Kutuzovo
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Kutusowo
Schirwindt Кутузово
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Kutusowo ( Russian Кутузово , German Schirwindt , Lithuanian Širvinta , Polish Szyrwinta ) is a settlement (Russian: possjolok) in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , which, however, only serves military purposes. It belongs to the local government unit Stadtkreis Krasnoznamensk in Krasnoznamensky District . This is the location of the former town of Schirwindt. Its landmarks were the double-towered Immanuelkirche and the largest windmill ever built .
location
The village is located on the eastern border of the historical East Prussia region on the left bank of the Scheschuppe , a little below the confluence of the Schirwindt tributary , about 50 km northeast of Gussew (Gumbinnen) and 70 km southeast of Sowetsk (Tilsit) . The Schirwindt and the Scheschuppe below the confluence form the border with Lithuania here . Opposite, on the right bank of the Schirwindt, is the small Lithuanian town of Kudirkos Naumiestis (New Town) . The nearest town in Kaliningrad Oblast is Nesterow (Stallupönen / Ebenrode) in the southwest at a distance of about 25 km.
Timetable
- 2500 BC Chr .: Prehistoric finds testify to the settlement.
- 1000 AD: Schirwindt bears the name Svienita = holy place.
- 1283: The Teutonic Order's sphere of influence extends to Schirwindt.
- 1422: In the peace of the Melnosee the eastern border of East Prussia is established, which becomes the second oldest border within Europe. Schirwindt becomes a border town, later the easternmost town in Prussia and the German Empire.
- 1546/49: Construction of the first church in Schirwindt (burned down in 1640 or 1641).
- 1656: Tartar invasion , including via Schirwindt and Pillkallen to Ragnit : heavy devastation and acts of violence.
- 1695–1710: New construction of the Schirwindter Church.
- 1709/10: Great plague (Prussia) . Decimation of the population and desertification of the land. Later settlement of new settlers from the German Reich territory by King Friedrich Wilhelm I (Prussia)
- 1725: City charter granted by King Friedrich Wilhelm I.
- 1732: Immigration of the Salzburg exiles : in 1744 7 families with 24 people are registered in Schirwindt.
- 1757–1762: During the Seven Years' War East Prussia is under Russian rule.
- 1807: The French general Michel Ney quartered himself in Schirwindt with 30,000 soldiers. Looting. War tax circulation of 17,000 thalers.
- 1813: East Prussian Landwehr 1813 , many volunteers from Schirwindt.
- 1845: Friedrich Wilhelm IV's first visit to Schirwindt. Foundation of a new church.
- 1854: Second visit by the king.
- 1856: Inauguration of the 56 m high Immanuel Church, built according to the plans of Stüier in alignment with the Cologne Cathedral , by King Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
- 1900/01: Construction of the Pillkaller Kleinbahn to Schirwindt.
- 1914/15: Three Russian incursions with looting, pillage and complete destruction of the city. Severe damage to the church.
- 1916: The Bremen War Aid Association sponsors the reconstruction of Schirwindt.
- 1925: 200th anniversary of the founding of the city. Completion of the successful reconstruction.
- 1944: After the bombing, the city is evacuated before the Red Army .
- 1957–1974: City not rebuilt after total destruction. The area becomes a large military training area . Renamed to Kutosowo.
history
The river Surwinte (Schirwindt), after which the village was named, already had the meaning of a border river at the time of the Teutonic Order State . During the Northern Wars the Prussian border village Schirwindt was temporarily occupied by the Swedes and devastated by the Tatars . The border town of Schirwindt was founded in 1724 by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I and built in 1725.
From 1818 Schirwindt belonged to the Pillkallen district (1938–1945 Schloßberg district ) in the Gumbinnen administrative district of the East Prussian province . With the establishment of the German Empire , Schirwindt became the easternmost city in Germany. With a population of just over a thousand, it was also the smallest town in the province.
