Architecture in Königsberg (1327–1700)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The architecture in Königsberg (1327–1700) describes Königsberg's buildings from the foundation of the cities of Altstadt , Kneiphof and Löbenicht to the coronation of Frederick III. of Brandenburg (1701). The three cities were merged officially only in 1724 by Frederick William I . Königsberg became the royal capital and residence of Prussia .

Gothic

Koenigsberg Cathedral

Construction of the Christian sacred building probably began in 1327. Two sources are given for this year. On April 8, 1327, Bishop Johann transferred the sum of 300 marks to the Dombauhütte . On October 10, 1327, the cathedral chapter lent land, the lease was dedicated to the construction of the cathedral. To the three aisles scale nave , the foundation of a planned two-tower facade to the west followed. The entire building block is 53.6 m long and 29.2 m wide. The Königsberg Cathedral was planned with a monumental double tower facade based on the example of Kulm or Kulmsee . The Königsberg and Kulmer Doms had a double tower facade, which is "otherwise only very rarely found in the Order of the Land". Following the example of the Königsberg Cathedral, the Kumehnen Church , the Arnau Church and the Fischhausen parish church were built in Samland .

Deutschordensburg Königsberg - convent house and castle tower

The Gothic convent house of the Deutschordensburg Königsberg was a four-wing house with an inner courtyard. The old castle fountain was in the middle of the courtyard of the convent house. When the castle church was built in the last decades of the 16th century, the parts of the convent house still standing at that time, the south and west wings, were demolished.

The dominant Gothic castle tower was particularly identity-creating. The castle tower testified to "a mystical heaviness" and was influenced by the "incomparable monumental architecture of those fortified structures full of character that the German Order had erected in East and West Prussia from the 13th to the 16th century", such as Marienwerder Castle or Marienburg .

From the castle tower was daily Oh stay with your grace and now all forests rest by five blowers blown in the four directions. The tower blowing ended with the British air raids on Königsberg on August 30, 1944. The castle tower, which was in danger of collapsing, was blown up in 1947. In 1965, the remaining remains of the castle were blown up.

Castle and Renaissance

Kneiphof, castle and old town church (1557)

Albrechtstor

After the Treaty of Krakow , the palace was expanded in the Renaissance style under Duke Albrecht (1530–1568) . Duke Albrecht went to Nuremberg and was looking for a “master builder of the new Renaissance style”. In 1530 Friedrich Nussdörfer from Nuremberg came to Königsberg. In 1532, Nussdörfer built the Albrechtstor, a gatehouse over the north-eastern entrance to the castle. The room of Duke Albrecht was built on the main floor, which was marked outwards by two angled bay windows. "The gatehouse with its simple renaissance forms was the first structure in this style in Prussia". In the winter of 1624/25 the wooden ceiling of the room in Albrechtstor collapsed, whereupon a new ceiling was put in place. On this occasion, the whole room was redesigned.

Renaissance gable on the woman's room

Duke Albrecht continued the palace renovation on the old east wing. Since Duke Albrecht had married the Danish princess Dorothea (Prussia) (1504–1547), daughter of Frederick I (Denmark and Norway) , the so-called women's rooms were now required. The new court architect Christoph Römer expanded the east wing. This now received a third floor with a high hip or gable roof. Renaissance gables and a corner bay facing the courtyard were attached to the outside as a sign of the Duchess's room.

Renaissance gable of the granary and bathhouse

The gables of the granary and bath house were equipped with stepped gables with semicircular attachments; a gable motif that was one of the “Renaissance forms of the 16th century that appeared in all of Central Europe”. According to Wagner, comparable Renaissance buildings are the Celle Castle , the Detmold Castle or the Melanchthon House in Wittenberg . The castle was plastered and decorated with sgraffitos in scrollwork forms. According to Wagner, comparable sgraffito decorations are in the inner courtyard of the Dresden Palace or on the Schlossplatz wing in Berlin . Some of the portals included elaborate stone carvings. Duke Albert also created the silver library and was the founder of the Albertus University named after him .

Castle church with renaissance gable

The castle church (Königsberg) , built on the model of the church in Szczecin Castle from 1584–1595, is considered to be “the first Protestant church to be built”. The interior of the castle church had a single-nave wooden vault. The facade showed Renaissance gables, which were designed in the style of the German Renaissance influenced by the Dutchman Hans Vredeman de Vries . There were the north and south gables of the castle church as well as seven towards the suburb of Steindamm and three towards the castle courtyard.

