael Faraday]]
===Portugal===
[[fi:Michael Faraday]]
[[Image:Portuguese Army Police Car.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Portuguese Army Police patrol Volkswagen Golf]]
[[sv:Michael Faraday]]
In [[Portugal]], each branch of the armed forces has its own military police force. The [[Portuguese Navy]] has the ''Polícia Naval'' (Naval Police), the [[Portuguese Army]] has the ''[[Polícia do Exército]]'' (Army Police), and the [[Portuguese Air Force]] has the ''[[Polícia Aérea]]'' (Air Police). The Air Police is an Arm of its own inside the Air Force, but the Army Police is only a speciality of the [[Cavalry]] Arm and the Naval Police is a speciality of the [[Marines]] Arm. The Navy also has a civil police force, composed by Portuguese Navy troops, the ''Polícia dos Estabelecimentos da Marinha'' (Navy Facilities Police), with the responsibility of guarding the Lisbon Naval Base and some other naval facilities, and to serve as a coast guard and criminal police in the area of responsabilty of the of the Maritime Authority.
[[ta:மைக்கேல் பரடே]]

[[vi:Michael Faraday]]
Portugal, also, has a ''gendarmerie'' type force, the ''[[Guarda Nacional Republicana|GNR - Guarda Nacional Republicana]]'' National Republican Guard ), that is a special corps of troops that executes both civil public security missions and military missions. In time of peace, the GNR is under operacional command of the Minister of Internal Affairs, but in time of war it can be put under the command of the Armed Forces.</br=all>
[[th:ไมเคิล ฟาราเดย์]]

[[tr:Michael Faraday]]
[[Image:Romanian MP humvee.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Humvee]] of the [[Romanian Military Police]] ]]
[[uk:Фарадей Майкл]]

[[vo:Michael Faraday]]
===Romania===
[[yi:מייקל פאראדיי]]

[[bat-smg:Maiklos Faradiejos]]
In [[Romania]], the [[Romanian Military Police]] (''Poliţia Militară'') carries out police duties for the [[Romanian Armed Forces]]. It usually handles military security and military crimes and it has national jurisdiction. The Romanian military police is organized in four battalions (two of them are headquartered in [[Bucharest]], one in [[Iaşi]] and one in [[Târgu Mureş]]).
[[zh:麥可·法拉第]]
The [[Jandarmeria Română|Romanian Gendarmerie]], although a military force with national jurisdiction, is not tasked with enforcing the law within the armed forces (in contrast to the French Gendarmerie, which acts as both military and national police force).

===Serbia===
[[Image:Vojna policija.jpg|100px|left]]
[[Serbian Military Police|''Vojna policija'']] ([[Serbian Cyrillic|Cyrillic]]: Војна полиција) is the official military police force of [[Serbia]]. Military Police are one of the best qualified and most combat-prepared organizations within the [[Military of Serbia|Serbian Armed Forces]]. Military Police responsibilities include combating special forces of the enemy and counter-rebellion and counter terrorist actions, stamping out organized crime and corruption, securing people and facilities, search actions, anti-terrorist tasks, and others.

Specific training is provided for members of special units of the Military Police, as well as for members of "general" and traffic Military Police. Drills for Military Police units, from squad to battalion, are based on their anticipated tactical employment, including the training in putting down civil disorder.
The Security Directorate of the General Staff of the Serbian Armed Forces is responsible for overseeing the units of the Military Police.

See also:
*[[Battalion of Military Police Cobras]]
*[[Gendarmerie (Serbia)|Serbian Gendarmerie]]

===Sri Lanka===
Each of the [[Military of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Armed Forces]] has its own military police/Provost branch. The [[Sri Lanka Army]] is policed by the [[Sri Lanka Corps of Military Police]] and by [[Regimental Police]], who belong to each individual [[regiment]]s or [[corps]].

The Military Police force carries out the following missions:

*Maintenance of order and discipline: Consists of monitoring, maintaining and, if necessary, re-establishing discipline and military order. This also involves controlling stragglers and refugees in times of war and guarding and escorting prisoners of war.

*Security missions: Prevents and deters any threat to or attack against the personnel and property of the armed forces. MPs also provide VIP motorcycle escorts and honour guards, perform close protection missions, and escort classified documents and money transports.

The [[Sri Lanka Navy]] is policed by the [[Sri Lanka Navy#Provost Branch|Provost Branch]]. The [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] is policed by the [[Sri_Lanka_Air_Force#Air_Force_Police|Air Force Police]] (AFP).

===Singapore===
In [[Singapore]], the [[Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command]] serves as the law enforcement agency of the [[Singapore Armed Forces]]. The Command is headed by a Colonel, otherwise also known as the Provost Marshal. Its sub-units included the Military Police Enforcement Unit (including Special Investigations Branch and the ceremonial and drill components), the Detention Barracks (DB), The 1st Provost Bn, MP Training School and the Security Support Forces (including Military working Dog Wing, Close Protection and Security Ops Unit). The Command also collaborates closely with the [[Singapore Police Force]] in terms of policing work duties, investigations, etc.

===South Korea===
{{main|Republic of Korea Military Police}}

===Sweden===
In the [[Swedish Army]], [[dragoon]]s are the Military Police and Military Police Rangers. They form the Dragoons Battalion of the Life Guards. The Dragoons Battalion have roots that go back as far as 1523 making it one of the worlds oldest military units still in service. "Livdragon" is the rank of a private cavalryman. The Swedish Army Dragoons are one of few units that still use horses. Horses are being used for ceremonial purposes only, most often when the dragoons take part at the change of the guards at The Royal Castle.

