August Hermann Ewerbeck

August Hermann Ewerbeck (born November 12, 1816 in Danzig ; † November 4, 1860 in Paris ) was a German-French writer , translator , doctor and communist. His pseudonyms were Dr. Wendel Hippler and Hermann Mitras

Life

Hermann Ewerbeck was born in Danzig as the youngest child of four siblings. His father Christian Gottfried Ewerbeck (born January 15, 1761; † December 27, 1837) was professor of mathematics, philosophy and German language at the academic Athenaeum grammar school and most recently its director. His mother was Christiane Concordia Augusta Pobowski († 1849). In the spring of 1835 Ewerbeck passed the Abitur with rite at the academic high school in his hometown . In May 1835 he enrolled at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin in medicine. He prematurely dropped the semester in philosophy prescribed by the medical regulations. He attended lectures on logic from Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg , history from Leopold von Ranke and chemistry from Eilhard Mitscherlich . At the end of 1836 he moved to the medical faculty. Here he attended lectures by Johannes von Müller , Friedrich Schlemm , Emil Osann and others. a. From October 1838 he did his military service as a one-year volunteer in the Kaiser Alexander Regiment . On August 16, 1839 he received his doctorate with a thesis on De phaenomenis opticis subjectivis (The subjective perception of optics).

In Young Hegelian thinking he saw a perspective. In the spring of 1840 he left Berlin, as he wrote to Arnold Ruge on January 3, 1841: "Tired of having to sit at home without saying a word and doing nothing about what happened and didn't happen there, I left the country of my own free will." First he traveled through Sweden, Denmark, England, Switzerland and Italy. At the University of Utrecht he applied for additional training as a surgeon on October 15, 1840. He then briefly opened a practice in Amsterdam , which he soon gave up. On July 21, 1841 he informed Ruge from Paris: In the “capital of the New World, where for half a century the martyrs have poured out their best blood of body and spirit with jubilation […] […] here I am forgetting gradually [...] what makes our people ailing like a hereditary disease. "

In Paris

As can be seen from Ewerbeck's letters to Arnold Ruge , he arrived in Paris in June 1841 at the latest. Since Wilhelm Weitling and others had already left Paris in May 1841, Ewerbeck was soon accepted into the “People's Hall” of the League of Justice . He helped to get rid of the secret society chrakter and it was he who at the end of 1842 or 1843 drafted the "Statutes of the League of the Just". At the end of 1843 he met Karl Marx in Paris, whom he referred to in 1846 as "the Aristotle of the 19th century". In an article for the “Trier'sche Zeitung” on June 29, 1846, he wrote about Marx: “The critical, legal and economic works of Carl Marx would probably be one of the greatest and most beautiful gifts that Germany's genius has brought to the French for a long time . “In addition to Marx, he also got to know Heinrich Heine and especially German Mäurer , with whom he had a long friendship. Hermann Ewerbeck exchanged letters with Wilhelm Weitling and helped finance the printing of the "Guarantees of Harmony and Freedom".

It was also Ewerbeck who drafted a federal catechism in 1844/45, a fragment of which was confiscated by the police from Carl Bühring in 1847. In his letters, Ewerbeck had already assigned Étienne Cabet a special role in the propagation of communism. Under the name “Dr. Wendel Hippler ”, he translated several of Cabet's works into German. He was influenced at the same time by Moses Hess , Karl Grün , Weitling and Marx. In the controversy over “true socialism” in 1846, he stood on the side of Marx and Engels . For Pierre-Joseph Proudhon he translated several writings by Ludwig Feuerbach and others into French.

In Paris Ewerbeck also got to know Roland Daniels and Wilhelm Joseph Reiff who would later be defendants in the Cologne communist trial . He was also named as a communist in the Berlin "high treason trial against the tailor Tietz".

On April 19, 1848, Ewerbeck took French citizenship.

During the revolution of 1848/49 Ewerbeck was head of the Paris community of the Bund der Kommunisten and correspondent of the Kölner Neue Rheinische Zeitung from 1848 to 1849. As a French delegate he was at the second democratic congress from October 26th to 30th, 1848 in Berlin. For the Neue Rheinische Zeitung he mainly reported on the revolutionary events in Paris.

