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Neman
Ragnit Неман
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Neman ( Russian Неман , German Ragnit , Lithuanian Ragainė , Polish Ragneta ) is a small town in the Russian Oblast Kaliningrad (former northern East Prussia ) with 11,798 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010). It is the seat of local government unit Stadtkreis Neman in Nemansky District .
Geographical location
The city is located on the southern, up to 15 meters high bank of the Memel River , which is called Neman in Russian and forms the border with Lithuania here. Nearby is the Rombinus mountain, which, along with the Samland Rinau and the Rominter Heide, was one of the main pagan sanctuaries of the region. In addition to the river, the Schlossberg and Obereißeln, the highest elevation in the region, shape the landscape. The neighboring town of Sovetsk (Tilsit) is 10 kilometers to the west .
history
History of the castle and town since the Middle Ages
The town has its origins in Ragnit Castle (Prussian ragas : horn, corner, headland, tip, protruding), a base of the Prussian tribe of the Schalauen . They settled on both sides of the Memel River in the 13th century at the latest. Around 1220 the then wooden castle was besieged by a Russian army unsuccessfully, but in 1277 the Teutonic Knight Order under the Vogt of Samland Theodoric managed to destroy the castle. The knights built a new wood and earth castle in 1289, which they called "Landeshut". However, this name did not catch on, and so it stayed with the original name. In 1293 another fortress was built on a peninsula of the Memel, the Schalauerburg. Both castles secured the Order's land to the north and were bases for the Teutonic Order's Lithuanian Wars that began at the end of the 13th century .
During these armed conflicts in 1355 the Schalauerburg was destroyed. It was rebuilt a year later, but after it was razed again in 1365, it was decided not to rebuild it again. In contrast, Ragnit Castle, which was also burned down , was built in brick between 1397 and 1409 with the help of the Rhineland master builder Nikolaus Fellenstein, who was also involved in the construction of the Marienburg , to make it one of the strongest fortresses of the knightly order. In the meantime, under the protection of the castle, a market town had developed, which gained in importance thanks to the favorable traffic situation on the Heerstraße to Insterburg and the river crossing to the north. The order's plans to make the settlement a town were not carried out because of the defeat by Poland in the Battle of Tannenberg (1410) . However, the place became the seat of a commandery to which the castles in Tilsit and Labiau were also subordinate. Even after the secularization of the knightly order in 1525, Ragnit remained the seat of an official governor . In the 17th century the place was destroyed twice, during the Second Northern War in 1656 by Tatars , in 1678 during the Swedish-Brandenburg War by Swedish troops.
Due to the Great Plague (Prussia) and the subsequent famine, Ragnit lost two thirds of its population. In 1722, Ragnit was raised to town by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I. In the Seven Years' War the Imperial Russian Army destroyed the city with Cossacks and Kalmyks in 1757.
Ragnit also suffered severe fire damage in the Russian campaign in 1812 . The Prussian reforms of 1815 made Ragnit a district town. In 1922 it had to give up this status when the district of Ragnit and the district of Tilsit were combined to form the district of Tilsit-Ragnit and the district office was relocated to the larger neighboring town. In 1828, Ragnit Castle was badly damaged by fire.
After the completion of the Tilsit – Stallupönen railway line (1894) and the Ragnit – Insterburg narrow-gauge railway of the Insterburger Kleinbahnen (1913), industrial companies quickly settled. This resulted in brickworks and an iron foundry, and the city developed into a fruit growing center. In 1782 Ragnit had only 1882 inhabitants, their number had risen to 4591 in 1895.
At the beginning of the Second World War , Ragnit had a population of 10,094, and the town was home to pulp, wood goods and engineering factories. After the Red Army had reached the northern bank of the Memel in early August 1944 , the evacuation of the city was ordered on October 20, 1944. The inhabitants did not leave the province until January 1945 via the Baltic Sea as part of the Hannibal company . Ragnit was captured by the Red Army on January 17, 1945 without a fight.
The city was renamed Neman after the Russian name for the Memel River . As a result of resettlement projects, new settlers came mainly from central Russia , the region of today's Volga federal district, and from Belarus .