===Thailand===
In [[Thailand]], each branch of the armed forces has its own military police force. The Royal Thai Navy has the ''สารวัตรทหารเรือ'' (Naval Military Police) , the [[Royal Thai Army]] has the ''สารวัตรทหาร'' (Army Military Police), and the Royal Thai Air force has the ''สารวัตรทหารอากาศ'' (Air Force Military Police).

'''Air Military Police Department''' ''กรมทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ''

The duties of the military police are peacekeeping, securing, regulating the traffic discipline within the Air Force installations and housing area, tackling illegal objects including deserted officers and runaway accusers, escorting VIPs and investigating crimes which are under the authority of the Military Court. These investigations include prisoners of war, enemy aliens, refugees and displaced officers within the Air Force and designated areas. It is under supervision of the Commander of the Air Military Police Department.

There is one active Air MP Battalion called the Battalion of Military Air Police (''กองพันทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ''). The Air Military Police Department is one unit under the supervision of the '''Office of Don Muang RTAF Base Commander''' (''สำนักงานผู้บังคับทหารอากาศดอนเมือง'').

:- [http://www.dmbcrtaf.thaigov.net/rtaf_dbc.htm Office of Don Muang RTAF Base Commander] : [http://www.dmbcrtaf.thaigov.net/ สำนักงานผู้บังคับทหารอากาศดอนเมือง]
:- [http://www.dmbcrtaf.thaigov.net/mpen.htm Air Military Police Department] : [http://www.dmbcrtaf.thaigov.net/a12.htm กรมทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ]
:- Battalion of Military Air Police [http://www.dmbcrtaf.thaigov.net/a12mp4.htm กองพันทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ]
[http://www.search-thais.com/dmbc/mparm494.gif] : [http://www.search-thais.com/dmbc/mpcar01.jpg] : [http://www.search-thais.com/dmbc/mpby01.jpg]

===Turkey===

The Military Police (''Askeri İnzibat'') or (As.Iz.) are part of the [[Turkish Gendarmerie]], one of the five branches of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]], and constitute a very small dedicated force which handles military security and military crimes.

===Ukraine===
The [[Ukrainian Military Police|VSP]] is the Military Police for the entire [[Military of Ukraine|Ukrainian Armed Forces]]

===United Kingdom===
{{main|Royal Navy Regulating Branch}}{{main|Royal Military Police}}{{main|Royal Air Force Police}}
Each of the [[British Armed Forces]] has its own military police branch. The [[British Army]] is policed by the [[Royal Military Police]] (RMP) (often known as "[[Redcaps]]") and by [[Regimental Police]], who belong to each individual [[regiment]]s or [[corps]], and also by the [[Military Provost Guard Service]] who protect Army installations. The [[Royal Air Force]] is policed by the [[Royal Air Force Police]] (RAFP). They are nicknamed "Snowdrops" on account of their white caps as opposed to the normal [[Royal Air Force]] blue. The [[Royal Navy]] is policed by the [[Royal Navy Regulating Branch|Regulating Branch]], the members of which are known as [[Regulators]] (or [[Master-at-Arms]] if a [[Chief Petty Officer]] or [[Warrant Officer]]). The [[Royal Marines]] also have a [[platoon]]-sized Police Troop, the [[Royal Marines Police]].

Each of the four agencies has its own [[Special Investigation Branch]] (SIB) to undertake investigation of more serious crime and plain-clothes investigations. All British military police are classed as Service Police and conform to the Service Police Codes of Practice. The British military prison at [[Colchester]] is operated by the [[Military Provost Staff Corps]], an all-senior NCO corps which only recruits from serving personnel.

The [[Military Provost Guard Service]] (MPGS) is a service responsible for maintaining security at British Armed Forces sites in the United Kingdom.

====Ministry of Defence Police Forces====
*The [[Ministry of Defence Police]] is a civilian police force that is part of the [[Ministry of Defence (UK)|Ministry of Defence]]. The force is part of the Ministry of Defence Police and Guarding Agency which was formed by the merger of the MDP and [[Ministry of Defence Guard Service]] (MGS) on [[April 1]], [[2004]]. The MDP is a non-[[Home Office]] police force. It is responsible for providing Police, Investigative and Guarding services to Ministry of Defence property and installations throughout the United Kingdom.
*The [[Sovereign Base Areas Police]] (SBAP), Cyprus: The SBAP provide a full range of policing for both the Eastern and Western Sovereign Base Areas of [[Cyprus]].
*The [[Gibraltar Services Police]] (GSP): The GSP provide police services on MOD land and waters in [[Gibraltar]].

===United States===
[[Image:USMC MP.jpg|thumb| US Marines MP Badge]]
Each branch of the [[United States military]] maintains its own military police force.
The [[United States Army Military Police Corps|Military Police Corps]] maintains discipline and enforces the law in the [[United States Army]]. The [[Marine Corps]] version is referred to as the [[Provost Marshal]]'s Office, while personnel assigned to the [[Master-at-Arms]] branch fill the same role in the [[United States Navy]] (aided by temporary members of the [[Shore Patrol]]). The [[United States Air Force]] is policed by the [[Air Force Security Forces]], formerly called the Security Police (and before that, the Air Police).

Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments. They are referred to as [[Department of Defense Police]], or DoD Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the [[United States Department of Defense]], for example: DoD Army or DoD Navy Police. There is in fact one [[United States Department of Defense]] police agency, the [[United States Pentagon Police]], of the [[Pentagon Force Protection Agency]], are the police force of the [[Secretary of Defense]] and the [[federal police]] force for the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] in its entirety including [[The Pentagon]] and various other DoD locations within the [[National Capital Region (United States)|National Capital Region]] (NCR). The Department of Defense Guard, [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]] (DA) Police, or Department of the Army Guard are examples of other DoD Army police. The police officers' duties are similar to those of local civilian police officers. They enforce the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ), Federal, State Laws and the regulations of their particular installation.

