Absenteeism

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Absenteeism (from the Latin absentia , "absence") is the tendency of people to fail to meet an appointment , an obligation or an agreement , although there are no reasons to prevent it (such as illness ). The opposite is presentism .

General

The reliability demands that anyone actually comply with the agreed dates, liabilities incurred or agreements. These can arise from a legal obligation , so that absenteeism can also have legal consequences . In general, absenteeism means that those who fail to meet the dates, obligations or appointments do not receive the information or knowledge provided or cannot perform their tasks .

Absenteeism is often associated with repeated absenteeism if there are motivational causes. The specific cause of absenteeism is a lack of work motivation or a lack of commitment . Absence due to illness - even repeated - is therefore not an absenteeism. The English term ( English absenteeism ), on the other hand, describes the true sick leave . Who is missing only once a year for no reason, is still subject to any absenteeism, but frequent absenteeism provide an indication of this. In the Entfristung of temporary jobs that goes German Post AG assumes that fewer than ten sick days per year with a permanent employment relationship can be rewarded .

causes

The withdrawal model, the medical model or the deviating behavior model are used as explanatory models for absenteeism. The withdrawal model is the intention to withdraw temporarily from dissatisfying , stressful , unpleasant aspects of work. The medical model is considered to be a way of coping with stress when health is impaired by work influences. The illness is understood as an accepted excuse for absenteeism from work . Incomplete socialization and a lack of internalization of values ​​are seen as the cause of the “deviating behavior model” .

species

Absenteeism occurs in a wide variety of everyday situations. In the past, a stay abroad was called absenteeism, as the economist Hermann Roesler wrote in 1864. Today, the term absenteeism is particularly widespread in schools , companies or public administration and in economics .

school

School attendance has been compulsory in Germany since August 1919 , so there is a requirement to attend school regularly . The repeated truancy of students despite compulsory attendance is absenteeism. It is subdivided into truancy, refusal to attend school and withholding. In truancy, for example, the student simulates an illness so that the parents excuse him from going to school. A truancy occurs when, although the students to walk to school takes up, but then about preferring instead to attend school playground. When restraining the parents take the initiative to keep their school willing child from school. Fear of class work , boredom , bullying at school , test anxiety , overwork , a learning disability or child labor are the main reasons.

job

In work psychology and work sociology , repeated turning blue is called absenteeism. Due to their employment contract, employees are subject to an obligation to work that is exceptionally invalid in the event of real absenteeism . However, it is difficult to determine the extent to which sick leave is not due to an actual illness. Absenteeism is an indicator of the quality of working conditions or the ability and willingness to work of people. Absenteeism correlates, among other things, with problems in privacy and motivational factors; it can also be based on a lack of job satisfaction or a lack of work motivation .

Absenteeism can be interpreted as an escape . A final escape is the termination in order to terminate the employment relationship . Less definitive forms of physical escape are, for example, going blue (“celebrating sick”), “escaping” in meetings and committees , “withdrawing” in the form of business trips or internal resignation .

The consequences for the company , the association or the administration are disruptions in the workflow, additional burdens for employees who are present, since the failure has to be compensated and additional costs due to the consequential effects. However, there are various options for taking preventive measures and preventing the phenomenon. These include changes in the work and organizational structure, employee appraisals , increased controls by medical examiners, a change in management style and regular reviews by the company doctor .

tourism

In tourism widespread the unannounced no-show ( English no-show ) of travelers during check-in at airlines , hotels or events , although from the travel contract arising appointment is available. It has become so important that the companies concerned are trying to compensate for this unplanned fluctuation by overbooking in order to achieve full capacity utilization.

Economics

In economics and sociology , absenteeism refers to a form of asset management in which entrepreneurs or large landowners are not at the location of their businesses or property and instead instruct administrators or inspectors to carry out their business , while they themselves run their business or property as a source of income consider; they practice habitual absence from their possessions ( English absentee ownership ). The term in connection with upcoming land reforms became relevant for historical upheavals in less developed countries with a still relatively extensive area of subsistence farming . The tendency towards absenteeism facilitated and accelerated agricultural revolutions . The goals of these agrarian revolutions were the abolition of large estates and the elimination of absenteeism.

Legal consequences

To legal consequences occurs when the absenteeism collides with existing legal obligations. By a charge arrange meals at trial the personal appearance of both parties. If a party fails to attend the court hearing of a civil procedure without excuse, a fine can be imposed on him as against a witness who did not appear at the hearing ( Section 380 (1) ZPO ) ( Section 141 (3) ZPO). A default judgment is issued against a party if it is in default in the process. This applies to people who do not appear at an oral hearing without excuse or who do not get involved in a controversial hearing . If there is a case of default, the non-defaulting party can apply to the court for a default judgment to be issued ( Section 330 ZPO). In the criminal trial that is demonstration of the accused or to arrange an arrest warrant to be issued when the absence of the accused is not excuse enough ( § 230 para. 2 Code of Criminal Procedure ).