To translate the trip to Icaria

In his “Foreword of the Translator” Ewerbeck wrote: “It is really high time that this remarkable book was finally made available to Germans of all classes. […] The working women read it just as diligently as the men ”. [...] "The revolution of the previous century had promised the working people for a few years to ensure the security of their physical and intellectual life and livelihood. In the eternally memorable world years 93 and 94 , the Jabokiner party or mountain party , supported by the proletarians, led the government of the country in favor of these very proletarians. That had become an iron rule of the workers, because they had to use the cold iron to hold down the ascended middle class and to inspire their respect. “[…]“ The bad couple of years 92, 93 and 94 passed, and then they [the young citizens] swung themselves to the top, where they still stand and must stand today. Such is the natural course of development. No class can come to dominate sooner than until it has become spiritually and materially mature. ”[…]“ Nothing would be more dangerous to a good cause than a riot that one calls communist, and could blow down with grapes; The next day a pressure restriction, a tightening of the September laws, would then be decreed by the Chamber, which, however, would correspond to the quiet heartfelt desires. But as long as Cabet is awake, this will not happen. "

On the translation of the Communist Manifesto

On February 26, 1849, Ewerbeck reported to Marx: “I have finished Monsieur Paya [...] the French transmission of your communist manifesto . It is exceptionally successful. He is enthusiastic about this manifesto and will have it appear as soon as possible in a small volume, in large print, along with a foreword to you and notes about you. Only he is on the cover, not me. ”And in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Ewerbeck wrote: The […] Manifesto of the Communist Party […] will be published in Paris in French translation by the citizen Paya.

Last years

On February 25, 1850, Ewerbeck describes that the book "L'Allemagne et les Allemands" has been writing for "five years". “Through this work and writing for some journals I am so absorbed in my work that I cannot deal with B [and] matters, and for the time being, for a few months, I will not be able to do so. [] A split broke out in the circle here and actually had to break out [...] ”In their address to the federal government in June 1850, Marx and Engels Ewerbeck's letter commented:“ In Paris, the federal member who has since been at the head of the local communities, Ewerbeck, is leaving from the league declares that he considers his literary activity to be more important. The connection is therefore momentarily interrupted, and its reconnection must be done with all the more caution, since the Parisians have taken in a number of people who are wholly useless and who were even formerly in direct hostility to the Bund. "

In the volume "Qu'est-ce que la Bible" published in 1850, Ewerbeck also translated the review of Karl Marx's " On the Jewish Question ". However, this translation is "in places a free adaptation of the original". In his letter to Marx of October 9, 1851, he asked Marx for the necessary notes “about your life and work”. "Qu'est-ce que la Bible" was placed on the index in 1857 by the Roman Catholic Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith .

In 1851 Ewerbeck suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered. In 1853 he traveled to the United States to visit a colony of Cabet and to settle there as a doctor. But just a year later he returned to France. He lived in Passy in 1854 , where Friedrich Herman Semmig met him personally. The two remained friends until 1860. In 1855 Ewerbeck moved back to Paris. In 1857 he got a job as "Attaché des travaux du Catalog de Bibliothéque impériale". During the Italian War in 1859 , he took for Napoléon III. Political party. This was also expressed in his work on the magazine "Das Jahrhundert". He died of consumption on November 4, 1860 in a hospital of the German Relief Society and was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

Works

• August Arminius Ewerbeck: De phaenomenis opticis subjectivis . Schlesinger, Berolini 1839 MDZ
• L'Allemagne et les Allemands . Garnier Fréres, Paris 1851 MDZ
• La Russie et l'équilibre européen par un homme d'Etat . Ledoyen, Paris 1854 digitized

Article (selection)

• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: The Helvetic Colony to Missuri (North America) . In: Forward! Paris signals from art, science, theater, music and social life , Paris, July 13, 1844
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Old and New London . In: Forward! Paris signals from art, science, theater, music and social life , Paris Nos. 99, 100, 101 and 104 of December 1, 14, 18, and December 28, 1844
• Communist Catechism (fragment) 1844/1845
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: The money . In: Leaves of the Future . Paris (1845/46), pp. 1–3
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Political and social change . In: Leaves of the Future . Paris (1845/46), pp. 97–128
• Jean Paul Marat as a man of science and politics . In: Rhenish yearbooks on social reform . Edited with the participation of several by Hermann Püttmann . Vol. 2. Belle-Vue publishing house, Belle-Vue, at Constanz 1846, pp. 170–211 digitized
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: With quick steps would… . In: Trierische Zeitung No. 180 of June 29, 1846
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Our epoch. In: Leaves of the Future. Paris 1847, issue 2
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Our epoch . In leaves of the future . Paris. Issue 2, 1847
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Baiern here - Analusia here! In: Die Pariser Horen. Journal for literature, art, science, politics and social life . Editing by Ferdinand Braun and German Mäurer Bautruche, Paris 1847
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: The 45 centimes tax on real estate . In: In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung Ntr. 20 from June 20, 1848
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: ++ The battles of the Slavic Race in Bohemia ... France and Germany . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung of No. 36 of July 3, 1848
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: ( Bakunin ). In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung . No. 36 of 6 July 1848
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: France and Germany . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung of October 18, 1848, p. 4
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Democratic Congress . In: Berliner Zeitungs-Halle from October 31, 1848 supplement
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Democratic Congress . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung of November 2, 1848, p. 3
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Correspondance particulière de la Réforme . La Réform of November 11, 1849, p. 2
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Les Démocrates de l'Allemagne . La Réform of November 20, 1849, p. 2
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Paris, November 23rd. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung . No. 154 of November 28, 1848 supplement, p. 3 col. 1
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Journal show . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung of January 3, 1849, p. 3
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Workers' associations. In: In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 188 of January 6, 1849
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: The 'Communist Manifesto' - Charles Paya . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 192 of January 11, 1849
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Paris, January 18th . In: In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 202 of January 22, 1849
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: Une procès de presse Allemagne . La Réform of February 17, 1849, p. 2
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: The billion - Bonaparte . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung of March 17, 1849, p. 4
• [Hermann Ewerbeck]: The democratic press . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung of March 22, 1848, p. 4

Translations

• Étienne Cabet: Journey to Icaria . Aud translated to French by Dr. Wendel-Hippler . Bureau des Populaire, Paris 1847 (Newly edited by H. Lux, Magdeburg 1893) (Reprint: Karin Kramer Verlag, Berlin 1979 (Library of Utopias))
• Étienne Cabet: How I am a communist and my communist creed. (Translated by) Dr. Wendel-Hippler. Twietmeyer, Leipzig / Paris 1847
• Qu'est-ce que la Bible. D'après la nouvelle philosophie Allemande . Ladrange / Garnier Fréres, Paris 1850 MDZ
• Woman, her unhappy fate in contemporary society, her happiness in the German-Ikarian community , by Cabet. from the French by Dr. Hermann Ewerbeck (from Danzig). Edited by Carl Georg Allhusen, Kiel 1850.
• August Schleicher: Les langues dans l'Europe modern. Trad. de l'allemand par Hermann Ewerbeck . Ladrange / Garnier Fréres, Paris 1852

Letters

• Ewerbeck to Arnold Ruge January 3, 1841
• Ewerbeck to Arnold Ruge June 19, 1841
• Ewerbeck to Arnold Ruge July 21, 1841
• Ewerbeck to Wilhelm Weitling October 26, 1842
• Ewerbeck to Simon Schmidt December 5, 1842
• Ewerbeck to Wilhelm Weitling January 31, 1843
• Ewerbeck to Wilhelm Weitling around February 1843
• Ewerbeck to Wilhelm Weitling February 19, 1843
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx June 1845.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx August 31, 1845.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx. Friedrich Engels and Moses Hess September 22, 1845.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx. Friedrich Engels and Moses Hess December 28, 1845.
• Ewerbeck to Heinrich Heine February 26, 1846
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx May 15, 1846.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx June 30, 1846.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx July 22, 1846.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx July 27, 1846.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx August 14, 1846.
• Ewerbeck to Friedrich Engels after August 15, 1846.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx August 20, 1846.
• Heinrich Heine to Ewerbeck at the end of August 1846
• Ewerbeck to Heinrich Heine September 1, 1846
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx about June 27, 1847.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx May 21, 1848.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx December 12, 1848.
• Ewerbeck to Léon Faucher February 10, 1849
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx February 26, 1849.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx January 25, 1850.
• Ewerbeck to Heinrich Heine. Dedication without date Qu'est-ce que la religion d'après la nouvelle philosophie allemande. Paris 1850
• Ewerbeck to Heinrich Heine. Dedication without date L'Allemagne et les Allemands. Paris 1851
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx March 2, 1851.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx October 9, 1851.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx February 3, 1852.
• Ewerbeck to Karl Marx April 21, 1852.
• Ewerbeck to Ludwig Feuerbach November 5, 1854
• Ewerbeck to Alexander von Huebner 1859
• Ewerbeck to Friedrich Herman Semmig May 8, 1859
• Ewerbeck to Friedrich Herman Semmig November 17, 1859