Criminal investigations in the [[United States Armed Forces]] is carried out by separate agencies: The [[Naval Criminal Investigative Service]] (NCIS) (for both the Navy and Marine Corps); the [[Air Force Office of Special Investigations]] (OSI); the Army [[United States Army Criminal Investigation Division|Criminal Investigation Division]] (CID), with unit-level investigations conducted by Army Military Police Investigators (MPI); and the [[Coast Guard Investigative Service]] (CGIS). The [[Defense Criminal Investigative Service]] (DCIS) is a civilian agency that answers directly to the DOD as well as the [[Pentagon Force Protection Agency]] (PFPA).

The [[United States Constabulary]] was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the [[American Zone]] of [[West Germany]] immediately after [[World War II]].

Military Police are trained to provide area security, usually by vehicle patrol, which is the mission of most Military Police stationed in Iraq. They are also trained in dealing with prisoners of war and other detainees, with special training in restraining, searching, and transporting prisoners to detainee camps. MPs can also be used as prison guards in said detainee camps, although that responsibility usually falls on Internment/Resettlement Specialists, MOS 31E (Formerly Corrections Specialists).

====Limitation of Authority and Jurisdiction====

United States Military Police are prohibited from enacting state police powers and domestic peace officer powers under the [[Posse Comitatus Act]], a federal law passed in 1878. MPs may enforce certain limited powers, such as traffic stops, on access roads and other federal property not necessarily within the boundaries of their military base or installation. The only way MPs are allowed to enforce law and order outside of the military realm as stated above is when [[Martial Law]] is in effect. When combined, the Posse Comitatus Act and [[Insurrection Act]] both severely limit and delay Presidential power in using the military in a law enforcement capacity. This allows the state more time to use their resources and authorities to the fullest extent, allowing for the possibility of military involvement only when their resources have been completely used up.

The only military branch exempt from the act is the [[United States Coast Guard]], as they are both military personnel and federal law enforcement officers with full federal jurisdiction.

Although the 109th Congress attempted to extend the authority of the military in "major public emergencies" (Section 1068 of 2006 Amendment to [[Insurrection Act]] of 1806), the amendment was repealed, in its entirety, in 2008. Section 1076 of the amendment would have allowed the President, upon his declaration of a public emergency, to not only station the military anywhere in the United States, but to also take control of [[United States National Guard]] units without the consent of the state's governor or any local authorities.

United States Senator [[Patrick Leahy]], who enacted the legislation to revert the act to its previous state (as it was created and intended to be in 1807), stated, "We certainly do not need to make it easier for Presidents to declare martial law. Invoking the Insurrection Act and using the military for law enforcement activities goes against some of the central tenets of our democracy. It creates needless tension among the various levels of government – one can easily envision governors and mayors in charge of an emergency having to constantly look over their shoulders while someone who has never visited their communities gives the orders." [http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200609/091906a.html]
== See also==
{{commonscat|Military police}}
* [[Military law]]
* [[Gendarmerie]]
* [[Police]]
* [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police of Brazilian States]]
* [[United States Pentagon Police]]
* [[Serbian Military Police]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== External Links ===
* [http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200609/091906a.html Hill’s National Guard Advocates Hold News Conference To Protest DOD Bill’s Proposed Decisions On National Guard]

[[Category:Military police|*]]
[[Category:Military law|Police]]
[[Category:Combat support occupations]]

[[cs:Vojenská policie]]
[[da:Militærpoliti]]
[[de:Militärpolizei]]
[[es:Policía militar]]
[[fr:Police militaire]]
[[hr:Vojna policija]]
[[id:Polisi militer]]
[[it:Polizia militare]]
[[nl:Militaire politie]]
[[ja:憲兵]]
[[no:Militærpoliti]]
[[nn:Militærpoliti]]
[[pl:Żandarmeria Wojskowa]]
[[pt:Polícia do Exército]]
[[sk:Vojenská polícia]]
[[sl:Vojaška policija]]
[[sr:Војна полиција]]
[[fi:Sotilaspoliisi]]
[[sv:Militärpolis]]
[[zh:宪兵]]

Revision as of 01:06, 11 October 2008

The Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command providing security coverage at the Padang in Singapore during the National Day Parade in 2000.

Military police (MPs) are normally the police of a military organization.

Military police may refer to:

The status of military police is usually prominently displayed on the helmet and/or on an armband, brassard, or arm or shoulder flash. In the Second World War, the military police of the German Army still used a metal gorget as an emblem.

Naval police are sometimes called masters-at-arms.

Military police in different countries

Australian Army Land Rover and two Military Police motorcycles

Australia

In the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police also performs the role of a secondary communications network in the front battle zone. In the Royal Australian Navy, the Naval Police Coxswain Branch performs dual roles of performing general police duties, investigation of criminal offences and a secondary role of ships' coxswain staff responsible for administration of ships' personnel.

Austria

The Kommando Militärstreife & Militärpolizei (" Military Patrol & Military Police Command") of the Austrian Bundesheer was founded in 2007. The Command is also responsible for military police training. The duties are personal security of high ranking officers, policing of military personnel and traffic control of military transports. The military police is called within the Austrian borders Militärstreife ("Military Patrol"), when it is deployed abroad the Militärstreife is renamed in Militärpolizei ("Military Police").

Belgium

The Belgian Army's Military Police Group (Groupe Police Militaire in French, Groep Militaire Politie in Dutch) performs military police duties on behalf of all four components of the Belgian military. The group is headed by a lieutenant colonel and has 188 members in five MP detachments.

The Military Police Group staff is located in the Queen Elizabeth Barracks in the Brussels suburb of Evere. Alpha Detachment located at Evere covers the province of Flemish Brabant and the capital, Brussels. Bravo Detachment covers the Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and Namur areas and is located at Nivelles. Charlie Detachment located at Marche-en-Famenne covers the Liege and Luxembourg areas. Delta Detachment covers the Limbourg and Antwerp areas and is located at Leopoldsburg. Echo Detachment located at Lombardsijde covers Western and Eastern Flanders.

