R: Difference between revisions
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|typedesc=ic and [[Logographic]] |
|typedesc=ic and [[Logographic]] |
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|language=[[Latin language]] |
|language=[[Latin language]] |
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|phonemes= |
|phonemes={{ubl|{{hlist|{{IPA blink|r}}|{{IPA blink|ɾ}}|{{IPA blink|ɹ}}|{{IPA blink|ɻ}}|{{IPA blink|ɺ}}|{{IPA blink|ʀ}}|{{IPA blink|ʁ}}|{{IPA blink|ɽ}}}}|''([[#Other languages|table]])''|''([[Pronunciation of English /r/|English variations]])''|{{IPAc-en|ɑr}}}} |
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|unicode=U+0052, U+0072 |
|unicode=U+0052, U+0072 |
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|alphanumber=18 |
|alphanumber=18 |
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|fam7=[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] |
|fam7=[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] |
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|fam8= [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] [[File:Half r.svg|20px|Cursive R-rotunda]] |
|fam8= [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] [[File:Half r.svg|20px|Cursive R-rotunda]] |
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|usageperiod= |
|usageperiod=from {{circa|50 AD}} |
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|children= |
|children={{hlist|[[℟]]|{{not a typo|[[℞]]}}|[[®]]|[[Ɍ]]|[[ᚱ]]|[[𐍂]]|[[Ꭱ]]}} |
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|sisters= {{ |
|sisters= {{hlist|[[Р]]|[[Resh|ר]]|[[Resh|ر]]|[[Resh|ܪ]]|[[ࠓ]]|[[𐎗]]|[[𐡓]]|[[ረ]]|[[wikt:Ռ|Ռ]]|[[wikt:ռ|ռ]]|[[wikt:Ր|Ր]]|[[wikt:ր|ր]]|[[ર]]|[[र]]}} |
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|equivalents= |
|equivalents= |
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|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#R|r(x)]] |
|associates={{hlist|[[List of Latin-script digraphs#R|r(x)]]|[[Rh (digraph)|rh]]}} |
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|direction=Left-to-Right |
|direction=Left-to-Right |
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}} |
}} |
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The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing [[continuant]]s, such as {{angbr|F}}, {{angbr|L}}, {{angbr|M}}, {{angbr|N}}, and {{angbr|S}}. This name is preserved in [[French language|French]] and many other languages. In [[Middle English]], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French {{lang|fr|ferme}}) and ''star'' (compare German {{lang|de|Stern}}). |
The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing [[continuant]]s, such as {{angbr|F}}, {{angbr|L}}, {{angbr|M}}, {{angbr|N}}, and {{angbr|S}}. This name is preserved in [[French language|French]] and many other languages. In [[Middle English]], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French {{lang|fr|ferme}}) and ''star'' (compare German {{lang|de|Stern}}). |
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In [[Hiberno-English]] the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In [[Hiberno-English]], the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{anchor|Dog's letter}} |
{{anchor|Dog's letter}} |
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The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''. This Latin term referred to the Latin R that was [[Trill consonant|trilled]] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} 'dog voice'. |
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''. This Latin term referred to the Latin {{angbr|R}} that was [[Trill consonant|trilled]] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish {{lang|es|perro}} 'dog').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In |
In ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''English Grammar''.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Shakespeare |
| last = Shakespeare |
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| first = William |
| first = William |
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===Antiquity=== |
===Antiquity=== |
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[[File:Prognatus.png|thumb|The word |
[[File:Prognatus.png|thumb|The word {{lang|la|prognatus}} as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin {{angbr|R}} by that time; the letter {{angbr|P}} at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]] |
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The letter {{angbr|R}} is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in [[Semitic alphabets]] for the sound {{IPA|/r/}} because the word for 'head' was ''[[rêš]]'' |
The letter {{angbr|R}} is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in [[Semitic alphabets]] for the sound {{IPA|/r/}} because the word for 'head' was ''[[rêš]]'' or similar in most [[Semitic languages]]. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of [[acrophony]]. |
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It developed into Greek {{angbr|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]}} {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} ({{transliteration|grc|rhô}}) and Latin {{angbr|R}}. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some [[Western Greek alphabets]] (writing ''rho'' as [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px| ]]), but it was not adopted in most [[Old Italic alphabet]]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a {{angbr|P}} and a {{angbr|D}} shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. |
It developed into Greek {{angbr|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]}} {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} ({{transliteration|grc|rhô}}) and Latin {{angbr|R}}. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some [[Western Greek alphabets]] (writing ''rho'' as [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px| ]]), but it was not adopted in most [[Old Italic alphabet]]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a {{angbr|P}} and a {{angbr|D}} shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. |
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Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the [[Duenos Inscription|Duenos]] and the [[Forum inscription]], still write {{angbr|r}} using the {{angbr|P}}<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter. |
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the [[Duenos Inscription|Duenos]] and the [[Forum inscription]], still write {{angbr|r}} using the {{angbr|P}}<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter. |
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The [[Lapis Satricanus]] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the {{angbr|p}} <!--𐌐--> and the {{angbr|Ρ}} shape of the {{angbr|r}} have become difficult to distinguish. |
The [[Lapis Satricanus]] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the {{angbr|p}} <!--𐌐--> and the {{angbr|Ρ}} shape of the {{angbr|r}} have become difficult to distinguish. |
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The descending stroke of the Latin letter {{angbr|R}} has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the [[Tomb of the Scipios]] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From |