literature

Biographies

• Friedrich Herman Semmig : The German ghost in France. Historical patriotic fantasies . In: Orion. Monthly magazine for literature and art . Edited by Adolf Strodtmann . 2. Vol. Hoffmann and Campe Hamburg 1863, pp. 860 ff and 943 ff.
• Wolfgang Mönke : Ewerbeck, August Hermann . In: Biographical Lexicon on German History . Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1967, pp. 113–114
• Manfred Zmarzly: One of the leaders of the 'League of the Just'. Hermann Ewerbeck . In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, No. 4, pp. 641-647
• Wolfgang Mönke: Ewerbeck, Hermann August . In: History of the German labor movement. Biographical Lexicon . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, pp. 123-124
• Martin Hundt : Programmatic efforts in the Union of the Just. On Marx's influence on a newly discovered catechism fragment from 1844/45 . In: Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch 2, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1979, p. 311 ff.
• Bert Andréas : Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels. The end of classical German philosophy. Bibliography . Trier 1983 ( writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus issue 28)
• Wolfgang Meiser: Ewerbeck, August Hermann . In: Biographical encyclopedia on history from the beginnings to 1945 . Edited by Kurt Pätzhold u. a., Berlin 1991, p. 133 f.
• Jakow Rokitjanski: Ewerbeck, Hermann August . In: Democratic Ways. German résumés from five centuries . Edited by Manfred Asendorf and Rolf von Bokel. JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1997, pp. 158-160
• Martin Hundt : On the eve of the decision of autumn 1841. Three letters from Hermann Ewerbeck to Arnold Ruge . In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement . Berlin 2001. Issue 2, p. 33 ff.
• Michael Espagne: Retour to Hermann Ewerbeck . In: Cahiers d'Études germaniques. Marx et autres exiles. Études en l'honneur de Jacques Grandjonc , réunies par Karl Heinz Götze. Aix-en Provence 2002, pp. 33-42
• Bernd Füllner, François Melis: 'You have so kindly testified for me ...' Two letters from August Hermann Ewerbeck to Georg Weerth from the revolutionary year 1849. In: Forum Vormärz Research Yearbook 2003 . Edited by Detlev Kopp u. a., Bielefeld 2004, pp. 299–351
• François Melis August Hermann Ewerbeck - mediator of democratic, socialist and communist ideas between France and Germany in exile in Paris . In: Forum Vormärz Research Yearbook 2005 , edited by Detlev Kopp u. a., Bielefeld 2005, p. 267 ff.
• Waltraud Seidel-Höppner: Ewerbeck, Hermann August . In: Helmut Reinalter (ed.): Biographical lexicon on the history of the democratic and liberal movements in Central Europe . Vol. 2, part 1, Frankfurt a. Main 2005, p. 884 ff.
• François Melis: August Hermann Ewerbeck (1816-1860). Leading member of the League of the Just and mediator of socialist ideas between France and Germany . In: Helmut Bleiber, Walter Schmidt, Susanne Schötz (Hrsg.): Actors of upheaval. Men and women of the revolution of 1848/49 , 2nd vol., Fides, Berlin 2007, pp. 91-131

Profiles

• General Police Scoreboard . Edited by Friedrich Eberhardt . Vol. 34 Dresden 1852
• Wermuth / Stieber : The Communist Conspiracies of the 19th Century . Part 2, AW Hayn, Berlin 1854

