Dobrovolsk
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Dobrowolsk
Pillkallen (Castle Hill) Добровольск
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Dobrowolsk ( Russian Добровольск , German Pillkallen , 1938–1945 Schloßberg , Lithuanian Pilkalnis , Polish Pilkały ) is a town in the Krasnosnamensk Raion in the Russian Oblast of Kaliningrad . The settlement belongs to the municipal self-government unit of the Krasnosnamensk District . Until 1945 it was the district town of the East Prussian district of Pillkallen (1939 to 1945 district of Schloßberg ).
Geographical location
The village is located in the east of the historic East Prussia region , about 45 kilometers northeast of Insterburg ( Tschernjachowsk ), 55 kilometers southeast of Tilsit ( Sowetsk ) and 125 kilometers east of Königsberg i. Pr. ( Kaliningrad ). It is 23 kilometers to the border with Lithuania to the local branch of the submerged town of Kutusowo (Schirwindt) . The two neighboring cities of Gumbinnen ( Gussew ) and Stallupönen (1938 to 1946 Ebenrode , in Russian Nesterow ) are 30 and 15 kilometers away, respectively.
history
The older name Schlosbergk (first mentioned on September 14, 1516 in Ragnit's house book) indicates a Prussian refugee castle . The elevation was later called Mühlenberg. The name Pillkallen (mentioned in 1545 on the occasion of an inheritance dispute) suggests later Lithuanian settlers (Lithuanian pilkalnis : heaped hill, burial mound, barrow , castle or castle hill; in contrast, Prussian pilgarbis ). Since 1549 Pillkallen was a church village in the previous market town.
Friedrich Wilhelm I (Prussia) gave Pillkallen and Gumbinnen town rights in 1725. The plague from 1709 to 1711 brought great losses. Then came new settlers from Nassau. In 1756, an evangelical reformed parish church made of field stones was consecrated, but it died out in 1819.
From 1818 Pillkallen was a district town in the Gumbinnen administrative district.
In 1848 the rifle guild was founded as the first club in Pillkallen, whose traditions are continued after 1945 by the Winsen (Luhe) rifle corps .
At the beginning of the 20th century, Pillkallen had a Protestant church, a preparatory institute , a district court, a Reichsbank branch, an iron foundry, machine manufacturing and a brick factory.
Pillkallen, like Gumbinnen, was almost completely destroyed by the Russians in 1914. The twin city of Wroclaw helped rebuild.
As part of the renaming of places in East Prussia in 1938 , the municipality name was changed to Schloßberg based on the previous name . In 1945, Schloßberg belonged to the district of Schloßberg in the Gumbinnen administrative district in the East Prussian province of the German Empire .
On January 15, 1945 the Red Army occupied Schloßberg during the Second World War . In the summer of 1945, Schloßberg was temporarily placed under Soviet administration in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement .
In 1947 the Soviet administrative authority for Schlossberg introduced the place name Dobrowolsk and the town charter was withdrawn. The function of a regional center was transferred to the nearby Krasnosnamensk (formerly Lasdehnen and Haselberg ). Dobrowolsk was initially the seat of a village soviet or district and in 2008 the seat of a rural community. Since 2016 the place belongs to the city district Krasnosnamensk . The place and the surrounding area are still largely destroyed. In 1947 more than 1200 Schloßbergers met in Hamburg and founded the "" Kreisgemeinschaft "Schloßberg" which still exists today.
Population development
- until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1772 | 1,230 | without the garrison (a squadron of hussars ) |
| 1802 | 1,290 | |
| 1810 | 1,142 | |
| 1816 | 1,057 | of which 1,035 Protestants and 22 Catholics (no Jews) |
| 1821 | 1,374 | |
| 1875 | 2,386 | |
| 1890 | 2,869 | eight Catholics and 34 Jews |
| 1905 | 4,290 | including 23 Catholics |
| 1910 | 4,347 | |
| 1933 | 5,005 | |
| 1939 | 5,833 |
- since 1945
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 2002 | 1,555 |
| 2010 | 1,693 |
traffic
The village is located at the intersection of the three Russian regional roads R 508 , R 509 and R 510 .