The descending stroke of the Latin letter {{angbr|R}} has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the [[Tomb of the Scipios]] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From {{circa|50 AD}}, the letter {{angbr|P}} would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by {{angbr|R}}. |
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===Cursive=== |
===Cursive=== |
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===Non-English languages=== |
===Non-English languages=== |
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{{angbr| |
{{angbr|R}} represents a [[rhotic consonant]] in many languages, as shown in the table below. |
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<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET |
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET |
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--> |
--> |
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==Related characters== |
==Related characters== |
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<!-- Please only list |
<!-- Please only list symbols that are actually related to the letter that is the topic of this article. --> |
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===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== |
===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== |
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** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}} |
** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}} |
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** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}} |
** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}} |
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* 𝼨 |
* 𝼨 – {{angbr|R}} with mid-height left hook was used by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in the early 20th century for [[romanization]] of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref> |
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* ⱹ |
* ⱹ – A turned {{angbr|r}} with a tail is used in the [[Swedish Dialect Alphabet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|[[ʳ]] [[ʵ]]}} |
* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|[[ʳ]] [[ʵ]]}} |
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===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet=== |
===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet=== |
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* Ꝛ ꝛ |
* Ꝛ ꝛ – ''[[R rotunda]]'' |
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* Ꞃ ꞃ |
* Ꞃ ꞃ – ''Insular r'' ([[Gaelic type]]) |
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* ᫍ |
* ᫍ – Combining ''Insular r'', as used in the ''[[Ormulum]]''<ref name="L220268">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf|date=2020-10-05|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Andrew|last2=West}}</ref> |
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===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== |
===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== |
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* 𐤓 |
* 𐤓 – [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Resh]], from which the following letters derive |
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** Ρ ρ |
** Ρ ρ – [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Rho (letter)|Rho]], from which the following letters derive |
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*** 𐌓 |
*** 𐌓 – [[Old Italic script|Old Italic]] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin {{angbr|R}} |
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**** ᚱ |
**** ᚱ – [[Runes|Runic]] letter [[Raido]] |
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*** Р р |
*** Р р – [[Cyrillic]] letter [[Er (Cyrillic)|Er]] |
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*** 𐍂 |
*** 𐍂 – [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] letter [[Reda (letter)|Reda]] |
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===Abbreviations, signs and symbols=== |
=== Abbreviations, signs and symbols === |
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* ℟ |
* ℟ – symbol for [[Response (liturgy)|response]] in liturgy |
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* {{not a typo|℞}} |
* {{not a typo|℞}} – [[Medical prescription]] |
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* ® |
* ® – [[Registered trademark symbol]] |
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* ₹ |
* ₹ – [[Indian rupee sign]] |
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==Encoding== |
== Encoding= = |
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{{charmap |
{{charmap |
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| 0052 | 0072 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R |
| 0052 | 0072 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R |
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| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99 |
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99 |
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| map2 = [[ASCII]] |
| map2 = [[ASCII]] | map2char1 = 52 | map2char2 = 72 |
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}} |
}} |
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: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} |
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{{Letter other reps |
{{Letter other reps |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[File:Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg|thumb|{{FIAV|historical}} This [[flag of Rwanda]] (September 25, 1961 – October 24, 2001) featured an R to distinguish it from the [[flag of Guinea]]|alt=a tricolor flag with vertical bands for red, yellow and green. There is a black R on the yellow band.]] |
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* [[Guttural R]] |
* [[Guttural R]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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* {{Commons-inline|R}} |
* {{Commons-inline|R}} |
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* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}} |
* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}} |
Revision as of 21:20, 3 March 2024
R | |
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R r | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | Alphabetic and Logographic |
Language of origin | Latin language |
Phonetic usage | |
Unicode codepoint | U+0052, U+0072 |
Alphabetical position | 18 |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | from c. 50 AD |
Descendants | |
Sisters | |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | |
Writing direction | Left-to-Right |
ISO basic Latin alphabet |
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AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ar (pronounced /ˈɑːr/), plural ars,[1] or in Ireland or /ˈɔːr/.[2]
The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩.[3]
Name
The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as ⟨F⟩, ⟨L⟩, ⟨M⟩, ⟨N⟩, and ⟨S⟩. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern).
