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| logo_size =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{lse|SPX}}
| traded_as = {{lse|SPX}}<br/>[[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100]] component
| foundation = 1888
| foundation = 1888
| location = [[Cheltenham]], England, UK
| location = [[Cheltenham]], England, UK
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| industry = [[Manufacturing]]
| industry = [[Manufacturing]]
| products =
| products =
| revenue = [[Pound sterling|£]]1,242.4 million (2019)<ref name="prelims">{{Cite web |title=Preliminary Results 2019 |url=https://www.spiraxsarcoengineering.com/sites/spirax-sarco-corp/files/2019-fy-news-release.pdf |access-date=11 March 2020 |publisher=Spirax-Sarco Engineering}}</ref>
| revenue ={{increase}} [[Pound sterling|£]]1,682.6 million (2023)<ref name="results">{{Cite web |title=Preliminary Results 2023 |url=https://content.spiraxgroup.com/-/media/engineering/documents/results-and-agm-notices/2023/results/fy-2023-news-release.ashx?rev=aac3483a45594ea0b892e54af17d1f62&hash=109A7350201BE34C61AD7F88D0FFF644|access-date=7 March 2024|publisher=Spirax-Sarco Engineering}}</ref>
| operating_income = [[Pound sterling|£]]282.7 million (2019)<ref name=prelims/>
| operating_income ={{decrease}} [[Pound sterling|£]]284.4 million (2023)<ref name=results/>
| net_income = [[Pound sterling|£]]167.0 million (2019)<ref name=prelims/>
| net_income ={{decrease}} [[Pound sterling|£]]184.0 million (2023)<ref name=results/>
| num_employees = 10,400 (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiraxsarcoengineering.com/about-us/at-a-glance|title=At a glance|publisher=Spirax-Sarco Engineering|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
| num_employees =
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'''Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc''' ({{lse|SPX}}) is a British manufacturer of steam management systems and [[Peristalsis#Machinery|peristaltic]] pumps and associated fluid path technologies. It is headquartered in [[Cheltenham]], England. It is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]].
'''Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc''' is a British manufacturer of steam management systems and [[Peristalsis#Machinery|peristaltic]] pumps and associated fluid path technologies. It is headquartered in [[Cheltenham]], England. It is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:Charlton House, Cheltenham.jpg|thumb|260px|Charlton House, Spirax-Sarco Engineering's head office in [[Cheltenham]]]]
[[File:Charlton House, Cheltenham.jpg|thumb|260px|Charlton House, Spirax-Sarco Engineering's head office in [[Cheltenham]]]]
The Company was founded by Herman Sanders in 1888 and after a Mr Rehders joined the business, established as '''''Sa'''nders, '''R'''ehders & '''Co'''.'' ('Sarco') in [[London]] importing [[thermostatic]] steam traps from [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2008 |title=Top 100 Gloucestershire Companies |url=http://content.thisis.co.uk/gloucestershire07/top10008/page15.pdf |publisher=Westbusiness}}</ref> It started to manufacture [[steam trap]]s in [[United Kingdom]] under the ''Spirax'' brand name in 1932 and was first listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stocks and prices |url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/prices/system/detailedprices.htm?sym=GB0008347048GBGBXSTMM0834704SPX |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref> In 1960 a range of self-acting pressure controls are introduced for the first time: then in 1963 it bought ''Drayton Controls'', a control valve and instrumentation business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spirax-Sarco Engineering Fundamentals |url=http://www.financial-betting.com/course/shares/trading-spirax-sarco-shares |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Financial Betting}}</ref>
The Company was founded by Herman Sanders in 1888 and after a Mr Rehders joined the business, established as '''''Sa'''nders, '''R'''ehders & '''Co'''.'' ('Sarco') in [[London]] importing [[thermostat]]ic steam traps from [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2008 |title=Top 100 Gloucestershire Companies |url=http://content.thisis.co.uk/gloucestershire07/top10008/page15.pdf |publisher=Westbusiness}}</ref> It started to manufacture [[steam trap]]s in [[United Kingdom]] under the ''Spirax'' brand name in 1932 and was first listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stocks and prices |url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/prices/system/detailedprices.htm?sym=GB0008347048GBGBXSTMM0834704SPX |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref> In 1960 a range of self-acting pressure controls are introduced for the first time: then in 1963 it bought ''Drayton Controls'', a control valve and instrumentation business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spirax-Sarco Engineering Fundamentals |url=http://www.financial-betting.com/course/shares/trading-spirax-sarco-shares |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Financial Betting}}</ref>