  • Castle courtyard

  • Castle Church

  • Wooden vault based on the Szczecin model

Chimneys and portals

The marble fireplace in the Dutch Renaissance style in Duke Albrecht's writing room from 1551 came from the workshop of Cornelis Floris . The portal on the courtyard side of the southern wing of the Königsberg Palace also showed forms of the Dutch Renaissance. Likewise the portal from the arbor to the Muscovite Hall of the Königsberg Palace, from 1580. In the style of the late Renaissance also the fireplace in the Muscovite Hall.

  • Portal on the courtyard side of the southern wing of the Königsberg Palace

  • Portal from the arbor to the Muscovite Hall of the Koenigsberg Palace

  • Fireplace in the Muscovite Hall of the Koenigsberg Palace

Neurossgärter Church

Designed by the Prussian court mathematician Christian Otter , the church was built between 1644 and 1647. The hall without a choir had a flat wooden arched vault.

Renaissance houses

address history Dating architecture image
Fleischbänkenstrasse No. 35 The Groebisches Institut ( Groebensches Scholarship House ) had been located in the building since 1711 . Then Masovia's first corp house was there . 1640 It was a three-window house with a now lost tail gable with volutes and tailwork . The sandstone facade was adorned with face masks that had suffered from repeated oil painting. It was one of the “most beautiful Renaissance facades of the Kneiphof”. The portal was made in 1640. Königsberg, Scholarship House portal.jpg
Kneiphöfsche Langgasse No. 27 The house belonged to Max Aschmann and was home to the “Steffens und Wolter” wine shop. 1635 The Renaissance house had elaborate portals from around 1636 both inside and outside. Königsberg, Kneiphöfische Langgasse No. 27, outer portal.jpg Königsberg, Kneiphöfische Langgasse No. 27, Inneres Portal.jpg
Junkerstrasse No. 6 Hagensche Hofapotheke. The building with the Renaissance facade belonged to the court pharmacist Karl Gottfried Hagen (December 24, 1749 to March 2, 1829). After Hagen married in 1784, Hagen had the house rebuilt. 1654 The year 1654 could be read in the Renaissance gable of the house. However, this number only indicated a reconstruction building. The house itself was much older. The house was demolished in 1913. The figure on the gable was later placed in the house. Königsberg, house Junkerstraße 6.jpg Königsberg, house Junkerstraße 6, stone figure Hope 1654.jpg
Polish Alley House (formerly Steinhauptstrasse) 9 unknown 1654 The house had the gable, portal and interior fittings (fireplace) in the Renaissance style. Königsberg, Polnische Gasse 9, Giebel.jpg Koenigsberg, Polnische Strasse 9, Portal.jpg
Old Town Market No. 6 Grisard's house 1640 The building, demolished in 1895, had a portal (1640) that was exhibited in the Prussia Museum after the house was demolished. Königsberg, Old Town Market No. 6, Portal.jpg
Old Town Market No. 13 From 1711 the owner was the councilor Justus Jacob Hedio. Sandstone around 1640 Beautifully curved gable that carried a pyramid and bust decoration.
Old town market no.15 The owner was Albrecht Friedrich von Derschau. From 1767 the house belonged to Professor Jacob Friedrich. The house was the birthplace of Zacharias Werner. unknown The listed building was accidentally demolished in 1925 because the monument protection had been overlooked. The building had a Brachert plaque on it. Königsberg, Altstädtischer Markt 15, around 1590.png
Old town Langgasse No. 23 at the corner of Schmiedestrasse The Hahnsche house was across the back of the Town Hall and Altstädtischer Headquartered 1751-1763 the bookstore Kanter. around 1630 The “beautiful Renaissance house” from around 1630 showed numerous figurative sculptural decorations. Königsberg, house Altstädtische Langgasse 23, corner of Schmiedestrasse Commercial building of the bookstore Kanter.jpg
Altstädtische Bergstrasse No. 29, corner of Polnische Strasse (Steinhauptstrasse, Alte Schloßhalle) 1655, renovated in 1770 The corner building was a "pretty house" with a "porch and volute gable". On the ground floor of the house there was a stucco ceiling that depicted volcano, Venus, Armor and Hercules in two circular fields, who wrestled with the Nemean lion. Königsberg, Polnische Str., Formerly Steinhauptstr. House number 29.gif
Old town Langgasse No. 29 Buchdruckerei Schulz around 1630 House with "volute gable and three-part arched window starting from services". Königsberg, Altstädtische Langgasse No. 29.jpg
Wassergasse No. 39 unknown 1638 The house had a three-story portal ("Dutch work") that was created around 1635. Königsberg, Haus Wassergasse No. 39, portal, allegory of Venus, 1635 (2) .jpg Königsberg, Wassergasse No. 39, Steinportal.jpg
Kneiphöfsche Langgasse No. 59, corner of Magisterstraße unknown 1640 The house had a portal with Dutch shapes. An elaborately designed spiral staircase (1640) was in the house. After the house was demolished in 1890, the portal was shown in the Prussia Museum . Königsberg, Kneiphöfische Langgasse No. 59, Portal.jpg Königsberg, Kneiphöfische Langgasse No. 59, stairs.jpg
Koggenstrasse No. 29
 unknown 17th century The house had a 17th century portal that had Dutch influence. Königsberg Koggenstraße 29 Portal.jpg