Other sources

• Wolfgang Mönke: New sources for Hess research. With excerpts from a diary, from manuscripts and letters from correspondence with Marx, Engels, Weitling, Ewerbeck and others. a. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1964 (treatises of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, class for philosophy, history, political science, law and economics 1964.1)
• Bert Andréas , Wolfgang Mönke: New data on the German ideology. With an unknown letter from Karl Marx and other documents. In: Archives for Social History. VIII. Vol., Hannover 1968, pp. 1–159
• The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1836–1849 . Vol. 1, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970
• Jacques Grandjonc: 'Forward!' 1844. Marx and the German Communists in Paris. Contribution to the emergence of Marxism . JHW Dietz Nachfl., Berlin / Bonn-Bad-Godesberg 1973, ISBN 3-8012-1071-5
• Contemporaries of Marx and Engels. Selected letters from the years 1844 to 1852 . Edited and annotated by Kurt Koszyk and Karl Obermann . van Grocum & Comp., Assen / Amsterdam 1975, ISBN 90-232-1293-2
• The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1849–1851 . Vol. 1 Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1982
• Bert Andréas: Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels. The end of classical philosophy. Bibliography. German by Elisabeth Krieger, Trier 1983 ( writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus issue 28)
• Walter Schmidt (Ed.): Neue Rheinische Zeitung. France 1848/49 . Verlag Philipp Reclam jun., Leipzig 1986 (Reclams Universal Library 1136)
• Jacques Grandjonc: On Marx's stay in Paris. October 12, 1843–1. February 1845 . In: the same: Studies on Marx's first stay in Paris and the development of the German ideology . Trier 1990 (writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus Trier issue 43), pp. 163–212
• Marx-Engels Complete Edition . The libraries of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, annotated directory of the identified holdings . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 (Department IV, Vol. 32, advance publication)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ FamilySearch.org “AUGUST HERRMANN EWERBECK, Father: CHRISTIAN GOTTL. EWERBECK, Mother: CHRISTIANA CONCORDIA POBOWSKA; Birth: 12 NOV 1816; Christening: 5 JAN 1817 Sankt Trinitatis, Danzig City, West Prussia, Prussia ”. (Batch No .: C998461 Source Call No .: 0742675 Type: Film 1180628)
2. ↑ "he translated the ' Ikaria ' under the war name Wendel-Hippler " (Friedrich Herman Semmig, p. 869)
3. ^ Emil Weller: Index pseudonymorum
4. ^ François Melis (2007), p. 92
5. ↑ Old Prussian biography . Edited by Christian Krollmann. Vol. 1, Marburg / Lahn 1974, p. 171 and Georg Christoph Hamburger , Johann Georg Meusel : The learned Teutschland or Lexicon of the now living German writers . 2. Vol. 5. verm. U. verb. Ed., Lemgo 1796, p. 266
6. ↑ De phaenomenis opticis subjectivis , p. 48
7. ↑ De phaenomenis opticis subjectivis , p. 54
8. ↑ L'Allemagne et les Allemands , p. 583
9. ↑ Martin Hundt: On the eve of the decision of autumn 1841 , p. 91
10. ↑ Martin Hundt: On the eve of the decision of autumn 1841 , p. 99
11. ^ François Melis (2007), p. 93
12. ^ Waltraud Seidel-Höppner: Wilhelm Weitling - an optimistic tragedy . In: Wilhelm Weitling. A German working-class communist . Edited by Lothar Knatz, Hans-Arthur Marsike. Hamburg 1989 (materials from the international workshop Wilhelm Weitling, history - theory - perspective from September 27 to 29, 1988 in Hamburg), p. 39
13. ^ François Melis (2007), p. 95; The League of Communists. Documents and materials (1836-1849) , Vol. 1, Berlin 1970, pp. 153 f.
14. ↑ Ewerbeck to Marx May 15, 1846. Marx-Engels complete edition. Department III. Vol. 2, p. 202
15. ↑ Quoted from François Melis (2007), p. 120 f.
16. ↑ Martin Hundt: Programmatic efforts in the Union of the Just. On Marx's influence on a newly discovered catechism fragment from 1844/45 .
17. ↑ Wolfgang Mönke (1970), p. 123
18. ↑ Karl Marx. The misery of philosophy . New ed. by Hans Pelger. Berlin / Bonn 1979, p. LIX ff.
19. ^ Karl Bittel : The Communist Trial in Cologne 1852 as reflected in the contemporary press . Ed. U. a. Berlin 1955, pp. 64, 81, 97, 113 and 165
20. ^ Hitzig's annals of German and foreign criminal justice. New episode . Edited by Hermann Theodor Schletter. Vol. 34, Leipzig 1853, p. 281
21. ^ Weekly newspaper for the royal Bavarian judicial district Zweibrücken . No. 21 of February 20, 1849
22. ↑ Tagblatt for Landshut and the surrounding area . No. 229 of October 30, 1848, p. 938
23. ↑ Étienne Cabet: Journey to Icaria , pp. I, II, III and XVIII
24. ↑ J.B. Charles Paya
25. ^ Ewerbeck to Marx February 26, 1849
26. ↑ The 'Communist Manifesto' - Charles Paya
27. ↑ Ewerbeck to Marx January 25, 1850
28. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department I. Vol. 10, p. 341 and Marx / Engels: Address of the central authority to and from June 1850 (MEW Vol. 7, p. 311) ( Memento of the original from September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: Der Archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
29. ↑ “Qu'est-ce que la Bible,” pp. 629–660; Bert Andréas, p. 23 f.
30. ^ Ewerbeck to Marx October 9, 1851
31. ^ Ewerbeck, August Hermann. In: Jesús Martínez de Bujanda , Marcella Richter: Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600–1966. Médiaspaul, Montréal 2002, ISBN 2-89420-522-8 , p. 331 (French, digitized ).
32. ↑ Friedrich Herman Semmig, p. 951; Jakov Rokitjanski, p. 160
33. ↑ “Then the Italian war with Austria broke out. Ewerbeck's whole activity flared up once more. Because next to the hatred of the ultramontane party [...] his most ardent passion was the hatred of the House of Habsburg. "(Friedrich Herman Semmig, p. 951)
34. ↑ German General Newspaper . Leipzig No. 303 of December 29, 1857
35. ^ François Melis (2007), p. 115
36. ^ Printed in: Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch 2 , Berlin 1979, pp. 323–333.
37. ↑ Walter Schmidt, p. 65 f.
38. ↑ His correspondence symbol was a triangle here. Walter Schmidt, p. 12.
39. ↑ Walter Schmidt, p. 166 f.
40. ↑ Walter Schmidt, p. 197 f.
41. ↑ Martin Hundt (Ed.): The change of editorial letters of the Hallische, German and Franco-German yearbooks 1837-1844 . Vol. 1. Berlin 2009, pp. 640-644
42. ↑ Martin Hundt (Ed.): The change of editorial letters of the Hallische, German and Franco-German yearbooks 1837-1844 . Vol. 1. Berlin 2009, p. 771
43. ↑ Martin Hundt (Ed.): The change of editorial letters of the Hallische, German and Franco-German yearbooks 1837-1844 . Vol. 2. Berlin 2009
44. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1836–1849 . Vol. 1, Berlin 1970, pp. 145-146. Facsimile of the first page after page 160
45. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1836–1849 . Vol. 1, Berlin 1970, pp. 150-151 abridged
46. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1836–1849 . Vol. 1, Berlin 1970, pp. 156-157 abridged
47. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1836–1849 . Vol. 1, Berlin 1970, pp. 157-158 abridged
48. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials 1836–1849 . Vol. 1, Berlin 1970, pp. 158-161
49. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition . Department III. Vol. 1, p. 477
50. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 1, pp. 482-483
51. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 1, p. 484
52. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 1, pp. 496-497
53. ^ Fritz Mende : Heine and Ewerbeck. Two unpublished letters . In: Goethe-Almanach for 1969 . Berlin / Weimar 1968, p. 283 f.
54. ↑ Heinrich Heine Sekularausgabe Vol. 26 letters to Heine from 1842 to 1851 . Berlin 1974, p. 154
55. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, pp. 202-204
56. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, p. 239
57. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, pp. 265-266
58. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, pp. 267-268
59. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, pp. 284-285
60. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, p. 288
61. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, p. 292
62. ↑ Heinrich Heine Sekularausgabe Vol 22 letters from 1842 to 1849. . Berlin 1971, p. 223
63. ↑ Heinrich Heine Sekularausgabe Vol. 26 letters to Heine 1842-1851 . Berlin 1974, p. 174
64. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, pp. 340-342
65. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, pp. 452-453
66. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 2, p. 533
67. ^ German translation in: Mittelfränkische Zeitung for Law, Freedom and Fatherland! Nuremberg No. 47 of February 16, 1849
68. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 3, pp. 259-261
69. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 3, pp. 459-460
70. ↑ Heine Institute, Düsseldorf (Estate Library No. 52)
71. ^ Heine Institute, Düsseldorf (Estate Library No. 51)
72. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 4, p. 323
73. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 4, p. 478
74. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 5, p. 229
75. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department III. Vol. 5, p. 328
76. ↑ Ludwig Feuerbach. Collected Works. Edited by Werner Schuffenhauer. Vol. 20. Correspondence. Vol. 4 (1853-1861) . Berlin 1996, p. 79
77. ^ Printed by Friedrich Herman Semmig, pp. 955–957
78. ↑ ^{a b} Excerpts printed by Friedrich Herman Semmig, p. 958
79. ^ Orion digitized version
80. ↑ General police display digitized
81. ^ The Communist Conspiracies of the 19th Century Digitized