Alfred apple

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In front of the prison in Berlin-Tegel. V. l. to r .: Kurt Grossmann , Rudolf Olden , Carl von Ossietzky , Alfred Apfel, Kurt Rosenfeld (1932)

Alfred Apfel (born March 12, 1882 in Düren ; died February 14, 1941 in Marseille ) was a German lawyer , criminal defense attorney and author .

Life

Apfel was born in 1882 to Rahel Apfel and her husband Simon Apfel and grew up in Cologne. His mother was literary, ran a salon and founded the National Jewish Association with Max Bodenheimer , among others . His father was a gynecologist with his own practice and was also engaged in a variety of ways.

In 1906 Alfred Apfel founded the Jewish "Gabriel Riesser Youth Association" in Cologne . In the following years he visited numerous Jewish communities in the German Reich with his lecture The Renaissance of Jewish Consciousness , which led to around 50 foundings based on the model of the “Gabriel Riesser Youth Association”. From 1909 to 1922 he was President of the Association of Jewish Youth Associations in Germany, which had up to 40,000 members. As chairman of the youth association, he was also temporarily the main board member of the large Central Association of German citizens of the Jewish faith . From 1921 he promoted Keren Hajessod , for which he also undertook several advertising trips to Scandinavia . In 1922 he joined the Zionist Association for Germany . From 1925 to 1930 he was chairman of the influential Berlin Zionist Association .

Alfred apple studied from 1900 in Berlin and Bonn Jura . He was twice president of his student union , the Free Scientific Association (FWV). He received his doctorate in 1906 and after completing his studies initially worked at a small Rhenish district court . He abandoned his original desire to become a judge because of the social conditions that made it almost impossible for him to become a reserve officer because of his Jewishness . From 1910 he was a lawyer, then also a notary in Berlin. As a criminal defense lawyer in many political trials, among others, he defended Carl von Ossietzky . As a well-known Democrat, Jew and Zionist , he was one of the first to be taken into so-called protective custody immediately after the Reichstag fire on February 28, 1933 . After his release he fled to Paris on Pentecost 1933 . Apple was on the first expatriation list of the German Reich on August 23, 1933 . After the outbreak of the Second World War , despite expatriation, he was interned as an enemy foreigner in the Basens camp near Bordeaux , from which he escaped. According to his daughter, he should (also?) Have been to Gurs . Apple then applied for a visa to emigrate to the USA. When he went to the office of Varian Frys in Marseilles for this purpose on February 14, 1941 , he suffered a heart attack there. He succumbed to the rigors of displacement, flight and camp. His wife managed to escape to the USA. There their trail is lost. Alfred Apfel died at the age of 58.

family

Apple's daughter Hannah, born in Cologne in 1907, also studied law in Heidelberg and Berlin. She was married to Rafaello Busoni since 1933 . With their son Mario, born in 1937, they emigrated to the USA via Sweden in 1939 .

In his first marriage, Alfred Apfel was married to Dora Schoenewald (1881–1962) from 1906 to 1924. From 1927 to 1934 with Alice Schachmann (1905–1957) and in third marriage from 1935 to Hedwig Scheer (1901–1942).

Services

In addition to his importance for the development and culture of criminal defense in the Weimar Republic , Alfred Apfel also acquired a reputation as a defender of the republic by representing those journalists and liberals who exercised their democratic rights of freedom of expression and reporting and participated in them State interests were in conflict. In the defense of Ossietzkys in the so-called Weltbühne trial , a state treason , he appeared together with his equally famous colleagues Rudolf Olden , Kurt Rosenfeld and Max Alsberg . He made great contributions to Jewish youth work. With his fame, he promoted Zionism in Germany from 1922, which many established German Jews had long viewed as a mere aid project for Eastern Jews persecuted by Tsarists. Alfred Apfel was also active as a journalist in exile. In 1934, for example, a statement with the Nazi justice system was published in French in Paris, which appeared in several editions and was also translated into English. The book was only published as a translation in Germany in 2013. The original manuscript had been lost.

Fonts (selection)

  • The border divorce suit of the civil code under consideration of the Roman common, Prussian, Saxon and French law. Borna-Leipzig: R. Noske, 1906 Rostock, Jur. Fac., Ref. Matthiaß , Diss. V. June 1, 1906.
  • with Felix Halle : Submission to the German Reichstag and the Prussian state parliament for Max Hoelz, who was sentenced to life in prison. Peuvag, Berlin 1928.
  • Martha Ruben-Wolf : Abortion or Contraception? Boarding school Arbeiter-Verlag, Berlin 1931. With e. Foreword by Friedrich Wolf and afterwards by Apfel. Brochure.
  • with Max Alsberg : The world stage process: input to d. Mr. Reich President of Alfred Apfel. Input to d. Minister of Justice von Max Alsberg. The German public on the world stage process. The world press on the world stage process. Kraus, Nendeln 1976. Reprinted by d. Berlin, 1931.
  • Les lingerie de la justice allemande. Translated from the German. Gallimard, Paris 1934.
    • Behind the Scenes of German Justice. Reminiscences of a German Barrister 1882-1933. Translated from the German. Lane, London 1935. German edition only after back translation from the foreign language editions:
  • Behind the Scenes of the German Justice: Memories of a German Lawyer 1882–1933. From the French and engl. Transfer. by Jan and Ursula Gehlsen. Berliner Wiss.-Verlag (BWV), Berlin 2013.
  • Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... with deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. Edited and edited by Heinrich Schwing. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014 (extensive sources on his life).
  • Alfred apple. His writings. Autobiographies, publications. Edited and edited: Heinrich Schwing, epubli.de, Berlin 2014 (bibliography of his publications, timetable of his life).