Schirwindt was connected to the district town of Pillkallen (1938-1945 Schloßberg, Russian: Dobrowolsk) through the narrow-gauge Pillkaller Kleinbahn via Grumbkowkeiten (1928–1945 Grumkowsfelde, Russian: Prawdino) . The border crossing was primarily of regional importance. At the beginning of the 20th century the city had a Gothic Protestant church, a synagogue , a Reichsbank branch, a secondary customs office, a flax processing company and a flax and grain trade.
The First World War brought the city - like the Lithuanian New Town - severe hardship. After the Battle of Gumbinnen , the residents fled from the advancing Russian troops. They looted the city and then burned it down. Only the church, two farm buildings and two houses were spared. They wanted to build Schirwindt elsewhere and preserve the rubble as a monument to the Russian era. Under the chairman Leopold Biermann , the Bremen War Aid Society for Schirwindt (East Prussia) eV ensured the rapid reconstruction of the “dead city”. Kurt Frick was the architect in charge. Because of its remoteness, the city grew only marginally in the following years.
In 1945, the city Schirwindt to belong district Schlossberg in Administrative district Gumbinnen of the German Reich .
The Second World War brought renewed destruction of the city. As early as October 1944, Schirwindt was the first German city to be conquered by the Red Army , which first reached the German Empire here. Unlike Pillkallen and Goldap , Schirwindt was not recaptured by the Wehrmacht .
After Schirwindt came under Soviet administration in the summer of 1945 , the town charter was revoked. For Schirwindt, the place name Kutusowo was introduced in 1947 , named after the Russian general Mikhail Illarionowitsch Kutusow , at the same time the place was classified in the village soviet Pobedinski selski Sowet in Krasnosnamensk Raion , but deleted from the register of places in 1978. Officially, he was only a military post. By a resolution of the Oblast Duma of May 22, 1997, Kutuzovo got the status of a settlement again and belonged to the village district Dobrowolski selski okrug . In the 2002 census, 18 inhabitants were registered there, while the population in the 2010 census was given as zero. From 2008 to 2015 Kutuzovo belonged to the rural municipality Dobrowolskoje selskoje posselenije and since then to the urban district of Krasnosnamensk.
Only part of the old school is still there and serves as barracks for the border guards. The foundation of the Immanuel Church can still be seen.
Population development until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 1,230 | without the garrison (a squadron of hussars ) |
| 1802 | 1,331 | |
| 1810 | 1,208 | |
| 1816 | 1,139 | thereof 1,109 Evangelicals and 30 Catholics (no Jews) |
| 1821 | 1,078 | |
| 1831 | 1,075 | |
| 1905 | 1,302 | mostly evangelicals |
| 1933 | 1,179 | |
| 1939 | 1,090 |
coat of arms
Until 1945 Schirwindt was the German city that saw the sunrise first. It is 31 minutes ahead of Central European Time . The coat of arms that Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Bestowed on the city on August 3, 1846, commemorates him . It shows the rising sun in the blue background of an open, crenellated gate, its rays thrown through it and, as it were, into the city. Above her, under a Gothic pointed arch and the hanging iron portcullis, hovers the spread out old Prussian eagle, adorned with a crown, golden weapons and clover stalks . It bears the royal monogram FR on the chest . The right claw holds the scepter , the left the imperial orb . A silver crown with three battlements rests above the shield.
