Dyer's chamomile

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Dyer's chamomile
Dyer's chamomile (Anthemis tinctoria)

Dyer's chamomile ( Anthemis tinctoria )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Anthemideae
Genre : Chamomiles ( Anthemis )
Type : Dyer's chamomile
Scientific name
Anthemis tinctoria
L.

The Färberkamille ( Anthemis tinctoria , Syn. : Cota tinctoria ), which also Dyer's Chamomile is called, is a flowering plant in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is an old dye plant that is native to Central Europe.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The dyer's chamomile is a perennial , rarely one to two year old herbaceous plant that reaches heights of growth of up to 80 centimeters. It has a woody rhizome. The upright stem is tomentose. The leaves are finely pinnate, their underside is gray-white.

Generative characteristics

On a stem there is usually only a cup-shaped inflorescence that can reach a diameter of up to 4 centimeters. The flower heads contain golden yellow (for ornamental varieties also white, pale yellow or orange) ray and tubular flowers . The achenes are only 0.5 mm long and weigh 0.4 mg. They are almost double-edged and have narrow wings. One pappus is missing.

Dyer's chamomile pollen (400 ×)

The flowering period extends from June to September.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

ecology

The dye chamomile is a short-lived hemicryptophyte and a half-rosette plant.

The inflorescences are "cup flowers" with 350 to 500 hermaphroditic tubular flowers and 30 to 50 (seldom missing) ray flowers. The cups are closed at night. The stamens are irritable. Pollinators are bees and various other insects .

With their pappus , the fruits are subject to the spread of wind ; in addition, human spread occurs as an ornamental and useful plant .

Occurrence

The distribution area of ​​the dye chamomile includes Europe, western and central Asia, the Caucasus and western Siberia. The species is a neophyte in Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, North America, Tasmania and the Canaries. The dye chamomile is native to Central Europe. It is cultivated and occasionally wilds.

The dyer's chamomile thrives in dry grass, on roadsides, dams, on wasteland, in vineyards, as well as on steppe slopes and bushy places. It grows on dry stone soils that are often poor in humus and fine earth, especially on limestone, porphyry or gneiss. Dyer's chamomile loves lime. It occurs in the colline to montane altitude range up to 1000 meters. On the Swabian Alb, it reaches a height of 990 meters at the Gosheim Chapel. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Poo-Anthemidetum tinctoriae from the association Convolvulo-Agropyrion, but also occurs in societies of the associations Seslerio-Festucion pallentis or Dauco-Melilotion.

Dyer's chamomile ( Cota tinctoria )

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies of the dye chamomile ( Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay , Syn .: Anthemis tinctoria L. ):

  • Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay subsp. tinctoria
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. australis (R. Fern.) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs in France, Italy, Sicily and Sardinia.
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. euxina (Boiss.) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. fussii (Griseb. & Schenk) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs in Romania.
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. gaudium-solis (Velen.) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs in Bulgaria.
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. parnassica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, in Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey and is a neophyte in France.
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. sancti-johannis (Stoj. & al.) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs in Bulgaria.
  • Cota tinctoria subsp. virescens (Bornm.) Oberpr. & Greuter : It occurs in Turkey.

use

The dye chamomile is an old dye plant , its flower heads are used to dye wool and linen in a strong, warm yellow. In the case of protein fibers (e.g. wool, silk), the dyeing is not very lightfast and washfast , whereas on cotton or hemp, the intense yellow shades are very lightfast. The main color of the flowers is luteolin (3 ', 4', 5,7 tetrahydroxyflavonol), which other ingredients are responsible for the color is not known.

Cultivation

Dyer's chamomile is unproblematic in cultivation. It is very tolerant of the nature of the soil as well as of climatic influences with the exception of high humidity, which leads to excessive formation of leaves at the expense of the flowers. Excessive fertilization with more than 80 kg nitrogen / ha causes abundant vegetative growth, but delays the formation of flowers and increases the tendency towards storage. Neither pests nor diseases are known. Downy mildew can occasionally occur, but this is not impairing.

In the case of cultivation in the field, machine sowing takes place flat in a fine-crumbly seedbed in August and September or as early as possible in spring. As a rule, neither fertilization nor pesticides are necessary; in the case of strong weed growth, weed control can be carried out with a machine hoe, harrow or harrow. The inflorescences can be harvested with chamomile picking machines , but must be harvested several times and immediately dried at 40 ° C. The yield of air-dry inflorescences is around 20 to 25 dt / ha. The production costs in Germany are around 2 to 3.50 euros per kilogram, the world market price is in the range of 7.50 euros per kilogram (as of 2004).

history

The dyer's chamomile was first described and illustrated by Leonhart Fuchs in his Latin book of herbs in 1542. In his German herbal book (1543) he writes about this: ".. blooms in the fallow month, since it smears the white seeds too and throws up the beds, so it would also be suitable for stroking".

Common names

For the Färberkamille or were only partly regional, the names Gilbblume , gold flowers , giel Jehonnesbluamen ( Transylvania ), locust flowers , geel Camomile , Stone Flower ( Worms ), Sterkblumen and match flowers common.

literature

  • Andrea Biertümpfel, Henryk Stolte, Barbara Wenig: Dye plants . Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR), Gülzow-Prüzen 2004, PDF file .
  • Eberhard Prinz: Dye plants. Instructions for dyeing, use in culture and medicine, 117 dye plants . Schweizbart, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-510-65258-7 , pp. 68-69.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, Herbert Hanus, Ernst Robert Keller (ed.): Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops (=  Handbook of Plant Cultivation . Volume 4 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2006, ISBN 3-8001-3203-6 , pp. 541-543 .
  3. ^ A b Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  4. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  931 .
  5. ↑ a b Cota in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  6. ↑ M. Koltzenburg: Anthemis L. 1753, Hundskamille . In: O. Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 6, 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3343-1 , pp. 141-147.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: W. Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Cota tinctoria In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  8. ^ Gerhard Wagenitz : Family Compositae . In Gustav Hegi : Illustrated Flora of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. Volume VI, Part 3, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-489-84020-8 , p. 306.
  9. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : The herb book of 1543. New Kreüterbuch . Verlag Taschen, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-8228-1297-8 , Cap. VIII.
  10. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, pp. 31-32. (on-line)
  11. ↑ Publishing information and supplement to the book by Eberhard Prinz (author)

Web links

Commons : Dyer's chamomile  - album with pictures, videos and audio files