École de Paris (art)
École de Paris (French for: " School of Paris ") designates different groups of artists at different times: a group of medieval illuminators , a group of non- French artists in Paris before World War I and a similar group between the two World Wars as well a group of contemporary painters after World War II .
Medieval École de Paris
The medieval École de Paris refers to the many illuminators, whose identities are mostly unknown and who made Paris an internationally important center of book illustration throughout the Romanesque and Gothic period of the Middle Ages, and also for some time during the Renaissance . The most famous artists of this time were Jean Pucelle and Jean Fouquet . The Limburg brothers were also part of it, who originally came from the Netherlands but also spent a lot of time in Paris, Burgundy and Bourges . However, their style was not typical of the Paris of the time. Many of the painters in the workshops of the École de Paris during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were women.
Modern First École de Paris
In contrast to other art centers called “schools” with a uniform style, the Modern École de Paris does not describe a fixed concept of style, but rather the entirety of the Paris-based art scene towards the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century . The Paris art scene of this time was significantly shaped by a few non-French artists. This included primarily artists such as Pablo Picasso , Juan Gris and Amedeo Modigliani , who also include the French artists Henri Matisse , André Derain and Georges Braque . Other notable artists are Marc Chagall , Giorgio de Chirico , Kees van Dongen , Eugeniusz Zak , Max Ernst , Joan Miró and Piet Mondrian and the French Pierre Bonnard .
In the period before 1900, Impressionism , Post-Impressionism and Art Nouveau prevailed , between the years 1901 to 1914 Fauvism and Cubism dominated Paris. More expressive orientations can be found in the work of Georges Rouault and in Picasso's early work.
After the First World War, many of these artists - including Hans Arp , Robert Delaunay , Sonia Delaunay , Constantin Brâncuși , Raoul Dufy , René Iché , Arthur Kolnik , Tsuguharu Foujita and Chaim Soutine - worked in Paris until the Second World War . During this time, in addition to an effort to return to order (from 1918 to 1924), Dadaism also emerged; in 1925 until the outbreak of World War II of Surrealism . Christian Zervos , Tériade and Iris Clert played an important role in the reception of the École de Paris .
Nouvelle École de Paris
After the Second World War until around 1960, the Nouvelle École de Paris or Second School of Paris describes a group of contemporary painters who primarily devoted themselves to abstract painting . The Nouvelle École de Paris was a non-organized group of interconnected Paris painters that was significantly influenced by Roger Bissière . These included Jean Dubuffet , Pierre Soulages , Nicolas de Staël , Hans Hartung , Serge Poliakoff , Jean-Michel Coulon , Bram van Velde , Georges Mathieu , Jean René Bazaine , Alfred Manessier , Jean Le Moal and Gustave Singier . Arnold Fiedler , Hans Hartung, Serge Poliakoff, Nicolas de Staël, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva , Raoul Ubac , Wols , the Franco-Chinese artist Zao Wou-Ki and the artists of CoBrA belonged to it , but were more independently active . Many of these artists were representatives of lyrical abstraction and tachism , the Nouvelle École de Paris is often used as a synonym for tachism .
École de Paris was also the name of a number of modern art exhibitions in Paris. One of the most important exhibitions is the “ École de Paris 1957 ” in the Charpentier Gallery . More than 150 artists took part in this exhibition, including Hans Hartung , Roger Bissière , Édouard Pignon , Gustave Singier , Pierre Soulages , Jean-Michel Coulon , Jean Carzou , Roger Chapelain-Midy and many other important artists.
Literature and sources
- Martin Schieder : In the eyes of the other. The Franco-German art relations 1945–1959 (= Passagen. Vol. 12). With a foreword by Werner Spies and a poem by KO Götz . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-05-004148-X .
- L'École de Paris, 1904-1929, la part de l'autre. Paris Musées, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-87900-512-4 (exhibition catalog: Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris , November 30, 2000 - March 11, 2001).
- Nadine Nieszawer, Marie Boyé, Paul Fogel: Peintres juifs a Paris. 1905-1939. École de Paris. Éditions Denoël, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-207-25142-X .
- Giulio Carlo Argan : Propylaea art history. The art of the 20th century. Propylaeen-Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-549-05112-3 .
- Christa Murken-Altrogge, Axel Hinrich Murken : From Expressionism to Soul and Body Art. “Processes of Freedom”. Modern painting for beginners. DuMont, Cologne 1985, ISBN 3-7701-1756-5 .