literature

  • Jan Gehlsen: Alfred Apfel - Defense in the courtroom and in the “world stage”. A lawyer’s fight for the first German republic. In: Lawyer Gazette. 2016, p. 884.
  • Heinrich Hannover , Elisabeth Hannover-Drück : Political Justice 1918–1933. Bornheim-Merten 1987 (unchanged new edition of the first edition, Frankfurt a. M. 1966).
  • Simone Ladwig-Winters: lawyer without rights. The fate of Jewish lawyers in Berlin after 1933. be.bra verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-930863-41-3 .
  • Horst Göppinger : Jurists of Jewish descent in the “Third Reich”. Disenfranchisement and persecution. 2nd revised edition. Munich 1990, p. 266 (first edition 1963).
  • Jan Gehlsen: Behind the scenes of the German judiciary: Alfred Apfel - lawyer and author of the world stage. In: Critical Justice . 2013, pp. 80–87.
  • Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, Your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 (extensive sources on his life).
  • Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel. His writings. Autobiographies, publications. epubli.de, Berlin 2014 (bibliography of his publications, timetable of his life).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Düren City Archives: Births 1882, No. 133.
  2. ↑ Varian Fry : Surrender on Demand . Random House, 1945, p. 177 and Death Certificate 628 City Hall, Marseille.
  3. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 125.
  4. ↑ Timeline . In: Heinrich Schwing (ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred" Letters and cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni . epubli, 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , pp. 148 .
  5. ^ Suska Döpp: Jewish youth movement in Cologne 1906 to 1938. Lit-Verlag, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3210-4 , p. 67
  6. ↑ Heinz Kahn: A brave life. In: Aufbau , Vol. 7, No. 16, April 18, 1941, p. 5.
  7. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 134.
  8. ^ Avraham Barkai: The Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith. Munich 2002, p. 160.
  9. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 133 ff.
  10. ^ CV newspaper. 1922, no. 8, p. 101.
  11. ↑ Jewish Review. 1925, no. 24, p. 221.
  12. ↑ Monthly report (MB) of the FWV. No. 91, June 1900, p. 8 and MB, No. 101, July 22, 1901, pp. 7-9; Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, Your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 57 ff.
  13. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel. His writings. Autobiographies, publications. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, p. 38 ff.
  14. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 126.
  15. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel. His writings. Autobiographies, publications. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, p. 49.
  16. ↑ Michael Hepp (Ed.): The expatriation of German citizens 1933-45 according to the lists published in the Reichsanzeiger . tape 1 : Lists in chronological order. De Gruyter Saur, Munich 1985, ISBN 978-3-11-095062-5 , pp. 3 (reprinted 2010).
  17. ↑ Stéphan Martens: La France, l'Allemagne et la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Quelles mémoires? Crises du XXe siècle. Verlag Presses Univ. de Bordeaux, 2007, p. 247.
  18. ^ Reparation files Alfred Apfel / Hannah Busoni
  19. ^ Heinrich Schwing March 24, 2014: Traces of the Jewish Apple family from Münstereifel. On the regional historical homepage of Hans-Dieter Arntz .
  20. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 126 f.
  21. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 80 ff.
  22. ^ Reparation files Alfred Apfel / Hannah Busoni
  23. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 142.
  24. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 143.
  25. ^ Heinrich Schwing: "Greetings from the Schoenewalds!" Portrait of a Jewish family. Berlin 2014, p. 6; Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, Your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 127.
  26. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , p. 78 ff., 137 f.
  27. ↑ Heinrich Schwing (Ed.): Alfred Apfel "My dear little animal ... in deep love, your Alfred." Letters & cards to his daughter Hannah Busoni. 2nd, expanded edition. epubli.de, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-1278-7 , pp. 141 f .; File of reparation Alfred Apfel / Hannah Busoni; Death Certificate 628 City Hall, Marseille.
  28. ↑ Ingo Müller, TAZ , August 8, 2014: The man the Nazis hated. For years, the book by Alfred Apfel, the lawyer hated by the Nazis, was only available in French. Now it has finally been translated back.
personal data
SURNAME Apple, Alfred
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German defense attorney
DATE OF BIRTH March 12, 1882
PLACE OF BIRTH Düren
DATE OF DEATH February 14, 1941
Place of death Marseille