The Military Police force carries out the following missions:

  • Maintenance of order and discipline: Consists of monitoring, maintaining and, if necessary, re-establishing discipline and military order. This also involves controlling stragglers and refugees in times of war and guarding and escorting prisoners of war.
  • Traffic regulation: Includes traffic monitoring and regulation to ensure the flow of military movements in accordance with plans. This includes route reconnaissance and marking, convoy and oversize vehicle escort and river crossing control. Traffic accident investigations is also a part of the job.
  • Security missions: Prevents and deters any threat to or attack against the personnel and property of the armed forces. The Military Police force protects, for example, the Palace of the Nation and the Parliaments and Councils of the Regions and the Communities, headquarters and classified conferences. MPs also provide VIP motorcycle escorts and honour guards, perform close protection missions, and escort classified documents and money transports.

The Belgian Military Police has also taken part in multinational peacekeeping missions such as Afghanistan, Kosovo and Congo. The Federal Police’s Military Crime Division (DJMM) performs all investigations involving the armed forces.

In 2003, duties relating to refugees and deserters in wartime were transferred from the then disbanded Gendarmerie Nationale to the MPs. Members of the former 4 and 6 MP Companies were merged into the new MP Group, along with some Gendarmes previously assigned MP-related duties.

Belgian MPs are identified by black armbands with the letters MP in white block letters, worn on the left arm.

Brazil

File:P.E..jpg
Brazilian Army Police soldier

'Military police' in Brazil has two meanings - there are provost corps for each of the Brazilian Armed Forces: Army Police (Portuguese: Polícia do Exército, PE) for the Army, Navy Police (Portuguese: Polícia da Marinha) for the Navy, and (Portuguese: Polícia da Aeronaútica, PA) Air Force Police for the Air Force.

The second type are the preventative civilian police, with military organization comparable to gendarmerie, called the Military Police (Portuguese: Polícia Militar). Each State has their own Military Police.

There is also a joint National Public Security Force (Portuguese: Força Nacional de Segurança Pública), created under the presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states, only to be used when the governor of a state asks for help to control a significant security crisis.

Cambodia

The Gendarmerie, or "Military Police", known as the Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia is a paramilitary unit with about 7,000 soldiers deployed in all provinces. It is headquartered in Phnom Penh. The unit's chain of command is through the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces High Command.

The Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia is deployed in every province and cities to keep the law in orders. Military police in Cambodia play an important role in Cambodia society which keep law and orders in cities like the National Police.

Canada

Main article: Canadian Forces Military Police

Canadian Forces military police functions are currently carried out by the Canadian Forces Military Police. The Canadian Forces National Investigation Service handles investigations.

The Canadian Forces Provost Marshal is the head of the military police in Canada.

Prior to the amalgamation of Canada's Army, Navy and Air Force into the unified Canadian Forces in 1968, separate service branches had performed military police functions independently: the Canadian Provost Corps and the Royal Canadian Air Force Police.

The roles of the military police in Canada are separated into two main groups. The first group is Garrison Operations, which includes activities such as investigations and patrols. The second group is operational support in combat operations, such as POW convoy escorts, VIP's close protection, and route reconnaissances. The main tasks for the reserve companies are the Operational tasks, while the regular force concentrates their training on the "Garrison" tasks.

The Canadian Military police all wear a red beret regardless of their attachment to the maritime, land or air command. They also wear a shoulder patch on the left arms with bilingual writing: MILITARY POLICE MILITAIRE.

Republic Of China (Taiwan)

Unlike military police in many other countries, the Republic of China Military Police (Chinese: 中華民國憲兵; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Xiànbīng) are a separate branch of the ROC Armed Forces. The ROCMP are responsible for enforcing military law, maintaining military discipline, providing backup for the civilian police force or serving as combat troops during times of emergency, providing security for certain government buildings, including the Presidential Building in Taipei City, as well as performing counter-terrorism and VIP protection operations. The ROCMP are also charged with the defense of the capital Taipei.

Croatia

Croatian MP in uniform

Croatian Military Police (on Croatian: Vojna Policija) is part of Croatian Armed Forces (on Croatian: Oružane Snage Republike Hrvatske). Croatian Military Police is formed in 27 August 1991.,soon after Croatian Armyin that time called National Guard Corps (Croatian: Zbor Narodne Garde).Parts of Croatian Military Police are:

NSVP - Military Police Education center "Bojnik Alfred Hill"

66th Military Police Battalion

67th Military Police Battalion

68th Military Police Battalion

69th Military Police Company

70th Military Police Company

71st Military Police Battalion

72nd Military Police Battalion

73rd Military Police Battalion (HRM (Croatian Navy))

74th Military Police Company (HRZ (Croatian Air Force))

75th Military Police Battalion[1]

Denmark

File:DK Navy OR-2A.jpg
corporal of Danish navy military police insignia
Danish navy military police vehicles

In Denmark the military police (Danish: militærpoliti) services are carried out by branches under each service. The navy and army each have their own military police branch, whereas the air force does not have a military police branch as such but has an installation guard branch (Danish: stationselementet), and a combat support wing which handles military police duties in either national or international tasks. They fulfill exactly the same duties as MP's in the two other branches.

MP-personnel typically wears either branch-specific display dress uniforms with white shoulder-markings with the text MP or the branch-common daily battle dress uniforms, with a red beret. In the air force the MP-shoulder markings is typically replaced with markings saing either VAGT or GUARD, but for international missions they also uses the MP-markings.