Population development
- until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 1,882 | |
| 1802 | 2,083 | |
| 1810 | 1,777 | |
| 1816 | 2,018 | 1,979 Protestants, 32 Catholics and seven Jews |
| 1821 | 1,990 | |
| 1875 | 3,875 | |
| 1880 | 3,580 | |
| 1895 | 4,591 | |
| 1905 | 4,908 | mostly evangelicals |
| 1925 | 7,780 | mostly evangelicals |
| 1933 | 9,293 | |
| 1939 | 10,061 | of which 9,254 Protestants, 248 Catholics, 235 other Christians and one Jew |
- since 1945
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1959 | 9,459 |
| 1970 | 11,613 |
| 1979 | 12,492 |
| 1989 | 13,821 |
| 2002 | 12,714 |
| 2010 | 11,798 |
Nemanskoye gorodskoje posselenije 2008-2016
The urban municipality Nemanskoye gorodskoje posselenije (ru.Nеманское городское поселение) was established in 2008. In addition to the town of Neman, it also included 19 other settlements that had previously belonged to the village districts of Bolschesselski selski okrug , Michurinski selski okrug and Rakitinski selski okrug . In 2017 the parish was integrated into the newly created urban district of Neman .
| Place name | Residents 2010 |
German name |
|---|---|---|
| Akulowo (Акулово) | 349 | Klein Neuhof-Ragnit |
| Artyomovka (Артёмовка) | 100 | Argeningken-Graudszen / Argenhof and Skambracken / Brakenau |
| Bolshoye Selo (Большое Село) | 539 | Under egg ods |
| Dubki (Дубки) | 412 | Paskallwen / Schalau |
| Dubrawino (Дубравино) | 9 | Palentien / Palen |
| Gorino (Горино) | 71 | Upper egg shells |
| Gudkowo (Гудково) | 87 | Gudgallen / Großfelde and Jonienen / Tilsenau |
| Iskra (Искра) | 152 | (Big) child |
| Kotelnikowo (Котельниково) | 136 | Neuhof-Ragnit |
| Krasnoye Selo (Красное Село) | 116 | Kiauschalien / Kleinmark and Klapaten / Angerwiese |
| Kustowo (Кустово) | 49 | Klein Lenkeningken / Kleinlenkenau |
| Lesnoje (Лесное) | 289 | Groß Lenkeningken / Großlenkenau |
| Michurinsky (Мичуринский) | 384 | Althof-Ragnit |
| Podgornoje (Подгорное) | 45 | Titschken / Tischken |
| Rakitino (Ракитино) | 407 | Courses |
| Rjadino (Рядино) | 14th | Raudszen / Rautengrund and Bambe / Heidenanger (Ostpr.) |
| Schdanki (Жданки) | 23 | Pellehnen / Dreidorf and Tilszenehlen / spring grounds |
| Tushino (Тушино) | 82 | Lobellen and Nettschunen / Dammfelde |
| Wetrowo (Ветрово) | 317 | Woy Stretching / Wod Stretching |
church
Evangelical
See the main article → Evangelical Church Ragnit
Parish church
The parish church in Ragnit was built in place of a previous church in 1771/72 as a plastered, three-aisled building. The tower dates from 1853. The interior is no longer available, because after 1945 the building was converted into a furniture store with apartments above. After an accident in 1993, the tower was removed up to the roof ridge of the nave, so that today only the substructure is preserved. A prayer room of the Catholic Church is now located here .
Parish
Ragnit was already a church village in the pre-Reformation period. In the course of the Reformation , Lutheran clergy took up their service here , first a Lithuanian preacher, then a German, until a third official was appointed after 1818. In 1925 the parish had 13,000 parishioners, most of whom lived in the city, but many of them also lived in over 40 parish towns.
Because of the flight and displacement of the population , Protestant church life in Neman came to a standstill after 1945. Today Protestant church members are oriented towards the small Evangelical Lutheran congregation in Sabrodino (Lesgewangminnen , 1938 to 1946 Lesgewangen) to the south-east of the city . It belongs to the Kaliningrad (Königsberg) provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia .
