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{{Short description|18th letter of the Latin alphabet}} |
{{Short description|18th letter of the Latin alphabet}} |
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{{About|the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet|the reversed version|Я|other uses}} |
{{About|the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet|the reversed version|Я|other uses}} |
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{{pp-move|small=yes}} |
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⚫ | |||
{{Technical reasons|R#J|the film|R and J}} |
{{Technical reasons|R#J|the film|R and J}} |
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{{Infobox grapheme |
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|name = R |
|name = R |
||
|letter = R r |
|letter = R r |
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|script=[[Latin script]] |
|script=[[Latin script]] |
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|type=[[Alphabet]] |
|type=[[Alphabet]] |
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|typedesc=ic |
|typedesc=ic |
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|language=[[Latin language]] |
|language=[[Latin language]] |
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|phonemes= |
|phonemes={{ubl|{{hlist|{{IPA blink|r}}|{{IPA blink|ɾ}}|{{IPA blink|ɹ}}|{{IPA blink|ɻ}}|{{IPA blink|ɺ}}|{{IPA blink|ʀ}}|{{IPA blink|ʁ}}|{{IPA blink|ɽ}}}}|''([[#Other languages|table]])''|''([[Pronunciation of English /r/|English variations]])''|{{IPAc-en|ɑr}}}} |
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|unicode=U+0052, U+0072 |
|unicode=U+0052, U+0072 |
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|alphanumber=18 |
|alphanumber=18 |
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|fam7=[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] |
|fam7=[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] |
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|fam8= [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] [[File:Half r.svg|20px|Cursive R-rotunda]] |
|fam8= [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] [[File:Half r.svg|20px|Cursive R-rotunda]] |
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|usageperiod= |
|usageperiod=from {{circa|50 AD}} |
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|children= |
|children={{hlist|[[℟]]|{{not a typo|[[℞]]}}|[[®]]|[[Ɍ]]|[[ᚱ]]|[[𐍂]]|[[Ꭱ]]}} |
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|sisters= {{ |
|sisters= {{hlist|[[Р]]|[[Resh|ר]]|[[Resh|ر]]|[[Resh|ܪ]]|[[ࠓ]]|[[𐎗]]|[[𐡓]]|[[ረ]]|[[wikt:Ռ|Ռ]]|[[wikt:ռ|ռ]]|[[wikt:Ր|Ր]]|[[wikt:ր|ր]]|[[ર]]|[[र]]}} |
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|equivalents= |
|equivalents= |
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|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#R|r(x)]] |
|associates={{hlist|[[List of Latin-script digraphs#R|r(x)]]|[[Rh (digraph)|rh]]}} |
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|direction=Left-to-Right |
|direction=Left-to-Right |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Latin letter info|r}} |
{{Latin letter info|r}} |
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'''R''', or '''r''', is the eighteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''ar'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɑr}}), plural ''ars'',<ref>"R", ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''</ref> or in Ireland ''or'' {{IPAc-en|'|oʊr}}.<ref>{{Cite |
'''R''', or '''r''', is the eighteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''ar'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɑr}}), plural ''ars'',<ref>"R", ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''</ref> or in Ireland ''or'' {{IPAc-en|'|oʊr}}.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Analysis of contemporary Irish dialects |first=Alena |last=Krömerová |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in |
The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=Math.cornell.edu|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102005534/https://math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> |
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The letter {{angbr|r}} is used to form the ending "-re", which is used in certain words such as ''centre'' in some varieties of English spelling, such as [[British English]]. [[Canadian English]] also uses the "-re" ending, unlike [[American English]], where the ending is usually replaced by "-er" (''center''). This does not affect pronunciation. Others may include ranker, ruck, rigger or rice eater |
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== Name == |
== Name == |
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The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing [[continuant]]s, such as F, L, M, N and S. This name is preserved in [[French language|French]] and many other languages. In [[Middle English]], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French |
The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing [[continuant]]s, such as {{angbr|F}}, {{angbr|L}}, {{angbr|M}}, {{angbr|N}}, and {{angbr|S}}. This name is preserved in [[French language|French]] and many other languages. In [[Middle English]], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French {{lang|fr|ferme}}) and ''star'' (compare German {{lang|de|Stern}}). |
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In [[Hiberno-English]] the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In [[Hiberno-English]], the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{anchor|Dog's letter}} |
{{anchor|Dog's letter}} |
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The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} |
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''. This Latin term referred to the Latin {{angbr|R}} that was [[Trill consonant|trilled]] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish {{lang|es|perro}} 'dog').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In |
In ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''English Grammar''.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Shakespeare |
| last = Shakespeare |
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| first = William |
| first = William |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
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! Egyptian |
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! Proto-Sinaitic |
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! Phoenician<br />[[Resh]] |
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! Western Greek<br />[[Rho (letter)|Rho]] |
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! Etruscan<br />R |
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| '''[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] <br />R''' |
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! Latin<br />R |
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|--- align=center |
|--- align=center |
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|<hiero>D1</hiero> |
|<hiero>D1</hiero> |
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|[[File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg|x40px]] |
|[[File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg|x40px]] |
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| [[File:PhoenicianR-01.png|x30px]] |