In Hiberno-English, the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr.[4][5][6]
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the dog's letter. This Latin term referred to the Latin ⟨R⟩ that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish perro 'dog').[7]
In Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.[8]
History
Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic | Phoenician Resh |
Greek Rho |
Latin R | ||
|
Antiquity
The letter ⟨R⟩ is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in Semitic alphabets for the sound /r/ because the word for 'head' was rêš or similar in most Semitic languages. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of acrophony.
It developed into Greek ⟨Ρ⟩ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin ⟨R⟩. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a ⟨P⟩ and a ⟨D⟩ shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write ⟨r⟩ using the ⟨P⟩ shape of the letter. The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the ⟨p⟩ and the ⟨Ρ⟩ shape of the ⟨r⟩ have become difficult to distinguish. The descending stroke of the Latin letter ⟨R⟩ has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From c. 50 AD, the letter ⟨P⟩ would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by ⟨R⟩.
Cursive
The minuscule form ⟨r⟩ developed through several variations on the capital form. Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from Roman cursive via the uncial script of Late Antiquity into the Carolingian minuscule of the 9th century.
In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.
A calligraphic minuscule ⟨r⟩, known as r rotunda ⟨ꝛ⟩, was used in the sequence ⟨or⟩, bending the shape of the ⟨r⟩ to accommodate the bulge of the ⟨o⟩ (as in ⟨oꝛ⟩ as opposed to ⟨or⟩). Later, the same variant was also used where ⟨r⟩ followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right (such as ⟨b⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨p⟩) and to write the geminate ⟨rr⟩ (as ⟨ꝛꝛ⟩). Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.
Insular script used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the Insular r ⟨ꞃ⟩; this variant survives in the Gaelic type popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but is now mostly limited to decorative purposes.
Pronunciation and use
Language | Dialect | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | /ɾ/ | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | ||
Arabic | Most dialects | /r/ | ||
North Mesopotamian, Judeo-Iraqi | /ʀ/ | |||
Egyptian | /ɾ/ | |||
Aragonese | /r/ | Word-initially | ||
/ɾ/ | Usually | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | ||
Asturian | /r/ | Word-initially | ||
/ɾ/ | Usually | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | ||
Basque | /r/ | Word-initially | ||
/ɾ/ | Usually | ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ | ||
Catalan | /r/ | Word-initially | ||
/ɾ/ | Usually | |||
Danish | /ʀ/ | |||
/r/ | Archaic | |||
Dutch | Most dialects | /ɾ/ | ||
Brabantish, Limburgish | /ʀ/ | |||
English | Non-rhotic | /ɹ̠/ | Before vowels | |
∅ | After vowels | |||
Rhotic | /ɻ/ | Before vowels | ||
ʵ | After vowels | |||
Esperanto | /ɾ/ | |||
Faroese | /ɹ/ | |||
French | /ʁ/ | |||
Galician | /ɾ/ | |||
German | Standard | /ʀ/ | Before vowels | |
/ɐ̯/ | After vowels | |||
Gutnish | /ɻ/ | |||
Haitian | /ɣ/ | |||
Hebrew | /ʁ/ | |||
/r/ | Archaic | |||
Hopi | /ʐ/ | |||
Indonesian | Standard | /r/ | ||
Sumatran dialects | /r/ | Before vowels/consonants | ||
∅ | After vowels | |||
Irish | /ɾ/ | |||
/ɻʲ/ | After /i/; before /e/ or /i/ | |||
Italian | /r/ | |||
Japanese | Standard | /ɾ/ | ||
Leonese | /ɾ/ | |||
Malay | Standard | /r/ | Before vowels/consonants | |
∅ | After vowels | |||
Mandarin | Standard | /ʐ/ | ||
Manx | /ɹ/ | |||
∅ | ||||
Māori | /ɾ/ | |||
Norwegian | Most dialects | /r/ | ||
Western and Southern dialects | /ʁ/ | |||
Tromsø | /ʐ/ | |||
Portuguese | /ʁ/ | In certain environments | ||
/ɾ/ | In certain environments | |||
Scottish Gaelic | /ɾ/ | Usually | ||
/ɾʲ/ | After i; before e, i | |||
Sicilian | /ɹ/ | |||
Spanish | Some dialects | /l/ | After a vowel | |
Most dialects | /r/ | Word-initially | ||
All dialects | /ɾ/ | Usually | ||
Puerto Rican | /ʁ/ | Word-initially | ||
Swedish | Most dialects | /ɾ/ | ||
Southern dialects | /ʀ/ | |||
Turkish | /ɾ/ | |||
Venetian | Most dialects | /ɾ/ | ||
Venice | /ʀ/ | |||
Vietnamese | Northern dialect | /z/ | ||
Most dialects | /ʐ/, /ɾ/, /r/, /ɹ/ |
Non-English languages
⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
Alveolar trill [r] | Listen | some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩ |
Alveolar approximant [ɹ] | Listen | English (most varieties), Dutch in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian |
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ] | Listen | Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩, Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Māori |