MP-personnel generally doesn't have elevated legal authority towards civilians in non-military places, but only towards military personnel and on military installations (also public accessible places like Holmen naval base in Copenhagen). On some occasions MP-personnel can support the civilian police in certain tasks, but will only have slightly more legal authority than civilians - similar to the police home guard.

In the army military police are almost without exception NCO's or officers, whereas the navy and air force relies mainly of danish ranks OR-1 to OR-3.

Furthermore the home guard has a police branch, which supports both the civilian danish police and the military police.

Typical MP-jobs are:

  • Installation/perimeter guard
  • Personnel protection
  • Traffic control
  • Courier services
  • Prisoner transport

Finland

The Sotilaspoliisi (literally, "Soldier Police") are the military police of the Finnish Defence Forces. The Finnish MPs wear a black armband on the left shoulder with the letters 'SP' in white. A military policeman is usually armed with a 9 mm pistol, a baton, pepper spray and handcuffs on his belt. The military police includes both career and conscript personnel, and is primarily used to guard military installations and supervise military traffic. All military police personnel are trained with basic police techniques and usually receive training for fighting in urban areas. The military police have power over civilians only inside military areas and installations. However, a military police patrol may stop a crime that it witnesses in process in a civilian area. Additionally if a military police unit is near to a serious crime taking place, such as a robbery or an assault, and the civilian police are delayed, a military police unit that is near to the scene can offer to handle the situation until the civilian police arrive.

As with some other Finnish Defence Forces units, the military police can be used to provide assistance to the civilian police when they are undermanned or lack special resources. In such case, the military police may take measures which the civilian police deems necessary. For example, during the 2005 Helsinki World Athletic Championship Games, military police conscripts and career personnel were placed along the marathon route to prevent the large numbers of spectators from obstructing the runners.

The crimes committed by military personnel are, as a rule, investigated by the military. Minor infractions are usually investigated by the career personnel of the unit, while more serious crimes are investigated by the investigative section of the General Staff of the Finnish Defence Forces. In minor matters, the company commander or his superiors may use disciplinary powers, but more serious cases are deferred to the civilian prosecutor who will take the case to the district court. In military cases, the district court and superior courts include military members in addition to the professional judge. Officers with at least major's rank have privilegium fori to have their cases tried by the Court of Appeals as a court of first instance.

France

French gendarme on MP duty inside a multinational force (note the MP armband)

The Gendarmerie Nationale acts as both the military police and one of the two national police forces of France. The Gendarmerie Navale (also called the Gendarmerie Maritime) polices the Navy (and also acts as a coast guard and water police force) and the Gendarmerie de l'Air polices the Air Force; both are branches of the Gendarmerie Nationale.

A Military Police NCO from Guatemala.

Germany

During World War II, Germany had numerous military police units. The primary units were the Feldgendarmerie, which comprised members of the Gendarmerie. Other units included the Army Patrol Service (Heerestreifendienst), the Train Station Guards (Bahnhofwache), and the Feldjägerkorps.

The Feldjäger are the current military police of the German Bundeswehr. The term Feldjäger ("field rifleman" or "field hunter") has a long tradition and dates back to the mid-17th century. Their motto is Suum Cuique ("To each his own", derived from Cicero, De Finibus, Bonorum et Malorum, liber V, 67: "(...) ut fortitudo in laboribus periculisque cernatur, (...), iustitia in suo cuique tribuendo.").

India

The Corps of Military Police (CMP) is the military police of the Indian Army. In addition, the CMP is trained to handle prisoners of war and to regulate traffic, as well as to handle basic telecommunication equipment such as telephone exchanges. They can be identified by their red berets, white lanyards and belts, and they also wear a black brassard with the letters "MP" imprinted in red.

Internal policing duties in a regiment (or a station) are handled by the Regimental Police, who are soldiers of the unit who are assigned to policing tasks for a short period of time. They are essentially used to regulate traffic, and can be identified by a black brassard with the letters "RP" embossed in gold or white.

The Indian Air Force is policed by the Indian Air Force Police. They can be identified by their white peaked caps, white lanyards and belts (with a pistol holster). They also wear a black brassard with the letters "IAFP" imprinted in red.

The Indian Navy has the Navy Police, and they can be identified by a black brassard with the letters "NP" in gold, with the state emblem placed in between the N and the P.

Ireland

The Irish Military Police (colloquially “PA”s, deriving from the official title, Póilíní Airm) are responsible for the prevention and detection of crime in the Irish Defence Forces. Entry to the PA is restricted to serving members of the Defence Forces. All members of the Corps are NCOs, with Officers being transferred in for temporary assignments. Unlike many Military Police Services, they retain responsibility for the controlling access to many, but not all, military posts. In addition they provide a military detachment to the Oireachtas (Houses of Parliament) and have a large ceremonial role. In the past they had a role in training armed elements of the Garda Siochana but in recent times this has decreased. Historically, they were responsible for detaining political prisoners in Military Prisons (until the handing over of Military Prisons at Cork, Spike Island, Arbour Hill and the Curragh to the Civil Authorities) and in the past occasionally provided firing squads for executions (the last time being the “Emergency” period of 1939-1946).

Israel

The Heil HaMishtara HaTzva'it ("Military Police Corps") is the military police/provost of the Israel Defense Forces. It also helps monitor prisons, both those containing Israeli soldiers and Palestinian detainees.

The corps does not have any civilian jurisdiction and works in conjunction with the Israel Police when civilians are involved for that reason. The Israel Border Police is Israel's Gendarmerie-equivalent.

Italy

Italian Carabinieri with the MP uniform.

The Arma dei Carabinieri is a gendarmerie force which acts as both the military police and one of the three national police forces in Italy. Formed on July 13, 1814, it has been for almost two centuries the senior branch of the Italian Army, until on October 5, 2000 it had become a fully independent Service of the Italian military.