The company diversified into [[pump]] manufacturing in 1990 when it bought ''[[Watson-Marlow Pumps|Watson-Marlow]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2008 |title=Convergence Investment For Falmouth Pump Manufacturer |url=http://www.businesscornwall.co.uk/news-by-industry/expansion/convergence-investment-for-falmouth-pump-manufacturer-123 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Business Cornwall}}</ref> It acquired the ''Jucker Industrial Division'', an [[Italy|Italian]] controls business, in 1993,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 1993 |title=Spirax buys firms as profits rise |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/spirax-buys-firms-as-profits-rise-1452857.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/spirax-buys-firms-as-profits-rise-1452857.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2015 |work=The Independent}}</ref> ''Bredel Hose Pumps'', a business manufacturing high-pressure hose pumps, in 1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of pumps |url=http://www.worldpumps.com/view/37296/a-brief-history-of-pumps/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=World Pumps}}</ref> and ''M&M International'', an [[Italy|Italian]] piston actuated and [[solenoid]] valve business in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2002 |title=Acquisition of M&M International by Spirax Sarco |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/5905029/briefs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404210457/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/5905029/briefs |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Supply House Times}}</ref> In September 2005 it acquired ''Mitech Actuators & Controls'' and ''Proportional Control Technology'', a pair of [[South Africa]]n businesses making process controls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2006 |title=Local supplier prepares for big move |url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article.php?a_id=90342 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Mining Weekly}}</ref> Then later that year it bought ''EMCO Flow Systems'', a metering business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2005 |title=Spirax-Sarco acquires EMCO Flow Systems |url=http://www.plantengineering.com/single-article/spirax-sarco-acquires-emco-flow-systems/4b4702e2ee6e75388d202be99d21bddf.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Plant Engineering}}</ref>
The Sarco Division in the United States of America of White Consolidated Industries Inc was purchased on the 29th of April 1983 and began trading as Spirax Sarco Inc. On the 26th of July 1983, the Escodyne Division in Canada of White Consolidated Industries Inc was purchased and began trading as Spirax Sarco Limited.

In 1990 the Company diversified in [[pump]] manufacturing in 1990 when it bought ''[[Watson-Marlow Pumps|Watson-Marlow]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2008 |title=Convergence Investment For Falmouth Pump Manufacturer |url=http://www.businesscornwall.co.uk/news-by-industry/expansion/convergence-investment-for-falmouth-pump-manufacturer-123 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Business Cornwall}}</ref> It acquired the ''Jucker Industrial Division'', an [[Italy|Italian]] controls business, in 1993,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 1993 |title=Spirax buys firms as profits rise |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/spirax-buys-firms-as-profits-rise-1452857.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=The Independent}}</ref> ''Bredel Hose Pumps'', a business manufacturing high-pressure hose pumps, in 1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of pumps |url=http://www.worldpumps.com/view/37296/a-brief-history-of-pumps/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=World Pumps}}</ref> and ''M&M International'', an [[Italy|Italian]] piston actuated and [[solenoid]] valve business in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2002 |title=Acquisition of M&M International by Spirax Sarco |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/5905029/briefs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404210457/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/5905029/briefs |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Supply House Times}}</ref> In September 2005 it acquired ''Mitech Actuators & Controls'' and ''Proportional Control Technology'', a pair of [[South Africa]]n businesses making process controls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2006 |title=Local supplier prepares for big move |url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article.php?a_id=90342 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Mining Weekly}}</ref> Then later that year it bought ''EMCO Flow Systems'', a metering business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2005 |title=Spirax-Sarco acquires EMCO Flow Systems |url=http://www.plantengineering.com/single-article/spirax-sarco-acquires-emco-flow-systems/4b4702e2ee6e75388d202be99d21bddf.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Plant Engineering}}</ref>


The company acquired ''Intervalf'', a Turkish operation, for £2.8m in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2010 |title=Spirax Sarco buys Turkish operation |url=http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/south-west/6378-spirax-sarco-buys-turkish-operation/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=South West News}}</ref> It completed a new facility in [[Shanghai]], China in June 2010: the plant, designed as Spirax's regional headquarters, combines a factory, warehouse, and offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Build a Factory and Distribution Centre in China |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/article/how-build-factory-and-distribution-centre-china |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=rightsite.asia}}</ref>
The company acquired ''Intervalf'', a Turkish operation, for £2.8m in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2010 |title=Spirax Sarco buys Turkish operation |url=http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/south-west/6378-spirax-sarco-buys-turkish-operation/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=South West News}}</ref> It completed a new facility in [[Shanghai]], China in June 2010: the plant, designed as Spirax's regional headquarters, combines a factory, warehouse, and offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Build a Factory and Distribution Centre in China |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/article/how-build-factory-and-distribution-centre-china |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=rightsite.asia}}</ref>


