Aníbal Quijano

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Aníbal Quijano (2015) in Quito

Aníbal Quijano Obregón (* 1928 in Yanama , Yungay Province ; † May 31, 2018 in Lima ) was a Peruvian sociologist . His work on the worldwide effects of Eurocentric thought patterns led to a concept of the "coloniality of power" (Colonialidad del Poder) .

Life

Quijano completed his education at the Colegio Nacional Santa Inés in Yungay . He then began to study literature, law and political science in Lima at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM); got a bachelor's degree. He obtained his master’s degree after continuing his studies at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) in Santiago de Chile , a UNESCO institution in Latin America. In 1964 Quijano received his doctorate from the Facultad de Letras of his home university, the UNMSM.

Between 1966 and 1971 Aníbal Quijano worked in Santiago de Chile as research director of the program “Research into Urbanization and Exclusion” in the Department for Social Order of the UN Commission CEPAL . The focus of the work carried out there was on aspects of the exclusion of a growing proportion of the population from regular economic contexts. Thereby, perspectives for action of free trade , which have been recognized as the cause of a rapid development of the informal sector in Latin America and are interdependent, were critically examined.

Aníbal Quijano was the founder of the Center for Social Research of Peru (Centro de Investigações Sociais do Peru) at the Universidade de San Marcos in Lima. In 2010 the Universidad Ricardo Palma (Lima) set up a chair for him with the title “Latin America and the Coloniality of Power”.

In the course of his academic career, Quijano held research professorships at several Latin American universities and was a visiting professor at European and North American universities . At the center of Quijano's scientific work were economic considerations in general social conditions as well as in relation to social movements . Investigations into the critical or conflict-laden relationship between actors of social change and modern imperialism structures, as well as related dependency factors, played an important role . Quijano analyzed the processes taking place in this area as processes of decolonization against the background of Eurocentric motives.

In the Eurocentric claim to the exclusive authorship of modernity, Quijano recognizes an ethnocentric claim, which he classifies as provincial. The worldview in the category of Orient-Occident comes in late and, in its conclusion, is part of British hegemony. As a feature of this geographical perspective on history and culture, he considers the creation of the Prime Meridian with the Greenwich Observatory in London , and not in Seville or Venice, as an example .

“Defenders of the European claim to modernity usually refer to the cultural history of the ancient Hellenic-Roman world and the world of the Mediterranean prior to the existence of America to legitimize their exclusive claim to it. What is curious about this argument is that, firstly, it suppresses the fact that the actually developed part of this Mediterranean world was Islamic-Jewish. Secondly, it was in this world, in the Greco-Roman heritage, the cities, the trade, the trade-oriented agriculture, mining, textile crafts, philosophy and history have been preserved, while the future Western Europe from feudalism and cultural obscurantism was dominated . [...] "

- Aníbal Quijano : Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America . 2016, p. 50.

The term he coined for "coloniality" encompasses the divergent power relationship between colonizers and colonized , which began with the colonial age and after which it continues in various forms in socio-economic relationships. In his work since 1980, Quijano has been investigating the interweaving of socio-economic structures of rule with cultural relationships, for which he initially coined the term “cultural coloniality”. There are analogies to the work of Walter Mignolo and Enrique Dussel , as well as other participants in the Latin American research group Modernidad / Colonialidad (M / C). From this circle, his concept of the coloniality of power is now experiencing differentiated applications, for example on the levels of “coloniality of knowledge” (Edgardo Lander) and “coloniality of being” (Nelson Maldonado-Torres).

Quijano took the view that the development of Western Europe to the center of the modern world system resulted in an influential ethnocentrism , which is generally a common characteristic of any colonial or imperial rule. In doing so, he conformed to the findings of Immanuel Wallerstein in this regard . Essentially, European ethnocentrism is based on a "racialized" classification of the world population and serves as its universal justification. From this point of view, the European self-image in its economic and cultural power patterns includes the self-perception according to which Europeans not only feel superior to other population groups, but assume a natural superiority.

On the basis of such an ethnocentric perspective, according to Quijano, the conceptual contents of modernity and rationality are given exclusively by European experiences and products. This gave rise to mutually entangled and codified fictions with regard to intersubjective and cultural relationships, such as the antigonal groups of terms Orient-Occident, primitive-civilized, irrational-rational, mythical-scientific, traditional-modern, i.e. the very abstract construction of Europe versus non-Europe . Ultimately, according to his knowledge, the human history of civilization leads from an early natural state to the highest achieved social quality, which was imagined as the myth of "Europe". This myth embodies a hegemonic knowledge perspective with a worldwide effect, a core element of Eurocentrism.

From a feminist point of view, however, it has been criticized that Quijano's analysis of the ideology of global Eurocentric capitalism does not go far enough.

Quijano founded and ran the magazine Sociedad y Política between 1972 and 1983 as editor , the place of publication was Lima.