With a strength of about 120000, the Arma dei Carabinieri is a very large organization, including its own Air and Naval Services, but most of its personnel is used for civilian police duties.

The properly Military Police components of the Arma dei Carabinieri are grouped into the "Divisione Unità Mobili Carabinieri" (Carabinieri Mobile Units Division), organized as follows:

2nd Brigade: 1st Carabinieri Parachutist Regiment "Tuscania". 7th Carabinieri Battalion "Trentino - Alto Adige". 13th Carabinieri Battalion "Friuli - Venezia Giulia". Gruppo Intervento Speciale.

From this units are drawn most of the elements that form the Carabinieri MP coys, platoons and detachments assigned to all the major Italian Army, Navy and Air Force units, as well as many of the personnel forming the MSU Regiments (Multinational Specialist Units) and the IPUs (Integrated Police Units) serving abroad in support of European Union, NATO and United Nation missions. The Arma dei Carabinieri have gained a very good reputation for the professionalism and organization of their MP units in support of international missions, so much that during the 2004 G8 Sea Island Conference the Carabinieri have been tasked to organize and run the CoESPU (Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units), to centralize the training of multinational MP units for international missions.

The 1st Brigade of the same "Divisione Unità Mobili Carabinieri", organized on 11 Mobile battalions and 1 Cavalry Regiment, does contribute to form the same Military Police components as the 1st Brigade, but is mostly tasked to riot control civilian police duties. It is worth to note that inside each of its battalions there is usually a small Mechanized company, so in case of war they are likely to be mobilized for combat duties (as it happened during both World Wars).

The Guardia di Finanza while a military corps part of the Italian Army, does not have any Military Police duties, being a force acting in borders control, customs duties and police investigations about financial crimes and illegal drug trafficking.

Japan

During World War II, the Kempeitai were the military police of the Imperial Japanese Army and the Tokeitai were the military police of the Imperial Japanese Navy. They also performed intelligence and secret police functions and were active in Japan and its occupied territories. They also maintained Special Research Units which conducted research and development into biological warfare.

Today's Japan Self-Defense Forces maintain military police units.

Malaysia

The Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja (Royal Military Police Corps) performs military police duties in the Malaysian Army. Apart from enforcing discipline and conduct of members of the Army, the Corps oversees security of designated Army installations, performs escort and ceremonial duties, and assists civil law enforcement authorities. The Kor Polis Tentera is also tasked with crime prevention and investigating criminal activities on Army property or by military personnel.

With its roots in the British Royal Military Police, members of the Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja also wear the distinctive red peaked cap, white lanyard and belt, as well as a black brassard with the letters "PT" imprinted. PT stands for "Polis Tentera" with "Polis" being the Malay translation for "Police" while "Tentera" being the Malay translation for "Mlitary".

NATO

Evolution of Military Policing

During the Cold War the approach of NATO to military policing was to provide Military Police support to National Forces in terms of:[2]

Traffic Control,
Military Security, and
Law & Order.

Post cold war, this has now evolved into:

Mobility Support,
Security,
Policing, and
Detention.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the function of military police is performed by the Koninklijke Marechaussee ("Royal Constabulary"), a separate branch of the military independent of the Army, Navy and Air Force. Besides performing military duties, the Marechaussee is also a gendarmerie force.

The word Marechaussee seems to derive from the old French name Marecheaux given to an ancient court of justice in Paris called the "Tribunal of Constables and Marshals of France". These constables and marshals were to become members of the Gendarmerie which served as a model for the police forces of both Belgium and the Netherlands. The term Marechaussee was also used for the Continental Army's military police during the American Revolution.

New Zealand

In the New Zealand Army, the Corps of Royal New Zealand Military Police only recruits internally, with applications only being accepted from personnel who have served for at least two years. MPs may be either career soldiers or from the Territorial Army (part-time soldiers).

The Royal New Zealand Air Force recruits directly for Air Security Guards, who carry out military police functions and are responsible for providing security as well as ground defence training and drill/ceremonial training for other RNZAF Staff.

The Royal New Zealand Navy, like the Army, does not recruit directly into their "police" branch. Instead, personnel of a certain rank and time-in-service may apply for the Master-At-Arms trade. Security of shore bases is the responsibility of New Zealand Defence Force civilian security personnel.

At all NZDF facilities, civilian staff are used to augment military police manpower, particularly for relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols. This allows the MPs to concentrate on the more complex and specialised tasks within their areas of responsibility, such as criminal investigation. Many former servicemen and women find employment as Civil Security Guards at NZDF establishments and this helps keep their expertise in-house.

Norway

Volkswagen Passats of the Norweigan military police

In Norway, military police are service members of the Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy or Royal Norwegian Air Force. Since about 2002, all are trained at Sessvollmoen Camp. MPs in the Army are assigned to the Military Police Battalion, located at Bardufoss, Troms county. The first battalion commander and Provost Marshal of 6. division Norwegian Army was Maj M Langvik, the current battalion commander is Lieutenant Colonel Jan Henry Norvalls. The battalion consists of approximately 50 officers and NCOs, and 150 privates and corporals. Norwegian MPs first go through a six-month selection/educational period, before being assigned to the battalion or to regimental duties with other units for the remainder of their twelve-month service. Norwegian MPs do not have authority over civilians, except on or in the vicinity of military installations, vehicles or other property or under martial law. They do have authority over military personnel, including in certain circumstances reservists, anywhere, including when such personnel are off duty.

The Heimevernet ("Home Guard") also has MPs in its ranks. Usually each District (regiment) has one or two platoons, consisting exclusively of former regular or conscript military police personnel.