District of Schirwindt (1874–1945)
Between 1874 and 1945 Schirwindt was an official village and gave its name to an administrative district in the Pillkallen district (1938 to 1945 "Schlossberg district") in the Gumbinnen administrative district of the Prussian province of East Prussia . At the beginning 15, at the end 11 municipalities belonged to the district:
| Surname | Change names 1938 to 1946 |
Russian name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eye-popping | Hochweiler (East Pr.) | ||
| Baltrusks | Worry fields | 1923 incorporated into Passaußen | |
| Birkenfelde | |||
| Dwarishks | Löbelshorst | 1928 incorporated into Schilleningken | |
| Gettkenden | |||
| Goberischken | Goben | ||
| Jodupönen | Nassfelde | ||
| Maurutschatschen | Border fields | ||
| Paplips | Bog mill | ||
| Parschen | |||
| Paszuiszen from 1923: Passport |
1923 renaming to "Baltruschen" | ||
| Sample leak | Border fields | 1928 incorporated into Maurutschatschen | |
| Schilleningken | Ostdorf (East Pr.) | Samarskoye | |
| Warupönen (Municipality) |
since 1928: Lindenhof |
||
| Waru tones (good) |
On January 1, 1945, the administrative district of Schirwindt was still made up of the following municipalities: Birkenfelde, Gettkandt, Goben, Grenzfelde, Hochweiler, Lindenhof, Moormühle, Naßfelde, Ostdorf, Parschen and Sorgenfelde.
Schirwindter Church
Church building
Based on the notes of Pastor Färber and Professor Weber
When Albrecht of Prussia converted to the Protestant faith in 1525 , he issued an order that Protestant churches should be built wherever possible. In Schirwindt, the point furthest to the east, construction began in 1546. In 1559 it was finished, a small church on what would later become the school square. It may have been pathetic, performed from the simplest of materials, and poorly furnished inside with an altar, pulpit and a side pulpit for the Tolken, who had to translate the pastor's sermon into Lithuanian sentence by sentence during the service, a facility that promotes solemnity certainly did much harm to the service. In 1640 or 1641 this first little church was destroyed by a fire.
In 1688 the elector ordered the timber, and in 1695 construction of the church finally began. The funds were nowhere near enough, and the church was not completed until 1710, after the king had previously put out a collection for the entire Duchy of Prussia for the construction of the church. From 1753 onwards major repairs and improvements to the church began, which in 1817 even led to the removal of the tower and in 1818 to the construction of a new tower. In 1845 the church was supported with wooden pillars, a picture of decay, a reflection of the poverty of the Schirwindt parish.
Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
As a result of the emergency year in East Prussia in 1844, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV visited the stricken province and announced his visit for June 7th and 8th, 1845 in Schirwindt. There was great jubilation in the city, and all streets were festively decorated. The villages through which the king had to come had also put on festive robes. At the welcoming by the city authorities, the mayor presented Kurschat with a petition which, among other things, was aimed at aid for the new building of the church. The king immediately read the message carefully and promised his decision for the next day. During the royal dinner in the Biernbroth house (later a pharmacy), the king asked the pastor and mayor about the conditions in the town and church. On the evening of June 7th, Friedrich Wilhelm IV walked with the Rittmeister von Plehwe through a back gate into the field, then came through the Richtstrasse to the market, was cheered there by the crowd and asked Pastor Kiesewetter to show him the very dilapidated church . On the way he had already said to his entourage when he saw that the large church, which he had seen from afar, was not in Schirwindt, but in Neustadt :
"If I have built a cathedral for the Catholics in the west, I want to build a cathedral for the Evangelicals here in the east, which protrudes into Russia as proudly as the Catholic Church over here."
The next morning the city spread the news that the king had approved the building of the new church at state expense. And really he wrote the memorable words in the city chronicle:
"In memory of my stay in this city, I have approved the new building of the damaged parish church and I will be very happy to visit it once it has been completed."
Joy in the heart, the pastor and mayor thanked him for this decision. With a happy heart the Schirwindter escorted the sovereign on his departure.
construction
A few days later the city was informed by the high president that the king had taken over the construction of the church at his own expense. The laying of the foundation stone could not be celebrated until August 3, 1850. As the foundation stones could still not be brought in on time, construction had to be interrupted shortly after the foundation stone was laid. It was not until June 1851 that construction began to take place again. From now on things were going well, so that on June 17, 1854, on the second visit of the king, construction was already quite advanced. On the occasion of the king's third visit on September 13 and 14, 1856, the solemn consecration and handover to the community could take place on September 14.
