Arkadia (Crete)

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Profitis Iliad at Afrati

Arkadia ( ancient Greek Ἀϱϰαδία ) or Arkades (Ἀϱϰάδες) was an ancient koinon on the eastern edge of the Messara plain on the Greek island of Crete . Its center is located on and around the mountain Profitis Ilias near Afrati (Αφράτι) or south of Ini (Ίνι). The existence of the settlement union southwest of the Lasithi plateau is documented by written records from antiquity and on ancient coins. There is a connection by name to the present-day Orthodox metropolis of Gortyna and Arkadia within the Archdiocese of Crete and to the titular Catholic diocese of Arcadia , which goes back to a diocese in the Roman province of Creta et Cyrene .

history

The foundation and the name of the Koinon of the Arcadians in central Crete probably go back to Greek settlers from the Peloponnesian Arcadia after 1000 BC. BC back. This is evident from an inscription that was found in Ini and mentions a sanctuary of the Thelphousa ([ἱ] εϱὸν τᾶς Θελφούσας). Thelphousa was a nymph , daughter of the river god Ladon and namesake of the Arcadian city of Thelphusa . The Cretan Arkadia, in contrast to a polis , was a community without an urban center, a koinon of several smaller settlements with uniform citizenship and uniform institutions.

Grave complex

Federico Halbherr already examined the necropolis at tou Kofina to Kefali , which consisted of a few small tholoi with rectangular ground plans, probably from the Subminoic period (1100–1000 BC). Three fragments of a sarcophagus with Minoan decorative elements such as spirals and cult horns were also found in the region, probably from the middle of SM III C (1190–1100 BC). The excavations of 1924 under Doro Levi as well as 1968 and 1969 by Angeliki Lembessi on the 689 meter high Profitis Ilias 1100 meters west of Afrati yielded finds from the protogeometric period . So far only a few buildings have been examined, including a sanctuary from the 8th / 7th centuries. Century BC The ceramic finds are dated to at least the end of the 5th century AD. The burials in individual graves and necropolises on the western slope of Profitis Ilias date from the 8th and 7th centuries BC. BC, a sarcophagus burial from the 6th century BC. Chr.

Summit of the Profitis Ilias

The Cretan archaeologist Antonis Vasilakis assumes a prosperous city on Profitis Ilias between 1000 and 600 BC. From which he equates with Arkadia / Arkades. After that, the political center of Arcadia had been moved to Ini, where in the early Byzantine one time three-aisled basilica with the seat of a bishop was. On the Prophet Elias remained in the Hellenistic period a polygonal fortress. The Belgian historian Didier Viviers, on the other hand, locates the city of Dattalla (Δάτταλλα), also called Dataleis (Δαταλε ,ς), whose location is generally identified with Agios Georgios Papoura on the Profitis Ilias . Margherita Guarducci assumed a collection of locations for Arkadia, whereby the largest settlements were in Ini, whereas Paul Faure was only convinced of Ini as the location of the ancient site. From the presumably belonging to the field of Arcadians fortress classic or Hellenistic times on the top of Prophet Elias that on the road from Lyttos after Biannos lay residues are three round towers and parts of the northern and eastern wall, a short section of the south wall and received a deep cistern in the northeast area.

In the Hellenistic period, Arkadia was its own mint . For example, a bronze coin minted around 280 BC BC, on the reverse the inscription ΑΡΚΑ-ΔΩΝ next to the standing Athena (Poliochos?). Zeus Ammon with a ram's horn is depicted on the obverse . Since the 3rd century BC The Arcadian tribal community appears as a sovereign state in treaties with other poles of Crete and abroad. Before the middle of the century, a treaty between Gortyn and the Arcadians is dated, which is recorded on a block of limestone from the Odeion of Gortyn and probably represents an alliance treaty. Immediately before the outbreak of the Lyttic War , an isopolitical treaty between the Arcadians and Hierapytna is dated (c. 227/221 BC), which was preserved on two fragments of an opisthographic stele made of gray marble from Ierapetra , which are apparently lost today. Another inscription, found by Thomas AB Spratt , appears to be a fragment of a treaty relating to the grain trade between the Arcadians and the Hierophytes.

