Amalia Fleischer

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Amalia Fleischer (born August 7, 1885 in Vienna ; died 1944 in Auschwitz concentration camp ) was an Italian lawyer and victim of the Holocaust . She was the first woman to work as a lawyer in South Tyrol .

Life

Stumbling block for Amalia Fleischer (Faenza)

Amalia Fleischer came from a middle-class Jewish family. Her father was a lawyer Berthold worked in the banking industry and, her mother Anna Michelup was from that time to the Habsburg monarchy belonging Fiume in Croatia. Since the 1890s, her father has lived with the family in Merano for professional reasons, and in his free time he does charitable causes in the city's Jewish community .

Fleischer initially studied philosophy at the University of Innsbruck , but her real love was studying law , to which women were not admitted until 1919. In 1921 she finally enrolled at the Faculty of Law at the University of Innsbruck, but later switched to the University of La Sapienza in Rome , where she completed her law degree in 1923 with a doctoral thesis on canon law . During her stay in Rome, she worked as an archivist at the Vatican and took on Italian citizenship after converting to Christianity in Merano in 1917.

Her application to the Bar Association in Bolzano dates from 1925 to be admitted as a trainee in a Bolzano law firm. The Chamber initially reacted cautiously to the application submitted by the firm and inquired about the admission of female trainee lawyers to the respective chambers in Rome and Trieste . Only after the Chamber in Rome had announced that Teresa Labiola was the first female lawyer to be admitted to the bar in Rome in 1919 and that the laws did not provide for any restrictions on female candidates, the motion was approved. After starting her legal traineeship, in August 1925 she first moved to a law firm in Meran, the city where her parents still lived, to work in a law firm in Rome in 1926 before returning to Meran in early 1927.

In 1928 she was the first woman in South Tyrol to successfully apply for authorization as a procurator . In February 1929 she joined the fascist professional association for procurators and lawyers, an accession that became increasingly mandatory from the late 1920s in order to be able to continue practicing. After working for various law firms in Merano and Bolzano for six years, she successfully applied for registration as a lawyer in the list of lawyers in Bolzano in 1935. In the meantime she had also joined the National Fascist Party .

In October of the same year, Benito Mussolini declared war on Abyssinia . To finance the Abyssinian War , the fascist state called on its citizens in December 1935 to donate their gold wedding rings. The unmarried Amalia Fleischer also responded to the appeal of the fascist professional association and donated the wedding rings to her deceased parents.

About the stations Littoria and Gaeta in the region Lazio she came in 1938 in the Emilia-Romagna to Faenza . After the Italian race laws came into force in autumn 1938, she duly registered as a Jewish citizen living in Faenza. In the same way, in 1939 she applied for her entry to be deleted from the list of lawyers. In her adopted home Faenza, thanks to a friend, she found work in the convent school of the Santa Chiara convent. There she secretly gave private lessons due to her foreign language skills in German, French and English and was covered by her friend, who was the president of the convent school, despite the new regulations that forbade teaching by teachers of Jewish descent.

After the fall of Mussolini in July 1943, the armistice between Cassibile and the Allies, and the subsequent German occupation of Italy in September 1943, the situation for the Jews in Italy changed significantly. In the Italian Social Republic , which was constituted in autumn , the Jews were described as enemies of the state in the Verona Manifesto . On November 30, 1943, the fascist minister of the interior, Guido Buffarini-Guidi, ordered the arrest of all Jews in the RSI. Just four days later, Amalia Fleischer was arrested and taken first to the Ravenna prison and later to the infamous San Vittore prison in Milan . On January 30, 1944, she and 704 other Jewish prisoners were deported from the Milano Centrale railway station to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp , which she reached seven days later on February 6, 1944. From then on, the traces of the 58-year-old Amalia Fleischer are lost. It is known that of the 704 deportees from Milan during the selection process in Auschwitz-Birkenau, 447 were sent directly to the gas chambers .

A street in Faenza has been named after her. A memorial plaque with the names of the Jews deported from Ravenna, including Amalia Fleischer, is placed in the reception building of the Ravenna train station and in January 2018 a stumbling block for Amalia Fleischer was laid in Faenza .

literature

  • Francesco Marullo di Condojanni, Giulia Merlo: Biografia di Amalia Fleischer, prima avvocata di Bolzano e vittima delle leggi antiebraiche. In: Antonella Meniconi e Marcello Pezzetti (ed.): Razza e inGiustizia: Gli avvocati ei magistrati al tempo delle leggi antiebraiche. Senato della Repubblica, Rome 2018. PDF
  • Sabine Mayr, Joachim Innerhofer (ed.): Murderous homeland: suppressed life stories of Jewish families in Bozen and Meran. Edition Raetia, Bozen 2015, ISBN 978-88-7283-503-6 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sabine Mayr, Joachim Innerhofer (ed.): Murderous homeland: Repressed life stories of Jewish families in Bozen and Meran. [1]
  2. ↑ Francesco Marullo di Condojanni, Giulia Merlo: Biografia di Amalia Fleischer, prima avvocata di Bolzano e vittima delle leggi antiebraiche. P. 182.
  3. ^ A b Amalia Fleischer: da Faenza a Auschwitz. In: asravenna.beniculturali.it. Retrieved March 2, 2020 (Italian).
  4. ↑ Francesco Marullo di Condojanni, Giulia Merlo: Biografia di Amalia Fleischer, prima avvocata di Bolzano e vittima delle leggi antiebraiche. P. 183.
  5. ↑ Francesco Marullo di Condojanni, Giulia Merlo: Biografia di Amalia Fleischer, prima avvocata di Bolzano e vittima delle leggi antiebraiche. Pp. 183-186.
  6. ↑ Francesco Marullo di Condojanni, Giulia Merlo: Biografia di Amalia Fleischer, prima avvocata di Bolzano e vittima delle leggi antiebraiche. Pp. 186-187.
  7. ^ Memoriale della Shoa di Milano. (pdf) In: wheremilan.com. Retrieved March 3, 2020 (Italian).
  8. ↑ Francesco Marullo di Condojanni, Giulia Merlo: Biografia di Amalia Fleischer, prima avvocata di Bolzano e vittima delle leggi antiebraiche. P. 187.
  9. ↑ Faenza ricorda Amalia Fleischer, l'11 gennaio la posa della pietra d'inciampo. In: ilbuonsenso.net. January 10, 2018, accessed March 3, 2020 (Italian).
personal data
SURNAME Butcher, Amalia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian lawyer and victim of the Holocaust
DATE OF BIRTH August 7, 1885
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH 1944
Place of death Auschwitz concentration camp