Immanuel Church
Already on September 12th, guests came from far and wide to see their king and to attend the consecration hour. Two gates of honor, one at the west end of the city, at the exit of Pillkaller Strasse, and one at the end of Augustpöner Strasse were built. On September 14th at 8 a.m. the king arrived here and stayed at the Blumschen house (pharmacy). Meanwhile, the farewell ceremony had taken place in the old church and the sacred implements had been brought to the parish. From there, the solemn procession to the church began to ring with bells and stood in front of the church. The gilded church key was presented to the king by Gerhardt, the government building officer, on a cushion of white atlas with black borders. From this he received the general superintendent , who handed him over to the local pastor Mertineit. During the festive service the church was filled to the last standing room. In the consecration speech, the name Immanuelkirche (Immanuel = " God with us ") was added to the newly built church at the request of the king. The sermon of the local chaplain concluded the service, which was framed by singing lectures from the Caralene Teachers' College . After the divine service, which had made a tremendous impression on everyone - including those of the Catholic and Mosaic faith - there was lunch in the Blum house. Shortly afterwards the king got into the carriage. After a farewell address by the mayor, we went through the crowded crowd, out of Schirwindt, amid enthusiastic cheers.
The Immanuelkirche, which stands so impressively at the easternmost point of the German Empire as a refuge of the Evangelical faith, was partially destroyed by the First World War, but its reconstruction was completed after the war. It was rededicated on Pentecost Sunday (May 31st) 1925 by General Superintendent Paul Gennrich and opened with a festive service on June 7th, 1925 to mark the 200th anniversary of the city. Surrounded by a beautiful, shady church garden, the church formed the impressive center of the city and its parish. The two 56 m high towers could be seen from afar and demonstrated the important location of the city on the German-Lithuanian border.
Parish
Before 1945 a predominantly Protestant population lived in Schirwindt. The parish , which used to be part of the Ragnit inspection (now Russian: Neman), belonged to the Pillkallen parish until 1945 (1938–1946 Schloßberg , now Russian: Dobrowolsk) in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union .
Today the next Protestant congregation is the one in Babuschkino ( Groß Degesen ) in the Kaliningrad provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia (ELKER). The rectory is that of the Salzburg Church in Gussew .
Parish places
The extensive parish of the Schirwindter Church until 1945 included 42 villages, localities and residential areas (the * indicates a school location):
| Surname | Change name from 1938 to 1946 |
Russian name | Surname | Change name from 1938 to 1946 |
Russian name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eye-popping | Hochweiler (East Pr.) | Klein Königsbruch | ||||
| Baltrusks | Worry fields | Klein Kubinehlen | ||||
| Baragehlen | Hauptmannsdorf | * Squeeze | Spruce height | |||
| Barsden | Maurutschatschen | Border fields | ||||
| Berszeningken 1928–38: Berßeningken |
Spruce height | Neuhof | ||||
| Birkenfelde | Novischken | Brämerhusen | Beregovoye | |||
| * Budupönen | Moosbach (East Pr.) | Owraschkino | Paplips | Bog mill | ||
| * Daynen | Yours | Parschen | ||||
| Doristhal | Rasino | Paschillballen | ||||
| Dwarishks | Löbelshorst | Paszuiszen from 1923: Passport |
||||
| Oak fields | * Pierages | Nicklashagen | ||||
| Get edges | Sample leak | Border fields | ||||