Church district Tilsit Ragnit / Diocese Ragnit
Ragnit was the official residence early on and gave its name to an inspection that was later converted into a church district . In the 1920s, the Ragnit parish was merged with the neighboring Tilsit parish , but the two dioceses remained separate, only parishes north of the Memel were excluded. The church district Tilsit-Ragnit with the diocese of Ragnit belonged to the church province of East Prussia of the Old Prussian Union until 1945 .
Catholic
Of the more than 10,000 inhabitants of the city of Ragnit, only 248 were Catholics in 1939. They held their mass celebrations with the provost from Tilsit (Sowetsk) in the Ragniter Castle until the construction of a small church with a parsonage was possible. She belonged to the diocese of Warmia . Today the building is no longer owned by the church. The community uses a small prayer room in the tower substructure of the former Protestant parish church.
Orthodox
In the 1990s, a parish of the Russian Orthodox Church was established in Ragnit . First, they celebrated their services in a separate room in the eastern part of the former Protestant parish church. Since 1995 it has had a newly built church. The parish is assigned to the diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltiysk .
Attractions
The ruins of the Ragnit Castle of the Teutonic Order are worth seeing. It is almost square in shape, with eleven large halls and many smaller rooms on four floors. The convent building, the cabinet and the guest rooms of all 45 Commander Ragnits received special attention. Burned out several times, the interior of the castle was repeatedly rebuilt. From 1825 it served as a city and district court and prison, as well as a military court from 1849 and an administrative court from 1879 . During the Second World War , the castle burned down in 1944/45. Its ruins were partially blown up during the Soviet era. Allegedly, the Rosatom group , which started building a nuclear power plant 15 kilometers outside the city in 2010, is planning to support reconstruction.
The town church, used as such, and the narrow clock tower of the former outer bailey , as well as six memorial stones for those who died in the First World War, have also been preserved .
people
sons and daughters of the town
- Christian Otter (1598–1660), mathematician and fortress builder
- Friedrich Getkant (Bridžius Gedkantas) (* around 1602, † 1666), artillery officer, cartographer and fortress builder; was the first to transmit a folk song in Lithuanian
- Johann Friedrich Reiffenstein (1719–1793), painter and writer
- Johann Leopold Neumann, ennobled by Bähr (1793–1897), Prussian surveyor and copperplate engraver
- Julius Bacher (1810–1890), writer
- Kurt von Sanden (1842–1901), manor owner and member of the Prussian House of Representatives
- Richard Kleffel (1850–1919), medical officer
- Henry Settegast (1853–1901), crop scientist
- Karl Brinkmann (1854–1901), Second Mayor in Königsberg (and Berlin)
- Gustav Laukant (1869–1938), German politician (USPD)
- Ernst von Windheim (1891–1946), district administrator
- Erwin Bodky (1896–1958), harpsichordist and musicologist
- Freya Stephan-Kühn (1943–2001), writer
Connected to the city
- Martin Mosvid (Martynas Mažvydas), writer and printer of the first book in Lithuanian in 1547, was pastor in Ragnit from 1549 to 1563 († May 21, 1563)
economy
The largest company in the city is the Neman cellulose and paper combine with more than 1000 employees.
Not far from Neman, the cornerstone ceremony for the Kaliningrad nuclear power plant took place on February 25, 2010 in the presence of the Rosatom boss Sergei Kirijenko , the Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov and the Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast Georgi Boos , whose two blocks with a total capacity of 2300 megawatts in 2016 and should go into operation in 2018. After several delays and denials, Russian Infrastructure Minister Igor Kalinin announced in June 2016 that the project would be completed, but not within the allotted timeframe.
traffic
Streets
Neman is conveniently located just 13 kilometers from Sowetsk (Tilsit) on European route 77 . The A 198 trunk road (formerly the German Reichsstrasse 132 ) runs through the city and connects Sowetsk with Gussew (Gumbinnen) . A few kilometers east of the city, trunk road 508 ends, which leads from Kaliningrad (Königsberg) in a wide arc through the southeastern Kaliningrad Oblast to here.
rails
There is no longer a rail connection for Neman. Before 1945, the city was a train station on the Tilsit – Ragnit – Pillkallen / Schloßberg – Stallupönen / Ebenrode railway and the terminus of the Kraupischken / Breitenstein (Ostpr) small railway .