| [[File:PhoenicianR-01.png|x30px]] |
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| [[File:Greek Rho |
| [[File:Greek Rho pointed.svg|x40px]] |
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|[[File: |
| [[File:EtruscanR-03.svg|x30px]] |
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| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis R.SVG|x30px]] |
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|} |
|} |
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===Antiquity=== |
===Antiquity=== |
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[[File:Prognatus.png|thumb|The word |
[[File:Prognatus.png|thumb|The word {{lang|la|prognatus}} as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin {{angbr|R}} by that time; the letter {{angbr|P}} at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]] |
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The letter |
The letter {{angbr|R}} is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in [[Semitic alphabets]] for the sound {{IPA|/r/}} because the word for 'head' was ''[[rêš]]'' or similar in most [[Semitic languages]]. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of [[acrophony]]. |
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It developed into Greek |
It developed into Greek {{angbr|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]}} {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} ({{transliteration|grc|rhô}}) and Latin {{angbr|R}}. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some [[Western Greek alphabets]] (writing ''rho'' as [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px| ]]), but it was not adopted in most [[Old Italic alphabet]]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a {{angbr|P}} and a {{angbr|D}} shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. |
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Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the [[Duenos Inscription|Duenos]] and the [[Forum inscription]], still write |
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the [[Duenos Inscription|Duenos]] and the [[Forum inscription]], still write {{angbr|r}} using the {{angbr|P}}<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter. |
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The [[Lapis Satricanus]] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the |
The [[Lapis Satricanus]] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the {{angbr|p}} <!--𐌐--> and the {{angbr|Ρ}} shape of the {{angbr|r}} have become difficult to distinguish. |
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The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the [[Tomb of the Scipios]] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From |
The descending stroke of the Latin letter {{angbr|R}} has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the [[Tomb of the Scipios]] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From {{circa|50 AD}}, the letter {{angbr|P}} would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by {{angbr|R}}. |
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===Cursive=== |
===Cursive=== |
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[[File:Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg|thumb|18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography]] |
[[File:Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg|thumb|18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography]] |
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[[File:Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione, Letter R.jpg|thumb|Letter |
[[File:Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione, Letter R.jpg|thumb|Letter {{angbr|R}} from the alphabet by [[Luca Pacioli]], in ''[[De divina proportione]]'' (1509)]] |
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The minuscule |
The minuscule form {{angbr|r}} developed through several variations on the capital form. |
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Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from [[Roman cursive]] via the [[uncial]] script of Late Antiquity into the [[Carolingian minuscule]] of the 9th century. |
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from [[Roman cursive]] via the [[uncial]] script of Late Antiquity into the [[Carolingian minuscule]] of the 9th century. |
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In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today. |
In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today. |
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A calligraphic minuscule |
A calligraphic minuscule {{angbr|r}}, known as ''[[r rotunda]]'' {{angbr|ꝛ}}, was used in the sequence {{angbr|or}}, bending the shape of the {{angbr|r}} to accommodate the bulge of the {{angbr|o}} as in {{angbr|oꝛ}}, as opposed to {{angbr|or}}. Later, the same variant was also used where {{angbr|r}} followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|h}}, {{angbr|p}}, as well as to write the geminate {{angbr|rr}} as {{angbr|ꝛꝛ}}. Use of ''r rotunda'' was mostly tied to [[blackletter]] typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century. |
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[[Insular script]] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop |
[[Insular script]] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the ''Insular r'' {{angbr|ꞃ}}; this variant survives in the [[Gaelic type]] popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function. |
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==Use in writing systems== |
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{{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel |
{{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel|Guttural R}} |
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |
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⚫ | |||
|+Pronunciations of Rr |
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! colspan="5" |''Languages in italics |
! colspan="5" | ''Languages in italics are not usually written using the [[Latin alphabet]]'' |
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|- |
|- |
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!Language |
!Language |
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!Dialect |
!Dialect |
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!Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) |
!Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) |
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!Environment |
!Environment |
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|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
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| |
| |
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|rr represents a trilled /r/ |
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPA|/r/}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan="3" |''[[Arabic]]'' |
! rowspan="3" |''[[Arabic]]'' |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] |
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⚫ | |||
|Except word-initially |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
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|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
||
|Except word-initially |
|||
⚫ | |||
| |
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}} |