In 1894 the city was connected to the Tilsit – Stallupönen railway line , which was closed to passenger traffic after the Second World War and then to goods traffic and was no longer in operation. From 1901 to 1945 there were also rail connections from Pillkallen via Grumbkowkeiten (1938 to 1946: Grumbkowsfelde, today in Russian: Prawdino) and Kiauschen (1938 to 1946: Wetterau) to Lasdehnen (1938 to 1946: Haselberg, Russian: Krasnosnamensk) and Schirwindt (Kutusowo) and Doristhal (Rasino). These routes, operated by the Pillkaller Kleinbahn , were not reactivated.
Dobrowolski selski Sowet / okrug 1947–2008
The village soviet Dobrowolski selski Sowet (ru. Добровольский сельский Совет) was established in July 1947. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the administrative unit existed as the village district Dobrowolski selski okrug (ru. Добровольский сельский округ). In 2008 the remaining places in the village district with two exceptions were taken over into the newly formed rural community Dobrowolskoje selskoje posselenije; the two places Saratovskoye and Schelannoje came to the rural municipality of Wesnowski selskoje posselenije .
| Place name | Name until 1947/50 | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Bolotnikowo (Болотниково) | Szameitkehmen / Schameitkehmen, 1938–1945: "Lindenhaus" | The place was renamed in 1947. |
| Denissowo (Денисово) | Duden, 1938–1945: "Dudenwalde" | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1988. |
| Dmitrovo (Дмитрово) | Eymenischken-Wassaken, 1938–1945: "Stutbruch" | The place was renamed in 1950 and abandoned before 1975. |
| Dobrovolsk (Добровольск) | Pillkallen, 1938–1945: "Schloßberg" | Administrative headquarters |
| Drosdowo (Дроздово) | Black Ballen, 1938–1945: "Grundweiler" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially assigned to the Wesnowski Village Soviet . It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Filatowo (Филатово) | Rod eyes | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially assigned to the Wesnowski Village Soviet. It was left before 1988. |
| Kustarnikowo (Кустарниково) | Birkenfelde / Birkenhof | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Wesnowski Village Soviet. It was left before 1988. |
| Kutusowo (Кутузово) | Schirwindt | The place was renamed in 1947 and initially assigned to the Pobedinski Village Soviet . In 1997 he was admitted to the Dobrowolski village district. |
| Losowoje (Лозовое) | Salten | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Novouralski village soviet . It was left before 1988. |
| Lugowoje (Луговое) | Blumenthal | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially assigned to the Tolstovsky Village Soviet . It was left before 1988. |
| Lukaschowka (Лукашовка) | Schmilgen and Petereithelen [Gut], 1938–1945: " zu Schleswighöfen" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Novouralski village soviet. It was left before 1988. |
| Medvedkino (Медведкино) | Mingstimmen, 1938–1945: "Wiesenbrück" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially assigned to the Wesnowski Village Soviet. It was left before 1988. |
| Mirny (Мирный) | The newly created place a little north of the former Szieden / Schieden place was added to the Dobrowolski village district in 1997. | |
| Nisowoje (Низовое) | at Schmilgen | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Novouralski village soviet. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Poscharskoye (Пожарское) | Doblendszen / Doblendschen, 1938–1945: "Kayserswiesen" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Novouralski village soviet. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Pskovskoye (Псковское) | Petzingken, 1938–1945: "Hainort" | The place was renamed in 1950. |
| Saltykowka (Салтыковка) | Anti-sanding / advertising | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1975. |
