Branchy affodilla
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Branched Affodill ( Asphodelus ramosus ) |
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The branchy Affodill ( Asphodelus ramosus ), which is also often called small fruited Affodill , is a species of the genus Affodill ( Asphodelus ) from the subfamily of the Affodill plants (Asphodeloideae) in the family of the grass tree plants (Xanthorrhoeaceae).
description
The branchy Affodill is a bald, persistent rhizome geophyte that reaches heights of 1 to 1.5 (rarely 2) meters. The rhizome is short and thick and abundantly covered with fibers of dried up leaves. More or less far from the rhizome, the roots are thickened into spindle-shaped tubers.
The up to 1 meter long and 1 to 4 centimeters wide leaves are arranged in a basal rosette, upright, stiff and keeled. The stem is leafless, massive and has an inflorescence with 3 to 10 (to 13) upright, 10 to 30 (to 45) centimeters long, unbranched side branches.
The bracts of the flowers are dry-skinned or whitish or brownish. The flower stalks are divided in the middle and spread obliquely at the time of fruiting and are 0.8 to 1 (to 1.3) millimeters thick. The bracts have a length of (10 to) 11 to 18 (to 21) millimeters and are white with a pink or brownish central nerve. The stamens are suddenly narrowed to the point from the widened base.
The capsules are 5 to 13 millimeters long, 3.5 to 10 (up to 11) millimeters wide, egg-shaped and tightly encased by the dried bloom cladding sheets. The seeds measure 5 to 8.5 × 2.5 to 4 millimeters and are gray.
The flowering period lasts from March to June.
distribution
The branchy Affodill is a characteristic, widespread and common plant of the Mediterranean area, which extends as far as the Canary Islands.
It occurs in thinned forests and maquis, in garrigues and in steppes and prefers base-rich, rocky, loamy or sandy, sufficiently deep soils. It inhabits altitudes from about 0 to 1000 meters, in the North African high mountains up to 2150 meters. Especially with intensive grazing it forms dense stands because it is not eaten by grazing cattle because of its toxic ingredients.
Systematics
The branchy Affodill is divided into two subspecies.
- Asphodelus ramosus subsp. distalis Z.Díaz & Valdés : The roots are only thickened to tubers at a distance of usually 8 to 12 centimeters from the rhizome and are about the same thickness in the piece in front of the tubers as behind the tubers. The leaves are fresh green. The base of the stamens is pale pink. The bracts are (13 to) 14 to 21 millimeters long, the capsules 7.5 to 13 mm, the seeds 6 to 7.5 mm. This clan replaces the nominotypical subspecies in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and on the Canary Islands . It is hexaploid with 2n = 84 chromosomes .
- Asphodelus ramosus L. subsp. ramosus : The roots are thickened to tubers at a very short distance from the rhizome and are much thicker in the piece in front of the tubers than behind the tubers. The leaves are blue-green. The base of the stamens is brownish-pink.
- There are three different cytotypes in this subspecies , which can also be separated morphologically:
- var. ramosus : The capsules measure only 5.5 to 7.5 × 4 to 7 millimeters and are ellipsoidal to ovoid. The seeds measure 5 to 6 × 1.8 to 2.5 millimeters. The size of the bracts is in the lower part of the range of variation of the species. This variety is common; it is the almost exclusively occurring clan on the north side of the Mediterranean with the exception of the warmest regions such as Malta , Sicily or southern Sardinia . This variety is diploid with 2n = 28 chromosomes.
- var. africanus ( Jordan ) Z.Díaz & Valdés : The capsules measure 7 to 9.5 × 5 to 8 millimeters and are ovoid-ellipsoidal to ovoid. The seeds measure 5.5 to 6.5 × 2.5 to 3 millimeters. The size of the bracts is in the middle part of the range of variation of the species. This variety is widespread in the Mediterranean North Africa and the Near East. It reaches Europe in Malta, Lampedusa , Sicily, southern Sardinia and southern Italy. This variety is tetraploid with 2n = 56 chromosomes.
- var. nervosus ( Pomel ) Z.Díaz & Valdés : The capsules measure 9 to 12 × 7 to 9.5 millimeters and are egg-shaped to almost spherical. The seeds measure 6.5 to 8.5 × 3 to 4 millimeters. The size of the bracts is in the upper part of the range of variation of the species. This variety comes from North Africa from Morocco (the most common to almost exclusively occurring clan there) to Libya ; it reaches Europe on Lampedusa and on the south coast of the Peloponnese . It is hexaploid with 2n = 84 chromosomes.
Botanical history
Asphodelus ramosus was first described by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum in 1753 . Of the six phrases that make up the protologue , only the first (a quote from the materia medica ) is demonstrably supported by herbarium material . Díaz Lifante & Valdés established this evidence as a lectotype in 1994 . It can be clearly identified as the common small-fruited Mediterranean clan. Therefore, this name has priority over the name Asphodelus microcarpus Viv, which was only introduced in 1824 .
In the following, however, this name was mostly given preference because the name Asphodelus ramosus was not regarded as unambiguous and was not used in a uniform sense by subsequent authors. A slightly older name, Asphodelus aestivus bread. (1804) was made a synonym for Asphodelus microcarpus in the middle of the 19th century and was later used instead for reasons of priority. However, Brotero understood Asphodelus aestivus to be another, late-blooming species with spherical capsules, the rhizome of which also does not have a shell made of dried-up leaf remains.
The version of " Asphodelus ramosus " in Flora Europaea (1980), in which this taxon was separated from Asphodelus aestivus (in the sense of A. ramosus L. ) mainly by the larger capsules, is based on the monograph by Díaz Lifante & Valdés tetra- and hexaploid plants of Asphodelus ramosus and taxa regarded as separate species such as Asphodelus cerasiferus and Asphodelus lusitanicus .
Common names
In German-speaking countries, the following other common names are or were used for the branchy Affodill and the White Affodill ( Asphodelus albus ), which were not differentiated, in some cases only regionally, according to Pritzel / Jessen also the following other common names : Affodillen ( Middle High German ), Afholzerwurz (Middle High German), Aphrodillenwurz (Middle High German), Colder (Middle High German), Gelwurz, Golde ( Old High German ), Goldgilgen, Goldhilgen (Middle High German), Goldkruyt (Middle High German), Goldwurz (Middle High German), Golteck (Middle High German), Königsscepter, Whipstock German, Wickzol (Middle High German), Middle High German) and Witlock (Middle High German).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Zoila Díaz Lifante, Benito Valdés: Revisión del género Asphodelus L. (Asphodelaceae) en el Mediterráneo Occidental. In: Boissiera. Volume 52, 1996, 189 pp.
- ↑ a b Ehrentraud Bayer, Karl Peter Buttler, Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Plants of the Mediterranean (= Steinbach's natural guide . Volume 17 ). Mosaik, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-570-01347-2 , p. 240 .
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 310, digitized .
- ↑ Zoila Diaz Lifante, Benito Valdés: Lectotypification of Asphodelus ramosus (Asphodelaceae), a misunderstood Linnaean name. In: Taxon. Vol. 43, No. 2, 1994, pp. 247-251, JSTOR 1222883 .
- ↑ IBK Richardson, BE Smythies: Asphodelus L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 17 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 48, online.