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|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
||
|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
||
|Except word-initially |
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|Usually |
|||
| |
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}} |
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|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
||
|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
||
|Except word-initially |
|||
|Usually |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
||
|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|Usually |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]] |
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|''silent'' |
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|After vowels |
|After vowels |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhoticity in English|Rhotic]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhoticity in English|Rhotic]] |
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|{{ |
|{{IPA|/ɻ/}} |
||
|Before vowels |
|Before vowels |
||
| |
| |
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| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]] |
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|''silent'' |
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|After vowels |
|After vowels |
||
| |
| |
||
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Irish language|Irish]] |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Irish language|Irish]] |
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|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
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|Except after i or before e, i |
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⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{IPAslink|ɻʲ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɻʲ}}{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
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|After i |
|After i or before e, i |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 302: | Line 309: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]] |
|||
|''silent'' |
|||
|After vowels |
|After vowels |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
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| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]] |
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|''silent'' |
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| |
| |
||
| |
| |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |
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|{{IPAslink|ʁ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}} |
||
⚫ | |||
|In certain environments |
|In certain environments |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]] |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]] |
||
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
||
|Except after i or before e, i |
|||
|Usually |
|||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{IPAslink|ɾʲ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ɾʲ}} |
||
|After i |
|After i or before e, i |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
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|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="4" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
! rowspan="4" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
||
! |
!All dialects |
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|{{IPAslink| |
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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Line 374: | Line 375: | ||
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
|{{IPAslink|r}} |
||
|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|Usually |
|||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 384: | Line 380: | ||
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}} |
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}} |
||
|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 414: | Line 415: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="2" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink| |
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}, {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}, {{IPAslink|ɹ}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAslink| |
|{{IPAslink|z}} |
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=== |
===English=== |
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{{See also|Rhoticity in English}} |
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⚫ | |||
{{angbr|R}} represents a [[rhotic consonant]] in English, such as the [[alveolar approximant]] (most varieties), [[alveolar trill]] (some British varieties), or the [[retroflex approximant]] (some varieties in the [[American English|United States]], [[West Country dialects|South West England]], and [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]). |
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In [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhotic]] accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it. |
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===Other languages=== |
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⚫ | |||
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| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}} |
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}} |
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| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar trill.ogg|Listen]] |
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar trill.ogg|Listen]] |
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| style="width:55%" | |
| style="width:55%" | Standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[German language|German]] in some dialects, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] mostly in the northwest, [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (traditional form), [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]]; also [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{angbr|rr}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}} |
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}} |
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| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar approximant.ogg|Listen]] |
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar approximant.ogg|Listen]] |
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| style="width:55%" | |
| style="width:55%" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar flap]] / [[Alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} |
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar flap]] / [[Alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} |
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| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}} |
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}} |
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| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Retroflex approximant.ogg|Listen]] |
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Retroflex approximant.ogg|Listen]] |
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| style="width:55%" | |
| style="width:55%" | [[Gutnish]]<!-- DO NOT ADD CHINESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET--> |