| Saratovskoye (Саратовское) | Groß Schorellen, 1938–1945: “Adlerswalde”, and Klein Schorellen | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Novouralski village soviet. |
| Shanino (анино) | Schackeln, 1938–1945: "Mittenbach" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially assigned to the Wesnowski Village Soviet. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Schelannoje (Желанное) | Henskischken, 1938–1945: "Hensken" | The place was renamed in 1947. |
| Zheleznodorozhnoe (Железнодорожное) | Karczarningken / field of flowers | The place was renamed in 1950. |
| Shchedrino (Щедрино) | Schaaren, 1938–1945: "Scharen" | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1988. |
| Sokol (Сокол) | Kellmischkeiten, 1938–1945: "Stubbenheide" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Novouralski village soviet. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Tretyakovo (Третьяково) | Sodargen | The place was included in 1997 in the village district Dobrowolski. |
| Tushino (Тушино) | Groß Tullen, 1938–1945: "Reinkenwalde" | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1988. |
| Velikolukskoje (Великолукское) | Jutschen, 1938–1945: "Weidenbruch" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Novouralski village soviet. It was left before 1988. |
| Vorontsovo (Воронцово) | Weidenfeld (Neudorf, Karklaugken and Piptrurig) | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Novouralski village soviet. It was abandoned before 1975. |
The places Grieben (ru. Gribanowo), Jentkutkampen / Burgkampen , Kiebarten / Tiefenfelde (ru. Kirsanowka) and Schwirgallen / Eichhagen were included in the Dobrowolski selski Sowet by decree of November 1947. The place Jentkutkampen / Burgkampen was however also classified in the Rajon Nesterow , where apparently the three other places were also incorporated on site.
Dobrovolskoye selskoye posselenije 2008-2015
The rural community Dobrowolskoje selskoje posselenije (ru. Добровольское сельское поселение) was established in 2008. It included 19 settlements with 4,140 inhabitants on an area of around 640 km² (as of 2010). The settlements previously belonged to the village districts Dobrowolski selski okrug, Pobedinski selski okrug and Prawdinski selski okrug . At the end of 2015, the rural community was dissolved and its settlements incorporated into the Krasnosnamensk urban district.
| Place name | German name |
|---|---|
| Bolotnikowo (Болотниково) | Szameitkehmen (Lindenhaus) |
| Dobrovolsk (Добровольск) | Pillkallen (Schlossberg) |
| Kutusowo (Кутузово) | Schirwindt |
| Leskowo (Лесково) | Rammonischken (Hagenfließ) |
| Lossewo (Лосево) | Groß Augstutschen (Rehwalde) and Kiauschen (Wetterau) |
| Mirny (Мирный) | Szieden (divorce) |
| Mitschurino (Мичурино) | Lasdinehlen (Sommerswalde) |
| Nikitowka (Никитовка) | Uszpiaunen (gravel village) |
| Novouralsk (Новоуральск) | Uszpiaunehlen (Fohlental) |
| Ostrogoschskoje (Острогожское) | Uszbördszen (Karpfenwinkel), Waldlinden and Rucken |
| Paporotnoe (Папоротное) | Plonszöwen (forest hooves) and storms |
| Pobedino (Победино) | Schillehnen (Schillfelde), Inglauden (Inglau) and Strunzlaugken (Strunzhof) |
| Poltavskoje (Полтавское) | Groß Rudszen (Mühlenhöhe) and Neu Rudszen |
| Pravdino (Правдино) | Grumbkowkeiten (Grumbkowsfelde) |
| Pskovskoye (Псковское) | Petzingken (Hainort) |
| Sharovo (Жарово) | Szardehlen (Scharden) and Martingken (Martingen) |
| Zheleznodorozhnoe (Железнодорожное) | Karczarningken (field of flowers) |
| Tretyakovo (Третьяково) | Sodargen |
| Vysokoye (Высокое) | Alxnupönen (Altsnappen) |
coat of arms
Blazon : "Three golden windmills next to each other in red on a silver battlement wall with an open gate on green ground".
The coat of arms appears on the only known seal of the town of Pillkallen in 1724 .