Norwegian MPs wear a red beret and a red lanyard around the left shoulder extending to the left front pocket. Only personnel currently serving as MPs are allowed to wear this. When on official duty, they also wear the MP armband, which is black with "MP" in red letters. It was previously worn on the right shoulder, but is now worn on the left shoulder, following NATO practice. They can also wear white webbing, or a number of items for special duties, like high visibility vests for traffic duty, or as mounted personnel while performing Motorcycle escort for the Royal Family or their official guests, etc.

Army canine units are also assigned to the MP battalion, but the personnel in such units are not necessarily MPs. Such personnel do not hold military police authority, and do not wear the MP insignia.

MPs have no other powers over civilians than ordinary members of the public, except inside, or in the immediate vicinity of military installations. More serious cases, like narcotics, are handed over to civilian police for investigation.

Philippines

The Philippine Armed Forces each maintain their own military police.

The former Philippine Constabulary was also known as the Military Police Command The Republic Act 6975 also known as The DILG Reorganization Act of 1991, the PC formed the basis of the PNP now under the Department of Interior and Local Government.

Poland

The Military Gendarmerie (Żandarmeria Wojskowa, ŻW) are the MP's for the entire Polish military.

Portugal

Portuguese Army Police patrol Volkswagen Golf

In Portugal, each branch of the armed forces has its own military police force. The Portuguese Navy has the Polícia Naval (Naval Police), the Portuguese Army has the Polícia do Exército (Army Police), and the Portuguese Air Force has the Polícia Aérea (Air Police). The Air Police is an Arm of its own inside the Air Force, but the Army Police is only a speciality of the Cavalry Arm and the Naval Police is a speciality of the Marines Arm. The Navy also has a civil police force, composed by Portuguese Navy troops, the Polícia dos Estabelecimentos da Marinha (Navy Facilities Police), with the responsibility of guarding the Lisbon Naval Base and some other naval facilities, and to serve as a coast guard and criminal police in the area of responsabilty of the of the Maritime Authority.

Portugal, also, has a gendarmerie type force, the GNR - Guarda Nacional Republicana National Republican Guard ), that is a special corps of troops that executes both civil public security missions and military missions. In time of peace, the GNR is under operacional command of the Minister of Internal Affairs, but in time of war it can be put under the command of the Armed Forces.</br=all>

File:Romanian MP humvee.jpg
A Humvee of the Romanian Military Police

Romania

In Romania, the Romanian Military Police (Poliţia Militară) carries out police duties for the Romanian Armed Forces. It usually handles military security and military crimes and it has national jurisdiction. The Romanian military police is organized in four battalions (two of them are headquartered in Bucharest, one in Iaşi and one in Târgu Mureş). The Romanian Gendarmerie, although a military force with national jurisdiction, is not tasked with enforcing the law within the armed forces (in contrast to the French Gendarmerie, which acts as both military and national police force).

Serbia

File:Vojna policija.jpg

Vojna policija (Cyrillic: Војна полиција) is the official military police force of Serbia. Military Police are one of the best qualified and most combat-prepared organizations within the Serbian Armed Forces. Military Police responsibilities include combating special forces of the enemy and counter-rebellion and counter terrorist actions, stamping out organized crime and corruption, securing people and facilities, search actions, anti-terrorist tasks, and others.

Specific training is provided for members of special units of the Military Police, as well as for members of "general" and traffic Military Police. Drills for Military Police units, from squad to battalion, are based on their anticipated tactical employment, including the training in putting down civil disorder. The Security Directorate of the General Staff of the Serbian Armed Forces is responsible for overseeing the units of the Military Police.

See also:

Sri Lanka

Each of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces has its own military police/Provost branch. The Sri Lanka Army is policed by the Sri Lanka Corps of Military Police and by Regimental Police, who belong to each individual regiments or corps.

The Military Police force carries out the following missions:

  • Maintenance of order and discipline: Consists of monitoring, maintaining and, if necessary, re-establishing discipline and military order. This also involves controlling stragglers and refugees in times of war and guarding and escorting prisoners of war.
  • Security missions: Prevents and deters any threat to or attack against the personnel and property of the armed forces. MPs also provide VIP motorcycle escorts and honour guards, perform close protection missions, and escort classified documents and money transports.

The Sri Lanka Navy is policed by the Provost Branch. The Sri Lanka Air Force is policed by the Air Force Police (AFP).

Singapore

In Singapore, the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command serves as the law enforcement agency of the Singapore Armed Forces. The Command is headed by a Colonel, otherwise also known as the Provost Marshal. Its sub-units included the Military Police Enforcement Unit (including Special Investigations Branch and the ceremonial and drill components), the Detention Barracks (DB), The 1st Provost Bn, MP Training School and the Security Support Forces (including Military working Dog Wing, Close Protection and Security Ops Unit). The Command also collaborates closely with the Singapore Police Force in terms of policing work duties, investigations, etc.

South Korea

Main article: Republic of Korea Military Police

Sweden

In the Swedish Army, dragoons are the Military Police and Military Police Rangers. They form the Dragoons Battalion of the Life Guards. The Dragoons Battalion have roots that go back as far as 1523 making it one of the worlds oldest military units still in service. "Livdragon" is the rank of a private cavalryman. The Swedish Army Dragoons are one of few units that still use horses. Horses are being used for ceremonial purposes only, most often when the dragoons take part at the change of the guards at The Royal Castle.

Thailand

In Thailand, each branch of the armed forces has its own military police force. The Royal Thai Navy has the สารวัตรทหารเรือ (Naval Military Police) , the Royal Thai Army has the สารวัตรทหาร (Army Military Police), and the Royal Thai Air force has the สารวัตรทหารอากาศ (Air Force Military Police).

Air Military Police Department กรมทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ

The duties of the military police are peacekeeping, securing, regulating the traffic discipline within the Air Force installations and housing area, tackling illegal objects including deserted officers and runaway accusers, escorting VIPs and investigating crimes which are under the authority of the Military Court. These investigations include prisoners of war, enemy aliens, refugees and displaced officers within the Air Force and designated areas. It is under supervision of the Commander of the Air Military Police Department.