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|- |
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| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}} |
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}} |
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===Other systems=== |
===Other systems=== |
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The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]]. |
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]]. |
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==Other uses== |
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{{main article|R (disambiguation)}} |
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* An [[R rating (disambiguation)|R rating]] denotes media such as movies that are intended for a restricted audience. |
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==Related characters== |
==Related characters== |
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<!-- Please only list |
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===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== |
===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== |
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** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}} |
** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}} |
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** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}} |
** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}} |
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* 𝼨 |
* 𝼨 – {{angbr|R}} with mid-height left hook was used by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in the early 20th century for [[romanization]] of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref> |
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* ⱹ |
* ⱹ – A turned {{angbr|r}} with a tail is used in the [[Swedish Dialect Alphabet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|[[ʳ]] [[ʵ]]}} |
* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|[[ʳ]] [[ʵ]]}} |
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===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet=== |
===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet=== |
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* Ꝛ ꝛ |
* Ꝛ ꝛ – ''[[R rotunda]]'' |
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* Ꞃ ꞃ |
* Ꞃ ꞃ – ''Insular r'' ([[Gaelic type]]) |
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* ᫍ |
* ᫍ – Combining ''Insular r'', as used in the ''[[Ormulum]]''<ref name="L220268">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf|date=2020-10-05|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Andrew|last2=West}}</ref> |
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===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== |
===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== |
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* 𐤓 |
* 𐤓 – [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Resh]], from which the following letters derive |
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** Ρ ρ |
** Ρ ρ – [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Rho (letter)|Rho]], from which the following letters derive |
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*** 𐌓 |
*** 𐌓 – [[Old Italic script|Old Italic]] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin {{angbr|R}} |
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**** ᚱ |
**** ᚱ – [[Runes|Runic]] letter [[Raido]] |
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*** Р р |
*** Р р – [[Cyrillic]] letter [[Er (Cyrillic)|Er]] |
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*** 𐍂 |
*** 𐍂 – [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] letter [[Reda (letter)|Reda]] |
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===Abbreviations, signs and symbols=== |
=== Abbreviations, signs and symbols === |
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* ℟ |
* ℟ – symbol for [[Response (liturgy)|response]] in liturgy |
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* {{not a typo|℞}} |
* {{not a typo|℞}} – [[Medical prescription]] |
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* ® |
* ® – [[Registered trademark symbol]] |
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* ₹ |
* ₹ – [[Indian rupee sign]] |
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==Other representations== |
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==Encoding== |
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===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>=== |
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{{charmap |
{{charmap |
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| 0052 | 0072 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R |
| 0052 | 0072 | FF32 | FF52 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R| name3 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R| name4 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R |
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| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99 |
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99 |
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| map2 = [[ASCII]] |
| map2 = [[ASCII]] | map2char1 = 52 | map2char2 = 72 |
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}} |
}} |
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: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} |
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===Other=== |
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{{Letter other reps |
{{Letter other reps |
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|NATO=Romeo |
|NATO=Romeo |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[File:Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg|thumb|{{FIAV|historical}} This [[flag of Rwanda]] (September 25, 1961 – October 24, 2001) featured an R to distinguish it from the [[flag of Guinea]]|alt=a tricolor flag with vertical bands for red, yellow and green. There is a black R on the yellow band.]] |
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* [[Guttural R]] |
* [[Guttural R]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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* {{Commons-inline|R}} |
* {{Commons-inline|R}} |
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* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}} |
* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}} |
Revision as of 17:11, 26 April 2024
R | |
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R r | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | Alphabetic |
Language of origin | Latin language |
Phonetic usage | |
Unicode codepoint | U+0052, U+0072 |
Alphabetical position | 18 |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | from c. 50 AD |
Descendants | |
Sisters | |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | |
Writing direction | Left-to-Right |
ISO basic Latin alphabet |
---|
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ar (pronounced /ˈɑːr/), plural ars,[1] or in Ireland or /ˈɔːr/.[2]
The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩.[3]
Name
The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as ⟨F⟩, ⟨L⟩, ⟨M⟩, ⟨N⟩, and ⟨S⟩. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern).