| * Goberischken | Gobern | * Schilleningken | Ostdorf (East Pr.) | Samarskoye | ||
| Groß Königsbruch | * Chimes | Schwarzenbergs | ||||
| Jodupönen | Nassfelde | * Schirwindt | Kutuzovo | |||
| Iodine numbers | Autumn fields | Schönbruch | ||||
| Jodzuhnen 1936–38: Jodschuhnen |
Iodinations | Urbantatschen | Urbanshöhe | |||
| Kaptainischken | Hauptmannsdorf | A lot of effort | ||||
| Chewing beans | Marderfelde | Waru tones | Lindenhof | |||
| * Kermu rails | Ladmannsfelde | Wöszupchen 1936–38: Wöschupchen |
Floodplain | |||
| Kischen | Two-stroke | Wöszupöhlen 1936–38: Wöschupöhlen |
Washing |
Pastor
From the Reformation to the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe 1945–1950 , 29 pastors officiated in Schirwindt:
- NN, from 1549
- Thomas Gedkandt (Gettkandt), 1553–1563
- Thomas Gidrantes, 1563
- Johann Höpner, 1572–1581
- Johann Gettkandt, until 1592
- Johann Lademann, 1623
- Jacob Seidler, around 1662
- Johann Sperber, 1662–1666
- Daniel Renn, 1666-1696
- Johann Schultz, 1696-1724
- Caspar Langowski, 1724-1728
- Erhardt Wolff, 1729-1731
- Wlochatius, 1731
- George Lisiewsky, 1732-1734
- Gerhard Ludwig Mühlenkampf, 1734–1736
- Jacob Friedrich Naugardt, 1737–1751
- Ephraim Friedrich Meißner, 1752–1803
- Johann Samuel Müller, 1803-1817
- Christian Wilhelm Trosien, 1817–1832
- Johann Wilhelm Ferdinand Kiesewetter, 1832–1853
- August Eduard Mertineit, 1853–1858
- Leopold Otto Loebell, 1858–1882
- Hermann Moritz Wilhelm Lau, 1883–1885
- Theodor Alfred Färber, 1887–1926
- Werner Siegfried F. von Vultejus, from 1894
- Karl Maximilian Uckermark, 1895
- Rudolf Bernhard Grunwald, from 1897
- Bernhard Herford, 1899–1907
- Gerhard Ruhmland, 1926–1933
- Johannes Henschel, 1933–1940
- Horst Sturm, 1942–1943 (fallen)
- Guhl
- Over
Sons of the city
- Egbert Braatz (1849–1942), surgeon
- Ottomar Cludius (1850–1910), philologist
- Arthur Milchhoefer (1852–1903), classical archaeologist
military
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What the Germans left behind in 1944 were mostly gun positions .
“The reinforced concrete walls are 2.5 to 3 meters thick. Individual stands were equipped with movable turrets that allowed all-round fire. In the vicinity of the town of Schirwindt, which was captured by our troops, there was a three-story cannon box, which housed a garrison of 69 soldiers. This small fortress had its own well for drinking water. "
Around Kutuzovo is a military training area that the Russian armed forces no longer use. A treaty is said to have been concluded with NATO for the disposal of ordnance . The Russian historian Gennadi Kretinin (* 1948) remembers the military training area:
“Its area measured 20 by 40 kilometers, it was the largest of its kind in the Soviet Union. Warsaw Pact military exercises took place here. Germans were not allowed to come here until 1985, with the exception of the GDR Defense Minister, who was a guest during a maneuver. "
memory
For the 200th anniversary of Schirwindt (1925), Berliner Allee was renamed Schirwindter Allee in Berlin-Westend ( Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district ) . It took its name from the easternmost city of the German Empire . Even today streets in Bremen and Winsen (Luhe) bear the name of Schirwindt. In gratitude for the Bremen reconstruction aid, Brückenstraße (on the south side of the Immanuelkirche) was named after Leopold Biermann in 1925 .
In the first months after the war the Lithuanians in Schirwindt collected "abandoned goods", building materials and other things. This made Antanas Spranajtis a small "Schirwindt Museum" in Kudirkos Naumiestis . To commemorate the Immanuel Church, he and Jean Charles Montigny and Russian border guards erected a wooden cross on the base at the height of the pulpit in 1999.