Academic honors

Selected works

  • Urbanización y tendencias de cambio en la sociedad rural en Latinoamérica . In: Instituto de estudios peruanos (Lima). Documentos teóricos , 5, Lima 1967 ( online at www.repositorio.iep.org.pe ).
  • Nationalism & capitalism in Peru: a study in neo-imperialism . Monthly Review Press, New York 1971 (3rd ed.), ISBN 0-85345-246-6 .
  • Nationalism & capitalism in Peru; a study in neo-imperialism . Monthly Review Press, New York 1971 (translation into English by Helen R. Lane).
  • Problema agrario y movimientos campesinos . Lima 1971.
  • Dependencia, urbanizacion y cambio social en América Latina . Lima 1977.
  • Dominación y Cultura - Lo cholo y el conflicto cultural en el Perú . Lima 1980.
  • Modernidad, ifentidad y utopía en América Latina . Lima 1988.
  • Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina . In: Edgardo Lander (ed.): La colonialidad del saber: eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales. Perspectivas latinoamericanas . Buenos Aires 2000, pp. 201-246.
  • Des / colonialidad y bien vivir : un nuevo debate en América Latina . Lima 2014, ISBN 978-612-4234-13-2 .
  • Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America . Turia + Kant , Vienna, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-85132-821-9 . (Translation into German by Alke Jenss and Stefan Pimmer).

further reading

  • Pablo Quintero, Sebastian Garbe (ed.): Coloniality of power. De / Colonial Conflicts: Between Theory and Practice . Unrast Verlag , Münster 2013 (1st edition)

Web links

Commons : Aníbal Quijano  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Falleció el sociólogo Aníbal Quijano. In: La República . May 31, 2018, accessed June 1, 2018 (Spanish).
  2. ↑ Universidado de São Paulo: * 1928 † 2018 - Aníbal Quijano . on www.lergeo.fflch.usp.br (Portuguese).
  3. ↑ a b c Centro de Estudos Sociais: Anibal Quijano, Curriculum vitae . on www.ces.uc.pt (Portuguese).
  4. ↑ Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos : Fallció sociólogo sanmarquino Aníbal Quijano . Posted May 31, 2018 on www.unmsm.edu.pe (Spanish).
  5. ↑ Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas, UNMSM : Fallce sanmarquino Aníbal Quijano, padre de la teoría Colonialidad del Poder . Posted June 1, 2018 on www.unmsm.edu.pe (Spanish).
  6. ↑ Alexis Cortés: Aníbal Quijano: Marginalidad y urbanización dependiente en América Latina . In: Polis, Revista Latinoamericana, Vol. 16, No. 46, 2017, pp. 221–238, online at www.scielo.cl (Spanish).
  7. ^ Aníbal Quijano: New light on the concepts of "private" and "public" . In: CEPAL Review. United Nations, Santiago, Chile 1988, pp. 105-120.
  8. ^ Instituto de Estudos Avançados da Universidade de São Paulo: Anibal Quijano Obregon . on www.iea.usp.br (Portuguese).
  9. ^ A b Universidad Ricardo Palma: Cátedra América Latina y la Colonialidad del Poder . on www.urp.edu.pe (Spanish).
  10. ↑ Quijano: Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America . 2016, pp. 50–51.
  11. ↑ Maja Bächler, Julia Roth: Views of the film "Concerning Violence" from a decolonial perspective . on www.bpb.de .
  12. ↑ Elina Marmer, Papa Sow (ed.): How racism speaks from school books. Critical examination of ›Africa‹ images and black and white constructions in schools . Reading sample at www.beltz.de ISBN 978-3-7799-3323-6 , PDF document p. 8.
  13. ↑ Pablo Quintero, Sebastian Garbe (ed.): Coloniality of power. De / Colonial Conflicts: Between Theory and Practice . Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-89771-650-6 , p. 37.
  14. ↑ Quijano: Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America . 2016, pp. 44–46.
  15. ^ Sabine Jarosch: The Marginal God. Potentials and limits of the postcolonial image of God by theologian Marcella Althaus-Reid ( memento from April 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ). Rostock 2013, student thesis , online at www.ekd.de , PDF document p. 21, 28.
  16. ↑ Centro Internacional de Estudios Superiores de Comunicación para América Latina : Nota de pesar por el fallecimiento del destacado intelectual latinoamericano Aníbal Quijano . Quito, on www.ciespal.org (Spanish), brief overview of some issues .
  17. ^ Universidade de Coimbra . Centro de Estudos Sociais: Anibal Quijano, Curriculum vitae . on www.ces.uc.pt (Portuguese).
  18. ^ Cuba discute o bicentenaria da Independencia . on www.theotoniodossantos.blogspot.de (Spanish).
  19. ↑ Universidad de Guadalajara : Doctorado Honoris Causa para Aníbal Quijano Obregón . www.vicerrectoria.udg.mx (Spanish).
  20. ↑ Semanario Universidad: UCR honra a dos sociólogos con doctorado honoris causa . on www.semanariouniversidad.ucr.cr (Spanish).
  21. ↑ Sergio Villena Fiengo: Palabras en la entrega del ocasión a doctorado honoris causa a Aníbal Quijano Obregon . In: Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos . Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad de Costa Rica, 42, San José 2016, pp. 465-481 ISSN 0377-7316 ( online at www.revistas.ucr.ac.cr Universidad de Costa Rica).
personal data
SURNAME Quijano, Aníbal
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Quijano Obregón, Aníbal (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Peruvian sociologist
DATE OF BIRTH 1928
PLACE OF BIRTH Yanama , Yungay Province , Peru
DATE OF DEATH May 31, 2018
Place of death Lima