In 2011 the Minister for [[UK Trade & Investment]], [[Stephen Green, Baron Green of Hurstpierpoint|Lord Green]], opened the new Spirax Sarco facility in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Minister for Trade and Investment to attend St Petersburg International Economic Forum |url=http://ukinromania.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=News&id=615981782 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=fco.gov.uk}}</ref> and in May 2012 the Deputy Prime Minister, [[Nick Clegg]] visited Spirax Sarco’s manufacturing facility in [[Cheltenham]], Gloucestershire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2012 |title=Deputy Prime Minister praises Spirax Sarco's investment in UK manufacturing |url=http://www.pandct.com/media/shownews.asp?ID=32832 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Process and Control}}</ref> In May 2012 there was a shareholder revolt after Spirax-Sarco paid a former Executive Director compensation of £783,660; the company compounded the problem by failing to inform the markets of the shareholder revolt as required by the [[Listing Rules]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2012 |title=Spirax fails to tell markets of investor rebellion |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/9286505/Spirax-fails-to-tell-markets-of-investor-rebellion.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> Then in November 2012 the company bought ''Termodinámica'', a distributor based in [[Santiago de Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2012 |title=Spirax Sarco Buys Business/Assets Of Chilean Distributor For £3.3 Mln |url=http://www.rttnews.com/1999920/spirax-sarco-buys-business-assets-of-chilean-distributor-for-3-3-mln.aspx |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=RTT News}}</ref>
In 2011 the Minister for [[UK Trade & Investment]], [[Stephen Green, Baron Green of Hurstpierpoint|Lord Green]], opened the new Spirax Sarco facility in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Minister for Trade and Investment to attend St Petersburg International Economic Forum |url=http://ukinromania.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=News&id=615981782 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=fco.gov.uk}}</ref> and in May 2012 the Deputy Prime Minister, [[Nick Clegg]] visited Spirax Sarco’s manufacturing facility in [[Cheltenham]], Gloucestershire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2012 |title=Deputy Prime Minister praises Spirax Sarco's investment in UK manufacturing |url=http://www.pandct.com/media/shownews.asp?ID=32832 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Process and Control}}</ref> In May 2012 there was a shareholder revolt after Spirax-Sarco paid a former Executive Director compensation of £783,660; the company compounded the problem by failing to inform the markets of the shareholder revolt as required by the [[Listing Rules]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2012 |title=Spirax fails to tell markets of investor rebellion |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/9286505/Spirax-fails-to-tell-markets-of-investor-rebellion.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> Then in November 2012 the company bought ''Termodinámica'', a distributor based in [[Santiago de Chile]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2012 |title=Spirax Sarco Buys Business/Assets Of Chilean Distributor For £3.3 Mln |url=http://www.rttnews.com/1999920/spirax-sarco-buys-business-assets-of-chilean-distributor-for-3-3-mln.aspx |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=RTT News}}</ref> and in February 2019 it bought Thermocoax, a US based business involved in the manufacture and supply of mineral insulated cable.<ref name=thermo>{{cite news|url= https://www.sharesmagazine.co.uk/news/shares/spirax-sarco-to-acquire-thermocoax-in-bid-to-boost-us-footprint |title=Spirax-Sarco to acquire Thermocoax in bid to boost US footprint|date=18 February 2019|newspaper=Shares Magazine|access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

In February 2024, the company announced its intention to rebrand as Spirax Group, subject to shareholder approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punchline-gloucester.com/articles/aanews/spirax-sarco-engineering-rebrands-as-spirax-group|title=New Brand for Spirax-Sarco|publisher=Punchline|access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>


==Operations==
==Operations==
The company has three main operations: (i) Steam Specialties,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc insider David J. Meredith Sells 4,911 Shares |url=http://www.dakotafinancialnews.com/spirax-sarco-engineering-plc-insider-david-j-meredith-sells-4911-shares-spx/99575/ |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=Dakota Financial}}</ref> (ii) Electric Thermal Solutions<ref name=thermo/> and (iii) Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group |url=http://www.copybook.com/environmental/watson_marlow_pumps_group |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=Copy book}}</ref>
The company has two main operations:
* Spirax-Sarco: provides engineered solutions for the design, maintenance and provision of efficient industrial and commercial steam systems (from single products through to complete turnkey bespoke packages)<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc insider David J. Meredith Sells 4,911 Shares |url=http://www.dakotafinancialnews.com/spirax-sarco-engineering-plc-insider-david-j-meredith-sells-4911-shares-spx/99575/ |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=Dakota Financial}}</ref>
* Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group: [[Peristaltic pump|peristaltic pumps]] and associated fluid path technologies for the food, pharmaceutical, chemical and environmental industries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group |url=http://www.copybook.com/environmental/watson_marlow_pumps_group |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=Copy book}}</ref>

Spirax-Sarco has operating units (operating companies, branches and associates) in 60 countries across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our global presence |url=https://www.spiraxsarcoengineering.com/about-us/our-global-presence |access-date=11 March 2020 |publisher=Spirax-Sarco Engineering}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}
{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}

