Anatomical-surgical institute

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Anatomy building on the Gaußberg around 1830, lithograph by Carl Robolsky

The Anatomical-Surgical Institute in Braunschweig was a surgical school affiliated to the Collegium Carolinum for the training of surgeons and midwives in the state of Braunschweig. It existed from 1750 to 1869.

history

Brunswick Medical Regulations 1721

Multiple shortcomings in medical care in the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel aroused the desire in Duke August Wilhelm in 1717 to create a higher authority, a Collegium Medicum . While this plan was not implemented, the publication of the Braunschweig Medical Regulations on February 21, 1721 succeeded in giving the medical system in the Principality a solid foundation for more than a century with several additions.

Collegium Medicum 1747

After an initially largely trouble-free course, the complaints about medical bungling by field detective and outpatient quacks increased so much from 1741 that Duke Charles I appointed a Collegium Medicum as a supervisory board for medical and sanitary matters on January 4, 1747 . This body, consisting of doctors, already existed as an advisory body before, but was now given extensive powers at the expense of the local authorities and was directly subordinate to the sovereign. The city and country physics were subordinate to the Medical College , from which it received regular reports. Further tasks consisted of the drug approval as well as the examination of all medical personnel settling in the country, such as B. Surgeons, doctors, midwives, pharmacists and bathers . Furthermore, all medical publications were subject to prior censorship by the college.

The spiritual father and dean of the medical college, the Brunswick city physicist Rudolph August Behrens , died in 1748. As his successor, Duke Karl I appointed the Hanoverian court medic Heinrich Johann Meibom, grandson of the Helmstedt anatomy professor Heinrich Meibom , to Brunswick in 1749 . This became his personal physician and councilor. On Meibom's advice, Duke Karl decided in 1749 to found a technical school for the scientific training of his surgeons. The future surgeons should also be given the opportunity to participate in dissection and dissection courses.

Collegium Anatomico-Chirurgicum 1750

On November 19, 1750, the Collegium Anatomico-Chirurgicum was founded, whose first director was Hofrat Meibom. The physician Christian Jeremias Rollin , who also became an assessor at the Collegium Medium , was appointed professor of anatomy on the recommendation of the Hanoverian personal physician Paul Gottlieb Werlhof . In the statutes of the new institution it is stated: The Collegium Anatomico-Chirurgicum sets its main end purpose in the instruction of the surgeon forum and midwives. The instruction takes place in public and special hours at the Theatro Anatomico. The first lessons began in January 1751. The Rollins section exercises were accompanied by the prosector Urban Brückmann . During the Seven Years' War , Braunschweig was occupied by French troops in 1757. They confiscated the garrison hospital as a military hospital, which significantly disrupted teaching. After the French had withdrawn, a typhus epidemic raged in the city in 1758 and 1759 , which required the construction of a hospital. The building of the poor hospital could not be realized until 1780 due to lack of money. The smallpox was particularly strong in 1766, so it was decided to get the first vaccinations. Here, acquired Carl Gottlieb Wagler , teacher of the Anatomical-Surgical Institute, special services.

Decline and late 1869

After a heyday in the 1820s and 1830s, the number of apprentices decreased rapidly in the following years. As late as 1827, five professors and one prosector were employed. The Collegium Anatomico-Chirurgicum was closed on January 4, 1869 after almost 120 years of existence.

Facilities

Anatomy building

Heinrich Johann Meibom campaigned for the establishment of an anatomical theater to carry out anatomical demonstrations for educational purposes. A building on a hill at the Wendentor was chosen for this purpose, which was previously used by the court to observe the hustle and bustle of the fair during the royal shooting. The area was subsequently named Anatomieberg , later called Gaußberg . This Theatrum Anatomicum was to be provided with illustrative material on a ducal order: If disciples in the workshop, hospitalists at St. Leonhard , poor people who get their livelihood from the poor institutions, whores and whores children die, this should always be reported to the Collegio Medico and such cadavera, if the Collegium Medicum so demands, be administered to the Theatro Anatomico. Around 1830, the institute received 25 to 50 bodies annually.

With the construction of today's Inselwall promenade between 1831 and 1835, the Rudolphs bulwark was transformed into a park, today's Gaußberg. The old anatomy was also broken off.

Accouchierhaus

At the instigation of Carl Gottlieb Wagler , the Accouchierhaus , which had been planned since 1759 , was opened in 1767 . This maternity hospital was located on the corner of Wendenstrasse and Wilhelmstrasse and enabled unmarried women in particular to have a better delivery.

Poor hospital

Poor hospital, Wendentor, 1780, copper engraving by Anton August Beck

The construction of a ducal hospital for the poor was planned in 1758, started in 1764 and completed in 1780 by Ernst Wilhelm Horn . The two-storey corner house on Wendenstrasse and Wilhelmstrasse was adjacent to the Accouchierhaus and served to accommodate the sick previously housed in the St. Leonhard Infirmary and in private houses. Use was free for all private individuals who had to pay a daily fee for food, accommodation, medicines and medical treatment. The clinic was expanded in 1835/36 and renamed the Ducal Hospital in 1843/44 .

Botanical Garden

In 1828 a botanical garden was laid out on the western bank of the flood ditch. Initially, hardly more than 200 plant species were cultivated on almost 0.9 ha . In 1836 Johann Heinrich Blasius took over the chair for descriptive natural sciences. His tasks included lectures in botany for the budding surgeons and the management of the still modest anatomy garden , the biodiversity of which increased under Blasius. A new botanical garden for the Collegium Carolinum was laid out in 1840 on the site of the former stately wooden courtyard. The old part of the garden was lost when the anatomy school was closed.

Teacher

The following teachers worked in chronological order at the Anatomical-Surgical Institute :

student

The following list gives a selection of well-known students:

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Albrecht: The Age of Enlightened Absolutism (1735-1806) . In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck , Gerhard Schildt (ed.): The Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. A region looking back over the millennia. Appelhans , Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-930292-28-9 , pp. 583f
  2. ^ August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome : Geographical-statistical representation of the state forces of all the countries belonging to the German confederation . III. Part. Gerhard Fleischer, Leipzig 1827, p. 42 .
  3. ^ Karl-Rudolf Döhnel: The Anatomical-Surgical Institute in Braunschweig , Braunschweiger Werkstücke, Volume 19, Braunschweig 1957, p. 18
  4. ↑ Carl Ferdinand Kleinert (Ed.): General repertory of the entire German medical-surgical journalism . Kollmann, Leipzig 1832, p. 399
  5. ↑ Gaußberg Park . ( braunschweig.de [accessed on November 16, 2017]).
  6. ^ Richard Moderhack : Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte with time table and bibliography. Braunschweig 1997, ISBN 3-87884-050-0 , p. 277
  7. ↑ Dietmar Brandes : Botanical Gardens in the Braunschweig area , communications from TU Braunschweig, Volume XXV, Issue I / 1990.


Coordinates: 52 ° 16 ′ 20.5 ″  N , 10 ° 31 ′ 23.8 ″  E