Aytos

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Ajtos (Айтос)
Aytos coat of arms Map of Bulgaria, position of Aytos highlighted
Basic data
State : BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria
Oblast : Burgas
Residents : 19,490  (December 31, 2016)
Coordinates : 42 ° 42 '  N , 27 ° 15'  E Coordinates: 42 ° 42 '0 "  N , 27 ° 15' 0"  E
Height : 95 m
Postal code : 8500
Telephone code : (+359) 0558
License plate : A.
administration
Mayor : Evgeny Wrabchev
Website : www.aitos.org

Ajtos [ ˈajtos ] ( Bulgarian Айтос , other spellings Aitos and Aytos ) is a city in southeast Bulgaria in the province of Burgas and the center of a municipality of the same name . It is the only city in southeastern Bulgaria with a zoo .

location

Aytos is located at the southern foot of the eastern Balkan mountains . While the southern parts of the city are in the Burgas plain or in the Ajtos plain , the center and the northern parts of the city are in the foothills of the mountain range Ajtoska planina , which is part of the Balkan mountains. The river of the same name flows through the city . Ajtos is connected to the Bulgarian rail network and is close to the Black Sea port of Burgas and the Thrakja motorway .

Archeology and history

Aytos has been settled since ancient times, but there are no written sources, only archaeological traces. In 1953 a treasure trove of 15 silver coins from Apollonia from the time from 330 to 320 BC was found in Aytos . Found in 1933/34 another with 152 bronze coins from the 2nd half of the 4th century BC. Traces of settlement from the Thracian era were found in the city ​​center of Aytos in 1972 , with a layer from the Roman Empire on top. In early Byzantine times in 5./6. In the 17th century a small rectangular fortification of almost 5500 m 2 was built.

A Latin building inscription by Emperor Markian (450–457) comes from Aytos . The same block was reused in the 9th century, on it there are remains of a Greek building inscription from 870/1.

In the Middle Ages, Aytos was located at a strategically important crossroads: a road led north-south through the nearby Aytos Pass and the eastern Balkan Mountains and connected the Danube lowlands with Constantinople , the other led in an east-west direction and connected the Thracian hinterland with the Black Sea coast Anchialus and Develtum .

On the edge of Aytos there is a fortress on a 180 m high mountain, the first phase of which dates from the 5th / 6th centuries. Century dates, a further construction phase will be in the 13th to 14th. Dated century. For this castle and the settlement, the name Aetos ( ancient Greek Ἀετός , German eagle ) has been handed down in the Middle Ages .

The Aytos area belonged to the Bulgarian Empire from the early 8th century .

The Arab geographer al-Idrisi mentions the strong fortress and trading town under the name of Aytūqastrū in the 12th century .

In 1279 the city was conquered for Byzantium by the general Michael Glabas Tarchaniotis . In 1330 the city went to Andronikos III. about, in 1332 the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander moved from Aetos against Andronikos III. in front. In the winter of 1366/67 Antonio Visconti, a follower of Amadeus VI , was here . of Savoy , held captive.

1371 town and fortress of the were Ottomans under Sultan Murad I occupied. In the 17th century Evliya Çelebi describes the city in his travel book Seyahatnâme under the name Ajdos . During the Ottoman period, Ajdos was the center of a judicial district ( Kaza ) in the Ottoman Sanjak Sliven , which also included the former mineral baths of Aytos.

In the late Ottoman period, Ajtos became more and more the trading center of the region. At that time, Aytos was a multi-ethnic city with Jewish (mostly Sephardic Jews displaced from Spain ), Armenian, Bulgarian and Turkish quarters. Shaped by the ideas of the Bulgarian revival, the Bulgarians led the fight against the dominant Greek language in schools and churches. The people of Aytos also took part in the independence struggles. Important communication channels and arms deliveries from the Bulgarian underground organizations ran through the city.

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1828/1829, Aytos was occupied by Russian troops under the leadership of General Fyodor Wassiljewitsch Ridiger on July 13, 1829 , after which the city was turned into a base of strategic importance by General Hans Karl von Diebitsch . After the Peace of Adrianople in 1829, up to 100,000 Bulgarians from the regions of Burgas, Stara Sagora and Sliven gathered in the plain in front of Aytos and fled with the withdrawing Russian forces to Russia, where they settled mainly in Bessarabia .

In the course of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877/78, the Ottoman-Turkish rule over the city formally ended in 1878. After the Berlin Congress , Aytos, as the center of an Okoljia in the Burgas department, was again part of the Ottoman Empire and incorporated into the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia until it was united with the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885 .