In Hiberno-English, the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr.[4][5][6]
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the dog's letter. This Latin term referred to the Latin ⟨R⟩ that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish perro 'dog').[7]
In Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.[8]
History
Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic | Phoenician Resh |
Western Greek Rho |
Etruscan R |
Latin R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Antiquity
The letter ⟨R⟩ is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in Semitic alphabets for the sound /r/ because the word for 'head' was rêš or similar in most Semitic languages. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of acrophony.
It developed into Greek ⟨Ρ⟩ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin ⟨R⟩. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a ⟨P⟩ and a ⟨D⟩ shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write ⟨r⟩ using the ⟨P⟩ shape of the letter. The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the ⟨p⟩ and the ⟨Ρ⟩ shape of the ⟨r⟩ have become difficult to distinguish. The descending stroke of the Latin letter ⟨R⟩ has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From c. 50 AD, the letter ⟨P⟩ would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by ⟨R⟩.
Cursive
The minuscule form ⟨r⟩ developed through several variations on the capital form. Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from Roman cursive via the uncial script of Late Antiquity into the Carolingian minuscule of the 9th century.
In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.
A calligraphic minuscule ⟨r⟩, known as r rotunda ⟨ꝛ⟩, was used in the sequence ⟨or⟩, bending the shape of the ⟨r⟩ to accommodate the bulge of the ⟨o⟩ as in ⟨oꝛ⟩, as opposed to ⟨or⟩. Later, the same variant was also used where ⟨r⟩ followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with ⟨b⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨p⟩, as well as to write the geminate ⟨rr⟩ as ⟨ꝛꝛ⟩. Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.
Insular script used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the Insular r ⟨ꞃ⟩; this variant survives in the Gaelic type popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function.
Use in writing systems
Languages in italics are not usually written using the Latin alphabet | ||||
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Language | Dialect | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
Albanian | /ɾ/ | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | ||
Arabic | Most dialects | /r/ | ||
North Mesopotamian, Judeo-Iraqi | /ʀ/ | |||
Egyptian | /ɾ/ | |||
Aragonese | /ɾ/ | Except word-initially | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | |
/r/ | Word-initially | |||
Asturian | /ɾ/ | Except word-initially | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | |
/r/ | Word-initially | |||
Basque | /ɾ/ | Except word-initially | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | |
/r/ | Word-initially | |||
Catalan | /ɾ/ | Except word-initially | ||
/r/ | Word-initially | |||
Mandarin Chinese | Standard | /ʐ/ | ||
Danish | /ʀ/ | |||
/r/ | Archaic | |||
Dutch | Most dialects | /ɾ/ | ||
Brabantish, Limburgish | /ʀ/ | |||
English | Non-rhotic | /ɹ̠/ | Before vowels | |
∅ | After vowels | |||
Rhotic | /ɻ/ | Before vowels | ||
ʵ | After vowels | |||
Esperanto | /ɾ/ | |||
Faroese | /ɹ/ | |||
French | /ʁ/ | |||
Galician | /ɾ/ | |||
German | Standard | /ʀ/ | Before vowels | |
/ɐ̯/ | After vowels | |||
Gutnish | /ɻ/ | |||
Haitian | /ɣ/ | |||
Hebrew | /ʁ/ | |||
/r/ | Archaic | |||
Hopi | /ʐ/ | |||
Indonesian | Standard | /r/ | ||
Sumatran dialects | /r/ | Before vowels/consonants | ||
∅ | After vowels | |||
Irish | /ɾ/ | Except after i or before e, i | ||
/ɻʲ/[citation needed] | After i or before e, i | |||
Italian | /r/ | |||
Japanese | Standard | /ɾ/ | ||
Leonese | /ɾ/ | |||
Malay | Standard | /r/ | Before vowels/consonants | |
∅ | After vowels | |||
Manx | /ɹ/ | |||
∅ | ||||
Māori | /ɾ/ | |||
Norwegian | Most dialects | /r/ | ||
Western and Southern dialects | /ʁ/ | |||
Tromsø | /ʐ/ | |||
Portuguese | /ʁ/ | In certain environments | ||
/ɾ/ | In certain environments | |||
Scottish Gaelic | /ɾ/ | Except after i or before e, i | ||
/ɾʲ/ | After i or before e, i | |||
Sicilian | /ɹ/ | |||
Spanish | All dialects | /ɾ/ | Usually | |
Most dialects | /r/ | Word-initially | ||
Puerto Rican | /ʁ/ | Word-initially | ||
Some dialects | /l/ | After a vowel | ||
Swedish | Most dialects | /ɾ/ | ||
Southern dialects | /ʀ/ | |||
Turkish | /ɾ/ | |||
Venetian | Most dialects | /ɾ/ | ||
Venice | /ʀ/ | |||
Vietnamese | Most dialects | /ʐ/, /ɾ/, /r/, /ɹ/ | ||
Northern dialect | /z/ |
English
⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in English, such as the alveolar approximant (most varieties), alveolar trill (some British varieties), or the retroflex approximant (some varieties in the United States, South West England, and Dublin).
In non-rhotic accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it.
Other languages
⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
Alveolar trill [r] | Listen | Standard Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩ |
Alveolar approximant [ɹ] | Listen | Dutch in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian |
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ] | Listen | Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩, Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Māori |
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ] | Listen | Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, "toad", from Spanish rana; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese. |
Retroflex approximant [ɻ] | Listen | Gutnish |
Retroflex flap [ɽ] | Listen | Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English |
Uvular trill [ʀ] | Listen | German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts, Venetian only in Venice area. |
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] | Listen | North Mesopotamian Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and 'r-' in western parts, Norwegian in western and southern parts. |
Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.
Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/ such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r], the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.
Other uses
- An R rating denotes media such as movies that are intended for a restricted audience.
Related characters
- R with diacritics: Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ R̃ r̃ ᵲ[9] ꭨ[10] ᵳ[9] ᶉ[11]
- International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R: 𝼈[12][13] ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
- IPA superscript letters:[14] 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
- Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ɼ ɿ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R:[15]
- U+1D19 ᴙ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R
- U+1D1A ᴚ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R
- U+1D3F ᴿ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R
- U+1D63 ᵣ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:[16]
- U+AB45 ꭅ LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R
- U+AB46 ꭆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG
- Anthropos phonetic transcription:[16]
- U+AB48 ꭈ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R
- U+AB49 ꭉ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
- U+AB4A ꭊ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
- Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription:[16]
- U+AB47 ꭇ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE
- U+AB4B ꭋ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R
- U+AB4C ꭌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING
- 𝼨 – ⟨R⟩ with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.[17]
- ⱹ – A turned ⟨r⟩ with a tail is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[18]
- Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕[12][13] 𝼖[12][13] ʳ ʵ
Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet
- Ꝛ ꝛ – R rotunda
- Ꞃ ꞃ – Insular r (Gaelic type)
- ᫍ – Combining Insular r, as used in the Ormulum[19]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
Abbreviations, signs and symbols
- ℟ – symbol for response in liturgy
- ℞ – Medical prescription
- ® – Registered trademark symbol
- ₹ – Indian rupee sign
Other representations
Computing
Preview | R | r | R | r | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 82 | U+0052 | 114 | U+0072 | 65330 | U+FF32 | 65362 | U+FF52 |
UTF-8 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 | 239 188 178 | EF BC B2 | 239 189 146 | EF BD 92 |
Numeric character reference | R |
R |
r |
r |
R |
R |
r |
r |
EBCDIC family | 217 | D9 | 153 | 99 | ||||
ASCII | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
Other
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Romeo |
ⓘ |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) | British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) | Braille dots-1235 Unified English Braille |
See also
References
- ^ "R", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit
- ^ Krömerová, Alena. Analysis of contemporary Irish dialects (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
- ^ "Frequency Table". Math.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ "Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects" (PDF). Digilib.k.utb.cz. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
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