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ] | Listen | Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, "toad", from Spanish rana; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese. |
Retroflex approximant [ɻ] | Listen | some English dialects (in the United States, South West England, and Dublin), Gutnish |
Retroflex flap [ɽ] | Listen | Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English |
Uvular trill [ʀ] | Listen | German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts, Venetian only in Venice area. |
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] | Listen | North Mesopotamian Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and 'r-' in western parts, Norwegian in western and southern parts. |
Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.
Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/ such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r], the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.
Related characters
- R with diacritics: Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ R̃ r̃ ᵲ[9] ꭨ[10] ᵳ[9] ᶉ[11]
- International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R: 𝼈[12][13] ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
- IPA superscript letters:[14] 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
- Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ɼ ɿ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R:[15]
- U+1D19 ᴙ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R
- U+1D1A ᴚ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R
- U+1D3F ᴿ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R
- U+1D63 ᵣ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:[16]
- U+AB45 ꭅ LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R
- U+AB46 ꭆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG
- Anthropos phonetic transcription:[16]
- U+AB48 ꭈ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R
- U+AB49 ꭉ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
- U+AB4A ꭊ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
- Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription:[16]
- U+AB47 ꭇ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE
- U+AB4B ꭋ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R
- U+AB4C ꭌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING
- 𝼨 – ⟨R⟩ with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.[17]
- ⱹ – A turned ⟨r⟩ with a tail is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[18]
- Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕[12][13] 𝼖[12][13] ʳ ʵ
Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet
- Ꝛ ꝛ – R rotunda
- Ꞃ ꞃ – Insular r (Gaelic type)
- ᫍ – Combining Insular r, as used in the Ormulum[19]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
Abbreviations, signs and symbols
- ℟ – symbol for response in liturgy
- ℞ – Medical prescription
- ® – Registered trademark symbol
- ₹ – Indian rupee sign
= Encoding=
Preview | R | r | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 82 | U+0052 | 114 | U+0072 |
UTF-8 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
Numeric character reference | R |
R |
r |
r |
EBCDIC family | 217 | D9 | 153 | 99 |
ASCII | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Romeo |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) | British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) | Braille dots-1235 Unified English Braille |
See also
References
- ^ "R", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit
- ^ Krömerová, Alena. Analysis of contemporary Irish dialects (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
- ^ "Frequency Table". Math.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ "Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects" (PDF). Digilib.k.utb.cz. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ Hogarty, Steve (November 11, 2013). "Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me". Medium. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
- ^ "Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!". Irish with Ian. December 19, 2018. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
- ^ "A Word A Day: Dog's letter". Wordsmith.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
- ^ Shakespeare, William; Horace Howard Furness; Frederick Williams (1913). Romeo and Juliet. Lippincott. p. 189. ISBN 9780140620931.
- ^ a b Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ Everson, Michael (2019-05-05). "L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-13. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ a b c Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ a b c Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF).
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (2020-10-05). "L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS" (PDF).