After Polybius , the Arcadians fell in the Lyttian War (221-219 BC) together with Polyrrhenia , Keraia, Lappa and the League of Oreioi from the alliance between Knossos and Gortyn and joined Lyttos. In addition to Lyttos, Arkadia was probably also captured and destroyed by the enemy in the war. With the support of "Hellenenbundes" under the Macedonians Philip V , however, the anti-knossische alliance won the war and the Arcadians were part of symmachy the Kretaieis . 193 BC The Arcadians concluded a treaty on the right of asylum for the temple of Dionysus in the Ionian Teos , which dates back to 160 BC. Was renewed, and 183 BC. They signed an alliance treaty with Eumenes II of Pergamon, along with other Cretan cities . Two fragments of an opisthographic stele made of local limestone found at Ini and dating from the late 2nd or early 1st century BC. On the obverse, the Arcadians decided to renew their friendship with Hierapytna and on the reverse the demarcation between the Arcadians and an unknown city, probably Knossos. The mentions on the Peutinger tablet between Litium (Lyttos) and Blenna (Biannos) under the name Arcade (approx. 300 AD) and as one of the 22 cities of the province of Creta in Notitia date from the time of Roman rule over Crete Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphany (approx. 530 AD).

literature

  • Federico Halbherr : Cretan Expedition XVII. Ruins of Unknown Cities at Haghios Ilias and Prinià . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 5 , no. 4 . Archaeological Institute of America, 1901, ISSN  0002-9114 , Haghios Ilias, p. 393-399 , JSTOR : 496582 (English).
  • Ludwig Bürchner : Arkades, Arkadia . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Supplement III, Stuttgart 1918, column 160.
  • Doro Levi : Arcades . In: Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente . No. 10-12 , 1929, ISSN  0067-0081 (Italian).
  • Angeliki Lembessi: Afrati . In: Stylianos Alexiou (ed.): Αρχαιότητες και μνημεία κεντρικής και ανατολικής Κρήτης (=  Archaiologikon Deltion 24 . Band 2 ). Hypourgeio Politismou, 1969, ISSN  0570-622X , p. 415-418 .
  • Angeliki Lembessi: Afrati . In: Stylianos Alexiou (ed.): Αρχαιότητες και μνημεία κεντρικής και ανατολικής Κρήτης (=  Archaiologikon Deltion 25 . Band 2 ). Hypourgeio Politismou, 1970, ISSN  0570-622X , p. 455-460 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Arcades (Irakleio) 22 Afrati - Αρκαδία. ToposText. In: Archaeological Atlas of the Aegean. Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation, accessed November 16, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Arcades. Trismegistos, accessed November 16, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Otto Hoefer : Telphusa 1 . In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (Hrsg.): Detailed lexicon of Greek and Roman mythology . Volume 5, Leipzig 1924, column 349 ( digitized version ).
  4. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis: Ancient Crete . CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 978-3-406-50850-9 , The frozen island: State and society in Crete between utopia and reality (approx. 630-300 BC), p. 64 .
  5. ↑ Sebastian Zöller: The society of the early "dark centuries" on Crete . Master thesis. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 2005, The sites: Afrati Profitis Elias, p. 96–97 ( digitized version [PDF; 1.4 MB ; accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  6. ^ A b Elisabeth Mlinar: Fortified cities, settlements and other fortification systems on Crete from the Archaic to the end of the Hellenistic period . Dissertation. tape 1 . University of Vienna, Vienna 2014, Dimos Viannou, S. 95–96 ( digitized version [PDF; accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  7. ^ Antonis Vasilakis: Crete . Mystis, Iraklio 2008, ISBN 978-960-6655-30-2 , Afrati (Ancient Arcades or Arkadia 1), p. 168, 173 .