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[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1888]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1888]]
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[[Category:1888 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1950s initial public offerings]]
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[[Category:Companies in the FTSE 100 Index]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1888]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in London]]

Latest revision as of 10:10, 7 March 2024

Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc
Company typePublic
LSESPX
FTSE 100 component
IndustryManufacturing
Founded1888
HeadquartersCheltenham, England, UK
Key people
  • Jamie Pike (chair­person) Edit this on Wikidata
  • Nimesh Patel (CEO) Edit this on Wikidata
RevenueIncrease £1,682.6 million (2023)[1]
Decrease £284.4 million (2023)[1]
Decrease £184.0 million (2023)[1]
Number of employees
10,400 (2024)[2]
Websitewww.spiraxsarcoengineering.com

Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc is a British manufacturer of steam management systems and peristaltic pumps and associated fluid path technologies. It is headquartered in Cheltenham, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

History[edit]

Charlton House, Spirax-Sarco Engineering's head office in Cheltenham

The Company was founded by Herman Sanders in 1888 and after a Mr Rehders joined the business, established as Sanders, Rehders & Co. ('Sarco') in London importing thermostatic steam traps from Germany.[3] It started to manufacture steam traps in United Kingdom under the Spirax brand name in 1932 and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1959.[4] In 1960 a range of self-acting pressure controls are introduced for the first time: then in 1963 it bought Drayton Controls, a control valve and instrumentation business.[5]

The company diversified into pump manufacturing in 1990 when it bought Watson-Marlow.[6] It acquired the Jucker Industrial Division, an Italian controls business, in 1993,[7] Bredel Hose Pumps, a business manufacturing high-pressure hose pumps, in 1996[8] and M&M International, an Italian piston actuated and solenoid valve business in 2001.[9] In September 2005 it acquired Mitech Actuators & Controls and Proportional Control Technology, a pair of South African businesses making process controls.[10] Then later that year it bought EMCO Flow Systems, a metering business.[11]

The company acquired Intervalf, a Turkish operation, for £2.8m in 2009.[12] It completed a new facility in Shanghai, China in June 2010: the plant, designed as Spirax's regional headquarters, combines a factory, warehouse, and offices.[13]

In 2011 the Minister for UK Trade & Investment, Lord Green, opened the new Spirax Sarco facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia[14] and in May 2012 the Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg visited Spirax Sarco’s manufacturing facility in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.[15] In May 2012 there was a shareholder revolt after Spirax-Sarco paid a former Executive Director compensation of £783,660; the company compounded the problem by failing to inform the markets of the shareholder revolt as required by the Listing Rules.[16] Then in November 2012 the company bought Termodinámica, a distributor based in Santiago de Chile[17] and in February 2019 it bought Thermocoax, a US based business involved in the manufacture and supply of mineral insulated cable.[18]

In February 2024, the company announced its intention to rebrand as Spirax Group, subject to shareholder approval.[19]

Operations[edit]

The company has three main operations: (i) Steam Specialties,[20] (ii) Electric Thermal Solutions[18] and (iii) Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Solutions.[21]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Preliminary Results 2023". Spirax-Sarco Engineering. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  2. ^ "At a glance". Spirax-Sarco Engineering. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Top 100 Gloucestershire Companies" (PDF). Westbusiness. July 2008.
  4. ^ "Stocks and prices". londonstockexchange.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  5. ^ "Spirax-Sarco Engineering Fundamentals". Financial Betting. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  6. ^ "Convergence Investment For Falmouth Pump Manufacturer". Business Cornwall. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  7. ^ "Spirax buys firms as profits rise". The Independent. 2 April 1993. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  8. ^ "A brief history of pumps". World Pumps. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  9. ^ "Acquisition of M&M International by Spirax Sarco". Supply House Times. 10 January 2002. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  10. ^ "Local supplier prepares for big move". Mining Weekly. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  11. ^ "Spirax-Sarco acquires EMCO Flow Systems". Plant Engineering. August 2005. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  12. ^ "Spirax Sarco buys Turkish operation". South West News. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  13. ^ "How to Build a Factory and Distribution Centre in China". rightsite.asia. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  14. ^ "UK Minister for Trade and Investment to attend St Petersburg International Economic Forum". fco.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  15. ^ "Deputy Prime Minister praises Spirax Sarco's investment in UK manufacturing". Process and Control. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  16. ^ "Spirax fails to tell markets of investor rebellion". The Telegraph. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  17. ^ "Spirax Sarco Buys Business/Assets Of Chilean Distributor For £3.3 Mln". RTT News. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Spirax-Sarco to acquire Thermocoax in bid to boost US footprint". Shares Magazine. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  19. ^ "New Brand for Spirax-Sarco". Punchline. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  20. ^ "Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc insider David J. Meredith Sells 4,911 Shares". Dakota Financial. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  21. ^ "Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group". Copy book. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

External links[edit]