431 BC Chr.

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431 BC Chr.
The Peloponnesian War begins.
431 BC In other calendars
Buddhist calendar	113/114 (southern Buddhism); 112/113 (alternative calculation according to Buddha's Parinirvana )
Chinese calendar	37th (38th) cycle , year of the metal dog 庚戌 ( at the beginning of the year Earth-Rooster 己酉)
Greek calendar	1./2. Year of the 87th Olympiad
Jewish calendar	3330/31
Roman calendar	from urbe condita CCCXXIII (323)

Cultures in Sicily 431 BC Chr.

Events

Politics and world events

Greece

The Peloponnesian War between the Attic League under the leadership of Athens and the Peloponnesian League under the leadership of Sparta begins.

April: Thebes attack on Plataiai , Athens' only ally in Boeotia , fails. 180 captured Thebans are killed by the population of Plataiai despite the protest of Athens.

June 20 : 60,000 hoplites from the Peloponnese and Boeotia march to Attica . The Spartans under their King Archidamos II devastated the rural surroundings of Athens. The Athenians under Pericles do not offer any serious resistance, but rather pull the rural population back behind the city walls of Athens. Beginning of a war of attrition: until 425 BC BC (with the exception of 429 BC and 426 BC ) the Spartans will invade Attica regularly in the summer months and destroy the harvest. The besieged Athens is meanwhile supplied with food by its fleet (431 to 428 BC ).

Pericles counts on naval warfare. On Aegina, for example, the natives are driven out and replaced by colonists of Athens ( clergy ).

Athens enters into an alliance with the newly enthroned King Sitalkes of Thrace (431–424 BC).

The influential Athenian Proxenos Nymphodoros negotiated an agreement between Athens and the Macedonian King Perdiccas II , according to which the latter was awarded a thermal bath . The Athenians also promise to end their support for Philip , Perdiccas's brother, and the Thracians want to assist in his arrest. In return, Perdiccas marches against the residents of Chalkidike , whom he originally incited to revolt against Athens.

The Athenian fleet devastated the Elis , conquered Kefalonia and thereby gained control of the exit of the Gulf of Corinth . The coasts of the Peloponnese are also hit to cut off the connections to Greater Greece .

In Sparta, Brasidas took up the office of the Ephora , which he held until 430 BC. . Chr exercises.

In Athens, the political occurring against Pericles takes Hagnon the strategists office , he v to 428th Chr. Retains.

Italy

The Romans defeated the Aequer and the Volscians on June 18 (traditional date, but possibly not until 430 BC) under their dictator Aulus Postumius Tubertus in the battle of Mount Algidus .

November 14th: The consulate of Titus Quinctius Pennus Cincinnatus and Gaius Iulius Mento begins in Rome .

Black Sea area

In the Bosporan Empire , the late Spartokos I was followed by his son Satyros I (431–387 BC) and Seleukos I.

Africa

Kingdom of Kush

King Talachamani dies in Meroe . Beginning of the reign of his 41-year-old nephew King Arikamaninote , who lived until 405 BC. Chr. Will remain inthroniert.

Asia

China

King Jian (431–408 BC) reigned in Chu . The state of Ju is annexed by Chu.

In the state of Wey , Duke Zhao (431-426 BC) came to power.

science and technology

As reported by Thucydides , there will be a solar eclipse on August 3rd . This event marks the beginning of the Peloponnesian War as the first absolute historical date in Greek history.
The Greek philosopher Empedocles differentiated for the first time the four elements from which all substances are composed - earth, fire, water and air. He also explains the development of the universe through forces of attraction and repulsion.

Culture and religion

Buildings

Remains of the Temple of Apollo Sosianus on the Field of Mars in Rome

Due to the outbreak of war, construction work on the Propylaea comes to a standstill on the Acropolis in Athens .

The temple of Apollo Sosianus is inaugurated by the consul Gaius Iulius Mento on the Field of Mars in Rome .

Literature and theater

The Greek playwright Euripides wrote the tragedy Medea . The piece is based on the Argonauts saga . It will be premiered in March / April at the Dionysia in Athens and will win third prize.

Born

Proxenus of Thebes , Greek military leader († 401 BC )

Died

Marcus Geganius Macerinus , politician and general of the Roman Republic

Web links

Commons : 431 BC Chr. - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

^ G. Mokhtar: Histoire générale de l'Afrique: Afrique ancienne . vol. 2. UNESCO, 1987, ISBN 978-92-3202434-3 .

[1] G. Mokhtar: Histoire générale de l'Afrique: Afrique ancienne . vol. 2. UNESCO, 1987, ISBN 978-92-3202434-3 .