  8. ↑ Elisabeth Mlinar: Fortified cities, settlements and other fortification systems on Crete from the Archaic to the end of the Hellenistic period . Dissertation. tape 1 . University of Vienna, Vienna 2014, Dimos Viannou, S. 94 ( digitized version [PDF; accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  9. ↑ Kenneth Francis Kitchell: Topographica Cretica: Topoi of Classical Crete with Testimonia . Dissertation. Loyola University Chicago, Chicago 1977, List of Sites, pp. 266 (English, digitized version [PDF; accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  10. ↑ Elisabeth Mlinar: Fortified cities, settlements and other fortification systems on Crete from the Archaic to the end of the Hellenistic period . Dissertation. tape 1 . University of Vienna, Vienna 2014, Fig. 65: Aphrati / Dattalla, Fort, Plan, p. 273 ( digitized version [PDF; accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  11. ↑ Wolf Aly : The Cretan Apollo cult . Preliminary study for an analysis of the Cretan gods cults. Dieterich, Leipzig 1908, Apollon Delphinios, p. 15 ( digitized version [accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  12. ↑ Arcadia around 280 BC Chr. Interactive catalog the Numismatic Collection. National Museums in Berlin, accessed on November 16, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis: The Treaties between Cretan Poleis in the Hellenistic Period . Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-515-06827-7 , contract between Gortyn and the Arcaders, before the middle of the 3rd century, p. 202 ( excerpt [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  14. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis: The Treaties between Cretan Poleis in the Hellenistic Period . Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-515-06827-7 , Isopolitical Agreement between the Arcadians and Hierapytna, approx. 227/21, p. 217 ( excerpt [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  15. ^ Thomas AB Spratt : Travels and Researches in Crete . tape 2 . van Voorst, London 1865, Appendix: Greek Inscriptions, p. 422 (English, digitized version [accessed on November 16, 2018]).
  16. ↑ Polybios : The Histories, Book 4. 53/54. University of Chicago, accessed November 16, 2018 .
  17. ↑ Werner Johannowski: Arkades . In: Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli , Giovanni Becatti (Ed.): Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica . tape 1 . Treccani, Rome 1958 (Italian, online [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  18. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Wiemer: War, trade and piracy: investigations into the history of the Hellenistic Rhodes . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 978-3-05-003751-6 , The 1st Cretan War, p. 145–148 ( excerpt [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  19. ↑ Ludwig Bürchner : Arkades, Arkadia . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Supplement III, Stuttgart 1918, column 160.
  20. ^ Antonis Vasilakis: The 147 Cities of Ancient Crete . Kairatos, Iraklio 2000, p. 11–12 (English, online [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  21. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis: The Treaties between Cretan Poleis in the Hellenistic Period . Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-515-06827-7 , The role of the Hellenistic great powers, p. 17-18 ( excerpt [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  22. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis: The Treaties between Cretan Poleis in the Hellenistic Period . Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-515-06827-7 , demarcation between the Arcadians and an unknown city (Knosos?), 1st century (or late 2nd century?), P. 376 ( excerpt [accessed November 16, 2018]).
  23. ↑ Tabula Peutingeriana. Euratlas, accessed November 16, 2018 .
  24. ^ Peutinger Table. § GR11 Crete Island. ToposText, accessed on November 16, 2018 .
  25. ^ Pseudo-Epiphanius: Notitia Episcopatuum. § 5.11 Province of Crete, under a consular, 22 cities. ToposText, accessed on November 16, 2018 .

Web links

Commons : Afrati  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Alexandros Roniotis: Arcadia. CretanBeaches, accessed November 16, 2018 .

Coordinates: 35 ° 6 ′ 9.9 ″  N , 25 ° 20 ′ 26.1 ″  E