There is one active Air MP Battalion called the Battalion of Military Air Police (กองพันทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ). The Air Military Police Department is one unit under the supervision of the Office of Don Muang RTAF Base Commander (สำนักงานผู้บังคับทหารอากาศดอนเมือง).

- Office of Don Muang RTAF Base Commander : สำนักงานผู้บังคับทหารอากาศดอนเมือง
- Air Military Police Department : กรมทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ
- Battalion of Military Air Police กองพันทหารสารวัตรทหารอากาศ

[1] : [2] : [3]

Turkey

The Military Police (Askeri İnzibat) or (As.Iz.) are part of the Turkish Gendarmerie, one of the five branches of the Turkish Armed Forces, and constitute a very small dedicated force which handles military security and military crimes.

Ukraine

The VSP is the Military Police for the entire Ukrainian Armed Forces

United Kingdom

Main article: Royal Navy Regulating Branch
Main article: Royal Military Police
Main article: Royal Air Force Police

Each of the British Armed Forces has its own military police branch. The British Army is policed by the Royal Military Police (RMP) (often known as "Redcaps") and by Regimental Police, who belong to each individual regiments or corps, and also by the Military Provost Guard Service who protect Army installations. The Royal Air Force is policed by the Royal Air Force Police (RAFP). They are nicknamed "Snowdrops" on account of their white caps as opposed to the normal Royal Air Force blue. The Royal Navy is policed by the Regulating Branch, the members of which are known as Regulators (or Master-at-Arms if a Chief Petty Officer or Warrant Officer). The Royal Marines also have a platoon-sized Police Troop, the Royal Marines Police.

Each of the four agencies has its own Special Investigation Branch (SIB) to undertake investigation of more serious crime and plain-clothes investigations. All British military police are classed as Service Police and conform to the Service Police Codes of Practice. The British military prison at Colchester is operated by the Military Provost Staff Corps, an all-senior NCO corps which only recruits from serving personnel.

The Military Provost Guard Service (MPGS) is a service responsible for maintaining security at British Armed Forces sites in the United Kingdom.

Ministry of Defence Police Forces

United States

US Marines MP Badge

Each branch of the United States military maintains its own military police force. The Military Police Corps maintains discipline and enforces the law in the United States Army. The Marine Corps version is referred to as the Provost Marshal's Office, while personnel assigned to the Master-at-Arms branch fill the same role in the United States Navy (aided by temporary members of the Shore Patrol). The United States Air Force is policed by the Air Force Security Forces, formerly called the Security Police (and before that, the Air Police).

Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments. They are referred to as Department of Defense Police, or DoD Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the United States Department of Defense, for example: DoD Army or DoD Navy Police. There is in fact one United States Department of Defense police agency, the United States Pentagon Police, of the Pentagon Force Protection Agency, are the police force of the Secretary of Defense and the federal police force for the U.S. Department of Defense in its entirety including The Pentagon and various other DoD locations within the National Capital Region (NCR). The Department of Defense Guard, Department of the Army (DA) Police, or Department of the Army Guard are examples of other DoD Army police. The police officers' duties are similar to those of local civilian police officers. They enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Federal, State Laws and the regulations of their particular installation.

Criminal investigations in the United States Armed Forces is carried out by separate agencies: The Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) (for both the Navy and Marine Corps); the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI); the Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID), with unit-level investigations conducted by Army Military Police Investigators (MPI); and the Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS). The Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) is a civilian agency that answers directly to the DOD as well as the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA).

The United States Constabulary was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the American Zone of West Germany immediately after World War II.

Military Police are trained to provide area security, usually by vehicle patrol, which is the mission of most Military Police stationed in Iraq. They are also trained in dealing with prisoners of war and other detainees, with special training in restraining, searching, and transporting prisoners to detainee camps. MPs can also be used as prison guards in said detainee camps, although that responsibility usually falls on Internment/Resettlement Specialists, MOS 31E (Formerly Corrections Specialists).

Limitation of Authority and Jurisdiction

United States Military Police are prohibited from enacting state police powers and domestic peace officer powers under the Posse Comitatus Act, a federal law passed in 1878. MPs may enforce certain limited powers, such as traffic stops, on access roads and other federal property not necessarily within the boundaries of their military base or installation. The only way MPs are allowed to enforce law and order outside of the military realm as stated above is when Martial Law is in effect. When combined, the Posse Comitatus Act and Insurrection Act both severely limit and delay Presidential power in using the military in a law enforcement capacity. This allows the state more time to use their resources and authorities to the fullest extent, allowing for the possibility of military involvement only when their resources have been completely used up.

The only military branch exempt from the act is the United States Coast Guard, as they are both military personnel and federal law enforcement officers with full federal jurisdiction.

Although the 109th Congress attempted to extend the authority of the military in "major public emergencies" (Section 1068 of 2006 Amendment to Insurrection Act of 1806), the amendment was repealed, in its entirety, in 2008. Section 1076 of the amendment would have allowed the President, upon his declaration of a public emergency, to not only station the military anywhere in the United States, but to also take control of United States National Guard units without the consent of the state's governor or any local authorities.

United States Senator Patrick Leahy, who enacted the legislation to revert the act to its previous state (as it was created and intended to be in 1807), stated, "We certainly do not need to make it easier for Presidents to declare martial law. Invoking the Insurrection Act and using the military for law enforcement activities goes against some of the central tenets of our democracy. It creates needless tension among the various levels of government – one can easily envision governors and mayors in charge of an emergency having to constantly look over their shoulders while someone who has never visited their communities gives the orders." [4]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military police.

References

  1. ^ Vojska.net - strategy, wargaming, military history website
  2. ^ RMP Journal April 2007

External Links

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