Manors
The following manors belonged to the Pillkallen (Schloßberg) district before 1945 :
- Nowischken (1935 to 1945 Brämerhusen , Russian: Beregowoje, no longer existent) belonged to the Braemer family since 1818 and most recently from 1932 to 1945 Hans Waldemar Karl Friedrich Braemer, together with the Vorwerke Nathalwethen (1938 to 1945 Brämerswalde ) and Neuhof . The estate had 856 hectares, of which 200 were forest and 400 were arable land, meadows and pastures. The manor house was destroyed in World War I and then rebuilt one floor higher. A large part such as parquet, stairs and furniture were built from our own wood. The village had 180 inhabitants through family, domestic workers and field workers.
- Doristhal (Russian: Rasino, no longer existent) with 250 hectares was also owned by the Braemer family for many generations. Most recently it belonged to Karl Friedrich Walter Braemer, the cousin of Hans Waldemar Braemer.
- Kummetschen (1935 to 1945 Fichtenhöhe , no longer existent) with 330 hectares was another estate of the Braemer family. This was last property of Arno Braemer, the uncle of Waldemar Braemer.
- Szameitkehmen (1938–1946: Lindenhaus , today Russian: Bolotnikowo) with about 250 hectares was an estate of the Steiner family. It had been owned by this family since the middle of the 18th century. The main source of income was the breeding of Trakehners for the Wehrmacht (Remont horses). Remounts were put up for sale by the remounting commission on its own remounting market in Szameitkehmen. More Gutsbetriebe the family were the manor Waldau Kadel (Russian: Stepnoje, no longer in existence) with about 260 hectares and the manor Reusch village (Polish: Ruska Wieś) in today's Poland with about 600 hectares. The estate also had a distillery and a sawmill. This manor is now owned by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and is still preserved. The horse breeding was first class next to the cattle breeding. The cattle breeding (Rittergut Waldaukadel) was tailored to milk production and the sale of bulls and storks at the auction of the East Prussian Herdbook Society in Insterburg (Russian: Tschernjachowsk).
church
Evangelical
Church building
A Protestant church existed in Pillkallen as early as 1559 . This simple half-timbered church was burned down in 1644 and rebuilt in 1650. However, due to severe structural damage, the building had to be demolished. Between 1756 and 1758 a plastered field stone building was built , which was only given a tower in 1910. The furnishings included valuable wood carvings from the church from 1650.
The church building was damaged during World War II and demolished in 1945. At the place of the Pillkaller Church in Dobrowolsk there is a Russian victory monument today.
Parish
The Pillkaller Protestant parish was founded in 1559. In 1925 the parish had 10,012 parishioners who lived in more than 30 parish towns . At last two pastors did their service here. The parish of Pillkallen was the second oldest in the parish of Pillkallen (Schloßberg).
Due to the flight and expulsion of the local population as well as the restrictive religious policy of the Soviet Union , Pillkallen / Schloßberg resp. Dobrowolsk started ecclesiastical life. Today Dobrowolsk lies in the catchment area of the Evangelical Lutheran congregation in Babuschkino (Groß Degesen) , which was newly established in the 1990s . It belongs to the church region Gussew (Gumbinnen) of the provost of Kaliningrad (Königsberg) in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia .
Church district Pillkallen (Schloßberg)
Before 1945 Pillkallen resp. Schloßberg is the central place and eponymous for a church district within the church province of East Prussia of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union . The incorporated places belonged to the Pillkallen district , but some also belonged to the Gumbinnen district and the Stallupönen (Ebenrode) district. They were assigned to nine parishes:
| Surname | Change name from 1938 to 1946 |
Russian name |
|---|---|---|
| Large spritzers | Adlerswalde (East Pr.) | Saratovskoye |
| Big Warningken | Steinkirch | Sabolotnoye |
| Kiss | Wesnowo | |
| Laser stretching | Haselberg | Krasnosnamensk |
| Mallwischken | Mallwen | Corn bunk |
| Pillkallen | Schlossberg | Dobrovolsk |
| Schillehnen | Schillfelde | Pobedino |
| Schirwindt | Kutuzovo | |
| Okay | Izmailovo |
Reformed parish
Between 1733 and 1819, in addition to the Lutheran church in Pillkallen, there was also an Evangelical Reformed congregation, which was mainly recruited from immigrant Huguenots . It was embedded in the reformed parish of Königsberg (Prussia) . The church building went to the Lutheran congregation in 1819, whose second pastor moved into it as a parsonage.