literature

  • Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt : Immortal Königsberg Castle . P. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2004, OCLC 56686151 .
  • Christofer Herrmann: The beginnings of the Königsberg cathedral building , in: Bernhart Jähnig (Hrsg.): 750 years Königsberg: Contributions to the history of a residence town for a time . Elwert, Marburg 2008, OCLC 281162800 , p. 327-352 .
  • Tomasz Torbus: History of the Deutschordensburg Königsberg , in: Bernhart Jähnig (Hrsg.): 750 years Königsberg: Contributions to the history of a residence town for a time . Elwert, Marburg 2008, OCLC 281162800 , p. 353-384 .
  • Wulf D. Wagner : The Königsberg Castle - A short building history from the end of the order to the accession of Friedrich Wilhelm I (1525-1713) , in: Bernhart Jähnig (Hrsg.): 750 years of Königsberg: Contributions to the history of a residence town for a time . Elwert, Marburg 2008, OCLC 281162800 , p. 385-416 .
  • Adolf Boetticher (Ed.): The architectural and art monuments of the province of East Prussia . On behalf of the East Prussian Provincial Parliament . Booklet VII. The architectural and art monuments in Königsberg. Bernhardt Teichert, Königsberg 1897, OCLC 312871065 .
  • Baldur Köster = Балдура Кёстера: Königsberg: Architecture from the German era = " Здания Кёнигсберга " . Booklet VII. The architectural and art monuments in Königsberg. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 2000, OCLC 237377396 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the section Königsberg Cathedral follows Herrmann's work, from p. 326: The beginnings of the Königsberg Cathedral building .
  2. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the section on the expansion of the palace under Duke Albrecht follows the work of Wagner, from p. 388: The expansion of the palace under Duke Albrecht 1530–1568 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. Miegel, pp. 11-16.
  2. ↑ Herrmann, p. 338.
  3. ↑ Podehl, p. 51.
  4. ↑ Podehl, p. 46f.
  5. ^ Robert Albinus: Königsberg Lexicon. City and surroundings. Special edition. Flechsig, Würzburg 2002, ISBN 3-88189-441-1 .
  6. ↑ Scharloff, p. 86.
  7. ^ Wagner, p. 388.
  8. ↑ Wagner, pp. 404-405.
  9. ↑ cf. Wagner, p. 390.
  10. ↑ Wagner, S. 385-416, here p 393rd
  11. ↑ Stöver, pp. 17-18.
  12. ↑ Nadler, pp. 74-79.
  13. ↑ Boetticher, p. 40.
  14. ↑ Wagner, S. 385-416, here p four hundred and first
  15. ↑ Wagner, pp. 385-416, here p. 400.
  16. ↑ Mühlpfordt (2004), p. 117.
  17. ↑ a b cf. Boetticher, p. 86.
  18. ↑ a b Mühlpfordt (1970), p. 21.
  19. ↑ cf. Boetticher, p. 86 and p. 87.
  20. ↑ Boetticher, p. 238 f.
  21. ↑ Boetticher, p. 240.
  22. ↑ Köster, p. 231.
  23. ↑ Mühlpfordt (1970), p. 222.
  24. ↑ Köster, p. 231.
  25. ↑ Boetticher, p. 100.
  26. ↑ a b c d e cf. Mühlpfordt (1970), p. 225.
  27. ↑ Boetticher, p. 225.
  28. ↑ cf. Mühlpfordt (1970), p. 222.
  29. ↑ Mühlpfordt, pp. 222f.
  30. ↑ Mühlpfordt, p. 223.
  31. ↑ Mühlpfordt, p. 144.
  32. ↑ Mühlpfordt, p. 223f.
  33. ↑ Boetticher, p. 213.
  34. ↑ Boetticher, p. 216.
  35. ↑ cf. Faber, p. 309.
  36. ↑ Boetticher, p. 211.
  37. ↑ Mühlpfordt (1970), p. 224.
  38. ↑ cf. Boetticher, p. 214.
  39. ↑ Boetticher, p. 369.
  40. ↑ cf. Boetticher, p. 225.