In the administration, truancy is referred to as "unauthorized absence from class". The unexcused absence of lessons represents a violation of the school laws (SchulG), which are subject to state law. According to § 41 SchulG NRW , the parents are responsible for ensuring that the students regularly take part in lessons and other mandatory school events. If a pupil is prevented from attending school due to illness or other unforeseeable reasons, the parents notify the school immediately and inform the school in writing of the reason for the absence from school (Section 43 (2) SchulG NRW). If pupils fail to attend classes or other mandatory school events without excuse, fines can be initiated against legal guardians , pupils who are required to attend vocational school , instructors and pupils who have reached the age of 14 (Section 126 (1) No. 1, 4 and 5 of the NRW School Act). In the worst case, there is a risk of an officially ordered school demonstration by the police ( Section 53 (2 ) OWiG ). Parents can be punished for violating their duty of care or upbringing ( Section 171 of the Criminal Code ). A child welfare hazard leading to the withdrawal of parental custody by § 1666 of the Civil Code may lead, is when the child school abstinent two years currently unknown stay, and the mother prevented by their behavior, a finding the child.

In labor law , the employee will try to cover up absenteeism by simulating an illness. It is also not always easy for doctors to distinguish “real” from “fake” illnesses, so that such absences sometimes appear as “a kind of medically legitimized refusal to work”. The “certificate of courtesy” (“yellow leave certificate”) is a typical case of absenteeism. For the Federal Labor Court (BAG), it cannot be ruled out that the employee describes subjective complaints in the case of certain clinical pictures , which although cannot be objectified by examinations, could nevertheless cause the doctor to certify an incapacity for work . "It should therefore not be dismissed out of hand that medical certificates certifying incapacity for work are incorrectly or improperly drawn up or obtained, so that absolute probative value can not be attached to them on the basis of the applicable German regulations ".

To prevent absenteeism, there are legal restrictions on absenteeism. According to Section 275 (1a) SGB ​​V, doubts about the incapacity for work are to be assumed in particular in cases in which employees are conspicuously often or conspicuously often only unable to work for a short period of time or the onset of incapacity for work often falls on a working day at the beginning or end of a week or the incapacity for work has been determined by a doctor who has become conspicuous by the frequency of the incapacity certificates issued by him. The examination must be carried out immediately after the medical declaration of incapacity for work has been submitted. The presumed use of the incapacity for work for private purposes (increased leisure time ) can be assumed in accordance with Section 275 (1a) SGB V if the absence rate of a particular employee is over 50% of the rate of colleagues within the same department ; then one can always assume “conspicuous behavior”. In addition, Section 2 (3) EFZG provides that employees who are absent from work without excuse on the last working day before or on the first working day after public holidays are not entitled to payment for these public holidays.

If the employee does not start work and he cannot provide any valid reasons for this, there is a disruption in performance . Missed working hours due to unjustified absenteeism usually lead to partial impossibility of performance , which according to Section 313 (1) BGB entitles the employer to withhold or reclaim the wages corresponding to the absenteeism . There is also a risk of refusal to work , which can entitle the employer to terminate the employment contract .

literature

See also

Wiktionary: Absenteeism  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang Hilla / RE Tiller, sick leave from a medical point of view. Absenteeism - the creeping loss of competitive potential , in: Rainer Marr (Ed.), Absentismus, 1996, p. 92
  2. ↑ Thorsten Uhle / Michael Treier, Company Health Management , 2011, p. 356
  3. ↑ Ulrich Büdenbender / Hans Strutz, Gabler Kompaktlexikon Personal , 2011, p. 3 f.
  4. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE from May 6, 2018, Who is sick too often, has to go , accessed on May 6, 2018.
  5. ↑ Thorsten Uhle / Michael Treier, Company Health Management , 2011, p. 356
  6. ↑ Elke Ziegler / Ivars Udris / Andre Büssing / Margarete Boos / Uwe Baumann, Causes of Absenteeism , 1996, p. 205
  7. ^ Hermann Roesler, Principles of Economics , 1864, p. 599
  8. ↑ Bodo Hartke / Robert Vrban, Schwierige Schüler , Volume 1, 2009, p. 92
  9. ↑ Albert Ritter, Absentismus , in: Josef Sauer / Michael Scheil / Michael Schurr / Rainer von Kiparski (eds.), Arbeitsschutz von AZ 2014, 2013, p. 12
  10. ↑ Gerhard Comelli / Lutz von Rosenstiel, Leadership through Motivation , 2011, p. 120
  11. ^ Karlheinz Sonntag, Ekkehart Frieling, Ralf Stegmaier: Textbook Industrial Psychology 3rd Edition. Huber, 2012
  12. ↑ Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden (ed.), Kompakt-Lexikon Management , 2013, p. 426
  13. ↑ Hans Jürgen Seraphim, Methods and Problems of Economic Policy , 1964, p. 166
  14. ↑ OLG Hamm, decision of December 21, 2012, Az .: II-2 UF 181/11
  15. ↑ Peter Nieder, Management of absenteeism and fluctuation through incentives to be present and to stay , in: Günther Schanz (Ed.), Manual of incentive systems, 1991, p. 1051
  16. ↑ BAG, judgment of April 27, 1994, Az .: 5 AZR 747/93 (A)
  17. ↑ Achim Lepke, breaches of duty by the employee in the event of illness as a reason for termination , in: NZA 1995, p. 1089
  18. ↑ Ulrich Huber, Performance Disorders , Volume 1, 1999, p. 164