The Reformed clergy in Pillkallen were:
- Christian August Burghardt, 1733–1939
- Karl Collins, 1740-1768
- Samuel Bestvater, 1768-1800
- Karl Georg Kretschmar, 1800–1804
- Karl Gillet, 1804-1807
- Christian David Möhring, 1807-1819.
Catholic
The numerically very small Catholic population Pillkallens had in the city not have a church building but was part of the far-area parish in images Wide's (1938-1946 Images widths , now Russian: Lugowoje). She was subordinate to the deanery in Tilsit (today Russian: Sowetsk) and belonged to the diocese of Warmia .
Culinary specialty
Sons and daughters of the place
- Heinrich Wilhelm von der Groeben (1657–1729), military person
- Johann Heinrich Wloemer (born February 8, 1726 in Pillkallen; † 1797), German lawyer
- Martha Asmus (born June 20, 1844 in Pillkallen; † after 1909), German writer
- Erich Dunskus (born July 27, 1890 in Pillkallen; † 1967), German actor
- Horst Salomon (born May 6, 1929 in Pillkallen; † 1972), German writer
- Hildegard Wohlgemut (* 1933 in Pillkallen; † 2003), German painter
- Ralf-Peter Devaux (born May 22, 1940 in Schloßberg), German secret service agent (GDR)
- Bernd Altenstein (born April 29, 1943 in Schloßberg), German sculptor
See also
literature
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 30, point 6).
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 469–70, no. 84.
Web links
- Collection of current pictures from Dobrowolsk in www.ostsicht.de
- City of Schloßberg (East Pr.) (Rolf Jehke, 2014)
- Pillkallen portal and everything about the history of the district and its cities and towns at GenWiki
- Dobrovolsk at bankgorodov.ru
- Dobrovolsk at prussia39.ru
Individual evidence
- ↑ Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ Heinz-Günter Hubert (2017). The history of the Schützengilde Pillkallen from 14. Winsen (Luhe).
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 15, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 877.
- ↑ a b Has been renamed from Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 25 июля 1947 г. "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Калининградской области" (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of July 25, 19e47)
- ↑ Heinz-Günter Hubert (2017). The history of the Pillkallen rifle guild from 14. Winsen (Luhe), p. 36.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 30, point 6).
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 338–339, item 451.
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. pillkallen.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ census data
- ↑ Only Schmilgen was renamed.
- ↑ maybe the dismantling I (?)
- ↑ Only Groß Schorellen was renamed .
- ↑ By the Закон Калининградской области от 30 июня 2008 г. № 256 «Об организации местного самоуправления на территории муниципального образования" Краснознаменский городской округ "» (Law of the Kaliningrad Oblast of 30 June 2008, Nr. 256: On the organization of local self-government in the field of municipal formation "city circle Krasnoznamensk")
- ^ Results of the All-Russian Census 2010.
- ↑ The place Mirny emerged completely new after 1945
- ↑ Erich Keyser : German city book - manual urban history , Volume I: Northern Germany. Stuttgart 1939, p. 106.
- ^ Otto Hupp : Deutsche Ortswappen , Bremen 1925.
- ^ Georg Hermanowski: East Prussia guide.
- ↑ North German term for cows that have not yet calved
- ↑ The Pillkaller Church
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 2: Images of East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, p. 110, figs. 486–488.
- ^ A b Walther Hubatsch: History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 485.
- ↑ Evangelical Lutheran Provosty Kaliningrad ( Memento of the original dated August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