The extent of Schirwindt's destruction in World War I was described by the Russian poet Nikolai Stepanowitsch Gumiljow . The extinction of the city 30 years later has so far not found any literary expression. The Russian actor and director Alexander Anatoljewitsch Schirwindt wants to rebuild the city.
With the help of Russian soldiers, the first German place-name sign was erected on formerly East Prussian soil in October 2000 :
literature
- Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt : Brief messages from all preachers who have admitted to the Lutheran churches in East Prussia since the Reformation. Königsberg 1777, pp. 130-131 ( books.google.de ).
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 30, No. 7. ( books.google.de ).
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland. Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 519, no. 121 ( books.google.de ).
- Friedwald Moeller : Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945. Hamburg 1968.
- Julia Larina: City end. Schirwindt that no longer exists . Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Sankt Augustin and Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-95721-535-2 ( online )
Web links
- Schirwindt (genealogy.net)
- History of Schirwindt (ostpreussen.net)
- The Immanuel Church (ostpreussen.net)
- ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Schirwindt, pictures and films (Planet X) )
Remarks
- ↑ for Fridericus Rex
- ↑ With this he was referring to the further construction of the still unfinished Cologne Cathedral, which began in 1842 .
- ↑ Schultz survived the Great Plague (Prussia) .
- ↑ a b Mertineit († 1858) and Loebell († 1885) were members of the Corps Littuania .
- ^ J. Henschel was the father of the Federal Constitutional Judge Johann Friedrich Henschel (1931–2007). In the autobiographical epistolary novel Die Liebenden (Hamburg, 2002) J. Henschel appears under the name “Theodor Schlosser” as the father of the male protagonist Richard. The author is his grandson Gerhard Henschel.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ Image of the windmill (GenWiki)
- ↑ Dr. Barbara Loeffke-Eggert: Timeline of the history of Schirwindt . Schloßberger Heimatbrief, No. 12, Christmas 1974
- ^ Max Toeppen : History of Masuria. Bertling, Danzig 1870, pp. 80-81 ( books.google.de ).
- ↑ a b c Julia Larina: Пограничное состояние Ширвиндта (German translation: Schirwindt - on the border between history and the present. In: Christmas letter 2013, Kreisgemeinschaft Schlossberg). Ogonyok , No. 40 of October 1, 2007.
- ↑ a b c Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . Volume 17, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 812
- ^ A b Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 30, point 7).
- ^ A b August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 519, no. 121.
- ↑ Holger H. Herwig : The First World War. Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914-1918. Arnold, London 1996, ISBN 0-340-67753-8 , p. 131.
- ↑ a b c d e f Wolf Oschlies: Preussische Allgemeine Zeitung. (PDF) October 27, 2007.
- ↑ Through the Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 17 ноября 1947 г. “О переименовании населённых пунктов Калининградской области” (Ordinance of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the Renaming of Places of the Kaliningrad Oblast” of November 17, 1947).
- ↑ Information on gako2006.narod.ru.
- ↑ No. 38: Об упорядочении учета сельских населенных пунктов области.
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 370–371, item 631.
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. pillkallen.html # ew33pillschirwind. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ a b The honest East Prussian. A calendar book for 1984 , 35th year. Rautenberg, Leer 1984. ISBN 3-7921-0278-1 .
- ↑ Quoted from: Der Redliche Preuße und Deutsche. 1936.
- ^ Rolf Jehke: District of Schirwindt
- ↑ Schloßberger Heimatbrief, No. 12, Christmas 1974
- ↑ Destruction of the Immanuel Church in Schirwindt (Sirvinta)
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 486.
- ↑ a b Schloßberger Heimatbrief, No. 12, Christmas 1974
- ↑ a b c d is not mentioned in the list of pastors in Friedwald Moeller, Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945 , Hamburg, 1968, p. 134
- ↑ The lost city. In: Ostpreußenblatt. December 16, 2000