After the First Balkan War 1912–1913, Aytos was flooded by refugees ( Thracian Bulgarians ) from Eastern and Western Thrace . Today's districts "Chisarja" and "Strandscha" emerged from the refugee camps of that time.

Part of the Turkish Muslim population emigrated to Turkey in the late 1980s as part of the Bulgarization campaign .

Famous sons and daughters

  • Ivana (born 1969), popfolk singer
  • Filip Kutew (1903–1982), composer and conductor

literature

  • Peter Soustal: Thrakien (Thrakē, Rhodopē and Haimimontos) (= Tabula Imperii Byzantini . Volume 6). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-7001-1898-8 , pp. 167–168 sv Aetos 1.
  • Adolf M. Hakkert (Ed.): Lexicon of Greek and Roman cities and place names in antiquity, approx. 1500 BC - approx. AD 500. Fascicule 2. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1993, p. 254.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Margaret Thompson , Otto Mørkholm , Colin M. Kraay : An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. American Numismatic Society, New York 1973, p. 104 No. 765; P. 111 No. 842.
  2. ^ Iwan Karajotow , In: Arkheologiceski otkritija i razkopki prez 1976. Sofia 1977, p. 82; Manfred Oppermann : The West Pontic Poleis and their indigenous environment in pre-Roman times. Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2004, ISBN 3-930036-73-8 , p. 176.
  3. ^ Iwan Karajotow, In: Rezjumeta na otceti za razkopani obekti prez 1972 g. 18.Nacionalna Arkheologiceska konferencija Nova Zagora 1973 . Sofia 1973, pp. 36-37; Soustal: Thrace , p. 167.
  4. ↑ CIL 3, 12328 ; Veselin Beševliev : Late Greek and Late Latin inscriptions from Bulgaria. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1964, pp. 124–125 No. 184a fig. 206–207. Today in the Archaeological Museum in Sofia , inventory number 617.
  5. ↑ Veselin Beševliev: Late Greek and late Latin inscriptions from Bulgaria. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1964, pp. 125–126 No. 184b Fig. 208–209.
  6. ^ Felix Kanitz : Danube Bulgaria and the Balkans. Historical-geographical-ethnographic travel studies from the years 1860–1879. Tape. 3. Fries, Leipzig 1880, pp. 145-149; Soustal: Thrace , p. 167.
  7. ↑ Pavel Deliradew: Prinos kăm istoričeskata geografija na Trakija. Balgarska Akademija na Naukite, Sofia 1953, Volume 1, pp. 63-65; Konstantin Jireček : Pătuvanija po Bălgarija. Sofia 1974, pp. 814-816; Soustal: Thrace , pp. 167-168.
  8. ^ Wilhelm Tomaschek : To the customer of the Haemus peninsula. II The trade routes of the 12th century according to the inquiries of the Arab Idrisi. In: Meeting reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Philological-historical class 113 (1886) p. 318; Boris Nedkow: Bulgarija i susednite i zemi prez XII vek spored "Geografijata" na Idrisi. La Bulgarie et les terres avoisinantes au XIIe siecle selon la "Geographie" d'al-Idrissi. Nauka i izkustwo, Sofia 1960, pp. 84-85; 104-105; 143.
  9. ↑ Manuel Philes : Carmina Vol. 2. Paris 1854. S. 250.
  10. ↑ Johannes Kantakuzenos , ed. Ludwig Schopen , Volume 1, Bonn 1828, p. 431. 460.
  11. ↑ Federico Bollatti di Saint-Pierre: Illustrazione della spedizione in Oriente di Amedeo VI (il Conte Verde). Biblioteca Storica Italiana 6. Turin 1900, p. 99 No. 386; 119 No. 446: castrum Aquile .
  12. ^ Peter F. Sugar: Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354-1804. University of Washington Press, Seattle 1977, ISBN 0-295-95443-4 , p. 320.
  13. ^ Hans-Joachim Kißling : Contributions to the knowledge of Thrace in the 17th century. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1956, pp. 21-22.
  14. ↑ Andreas Birken : The provinces of the Ottoman Empire. In: Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East , Series B No. 13, Wiesbaden 1976, p. 99.
  15. ^ Felix Kanitz: Danube Bulgaria and the Balkans. Historical-geographical-ethnographic travel studies from the years 1860–1879. Tape. 3. Fries, Leipzig 1880, pp. 146-149; Сборник История русской армии
  16. ↑ Ivan Karajotow, Stojan Rajtschewski , Mitko Iwanow: История на Бургас. От древността до средата на ХХ век. (German history of the city of Burgas. From antiquity to the middle of the 20th century. ) Verlag Tafprint OOD, Plovdiv 2011, ISBN 978-954-92689-1-1 , pp. 98-101.