Town twinning
literature
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, pp. 30–31, no. 8) .
- Michael Antoni (edit.): Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler West- and East Prussia. The former provinces of West and East Prussia (Deutschordensland Prussia) with Bütower and Lauenburger Land. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-422-03025-5 , pp. 504-507
- Herbert Kirrinnis: The City of Ragnit . In: Fritz Brix (Ed.): Tilsit-Ragnit, city and district . Würzburg 1971, p. 188-208 .
- Ragnit, castle and city . In: Neue Preussische Provinzial-Blätter . Born 1848 July - December, Königsberg 1848, pp. 74–78. .
Web links
- City of Ragnit
- Newspaper «Nemanskie Vesti» (Russian)
- Neman - Ragnit (Russian)
- Neman on mojgorod.ru (Russian)
- Neman at bankgorodov.ru (Russian)
- Neman at prussia39.ru (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ http://biblio.unibe.ch/web-apps/maps/zoomify.php?pic=Ryh_6102_1_A.jpg&col=ryh Prvssiae descriptio ... Henrico Zellio edita (map from 1573)
- ^ Max Toeppen : About Prussian Lischken, spots and cities. A contribution to the history of the municipal constitutions in Prussia . In: Old Prussian Monthly Journal , Volume 4, Königsberg 1867, pp. 511-536, especially p. 515.
- ↑ Theodor Werner: From the Anno 1767, September 24th, etc. by the Russians, plundering and cremation of the city of Ragnit. (From an unprinted chronicle of the Vice-Mayor Theodor Werner from October 2, 1757.) In: Vaterländisches Archiv für Wissenschaft, Kunst, Industrie und Agrikultur or Prussische Provinzial-Blätter . Volume 14, Koenigsberg 1835. pp. 417-420.
- ↑ See Theodor Schieder [arr.]: Documentation of the expulsion of Germans from East Central Europe. Volume I / 1, No. 16, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1984 (dtv-reprint), ISBN 3-423-59072-6
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, pp. 30–31, no. 8) .
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 362–363, item 562.
- ^ A b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Tilsit-Ragnit district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 16, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 571.
- ↑ The Big Brockhaus . 15th edition, Volume 15, Leipzig 1933, p. 351.
- ↑ By the Закон Калининградской области от 30 июня 2008 г. № 257 «Об организации местного самоуправления на территории муниципального образования" Неманский городской округ "» (Law of the Kaliningrad Oblast June 30, 2008, No. 257. On the organization of local self-government in the field of municipal formation "city circle Neman")
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 2: Pictures of East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, p. 112, fig. 497
- ↑ Евангелическая кирха Рагнита - Evangelical Church Ragnit at prussia39.ru (with historical and current photos)
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch: History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 488
- ↑ Evangelical Lutheran Provosty Kaliningrad ( Memento of the original dated August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Ragnit at GenWiki
- ↑ Hope for Schloss Ragnit, Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, 14/2010 of April 3, 2010
- ↑ Aušra Žičkienė: Dar kartą apie Bridžiaus Gedkanto įrašą XVII a. atminimų albume: kontekstų studija. Once more about Friedrich Getkant's Entry in the 17th c. Friendship Album: Study of Contexts . In: Lietuvos muzikologija 19 (2018), pp. 161–174 ( PDF at www.academia.edu), u. a.
- ↑ Rosatom began with the construction of the Baltic NPP ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at RIA Novosti (Russian)
- ^ Electricity for Europe: start of construction for a nuclear power plant in Kaliningrad at RIA Novosti
- ↑ https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/briefs/economy/9741996-pravitelstvo-baes-stroitsya-no-ne-tak-bystro-kak-khotelos-by.html
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