Association of German girls

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Commemorative plaque

The Bund Deutscher Mädel ( BDM ) was the female branch of the Hitler Youth (HJ) during the National Socialist era . In the sense of the totalitarian goals of the Nazi regime, the girls between the ages of 14 and 18 were organized. There was also the Jungmädelbund (JM) in the Hitler Youth for 10 to 14 year old girls.

As a result of the compulsory membership of all female youths, which was regulated by law from 1936, provided that they were not excluded for “ racial reasons ”, the BDM formed the largest female youth organization in the world at the time, with 4.5 million members in 1944.

Origin and development

Beginnings in the Weimar Republic

As early as 1923, the first "girls' associations" emerged within the NSDAP , also known as "sisterhoods of the Hitler Youth". However, these groups still had few members and were only merged in June 1930 to form the Association of German Girls . The organization, which had grown to 1,711 members by 1931, was incorporated into the Hitler Youth in the same year under federal leader Elisabeth Greiff-Walden.

The first founding of local groups of the BDM, the National Socialist Schoolgirls Association (NSS) and the young girls' groups of the National Socialist Women's Association fall in the years 1930/1931. The Berlin local group was founded in February 1930, a BDM group in Danzig in July 1931. The Achern local group of the Baden NSS, formed in December 1930, was initially banned.

Forced membership growth from 1933

HJ and BDM swearing in in Tientsin, China, 1935

Baldur von Schirach , who was appointed Reich Youth Leader on June 17, 1933 , immediately issued ordinances that dissolved or banned the previously existing, competing youth associations. As a result of the forced integration of these youth groups - as long as they did not break up themselves in order to evade the access of the National Socialists - the HJ and BDM experienced a large increase in membership. Youth groups that had not yet been brought into line (due to the Reich Concordat, this only affected Catholic youth work) were often subjected to harassment with the aim of forced integration into the National Socialist youth associations . With the "Law on the Hitler Youth" of December 1, 1936, all young people in the German Reich were forced to become members of the HJ or BDM .

Guiding principles according to the type of regime

On the occasion of a speech at the 1935 Women's Congress in Nuremberg, Hitler declared :

"Equal rights for women consist in the fact that in the areas of life that are determined by nature they experience the esteem that they deserve [...] German women too have their battlefield: they fight with every child they give birth to the nation their fight for the nation. "

The BDM Reichsreferentin Jutta Rüdiger declared in writing for her area of ​​responsibility in the first year of the war in 1939 :

“The boys are raised to be political soldiers and the girls to be strong and brave women who are supposed to be comrades with these political soldiers - and who later live and shape our National Socialist worldview in their families as women and mothers - and so raise a generation of hardship and again of pride. We therefore want to consciously form political girls. That does not mean: women who later debate and debate in parliaments, but girls and women who know about the necessities of life for the German people and act accordingly. "

As early as 1934, it was read in the official magazine girl on duty that the 10 to 14 year old young girls know their way around handicrafts and cooking and have to provide “the warmth of the home stove”. They should also know how to make a home comfortable. According to Klönne, the focus of BDM education was “the synthesis of physical and domestic training” in connection with the task of bringing “the breeding and selection ideas” to awareness among the entire female youth. "The type of German woman appears in addition to the type of German man, their union means the racial rebirth of our people." With regard to the eugenic tasks to be fulfilled for the maintenance of the national community , the girls were declared to be the "racial conscience of the nation". The “real German maiden” has to be “guardian of the purity of blood and the people and to raise heroes from the sons of the people”.

In addition, the “ Reichsjugendführung ” (since 1933) left the National Socialist magazine “ Das Deutsche Mädel . The magazine of the Association of German Girls in the HJ. ”. “Das Deutsche Mädel” put the work of the NS youth organizations in the foreground; through these institutions, girls should be socialized in a gender-specific way and introduced to topics such as motherhood and cultural customs.

In addition, however, there were sometimes other measures that seemed to give the girls more independence. Georg Usadel , who was influential in the Reich Youth Leadership , said: “Youth is not a preparation time, but a part of life that wants and should be fulfilled according to its own law. That applies equally to boys and girls. ”According to Eva Sternheim-Peters , the girls' leadership in the Reich Youth Leadership repeatedly distanced itself from the“ cooking pot as a goal of education ”and from the“ three Ks ”(kitchen, church, children). Instead, the BDM propagated the need for solid professional training and working youth for girls and provided detailed training material to make it easier for girls to choose a career.

Activities and everyday life

Parade of the German young girls for the preservation of the German nationality in the "Grenzland", banner "Grenzlandnot ist Volksnot", Worms, 1933
Jungmaedel in Worms, 1933

Similar to the boys, one focus of the activities on offer at the BDM was excursions, hikes and backpack-laden marches in the great outdoors, often followed by campfires with cooking and singing together. Full moon observations followed by overnight stays in haystacks were also common in the summer months. Fairy tale and theater performances, some with puppets and marionettes, folk dance and flute music as well as various sports activities, often as group games, were part of the standard program. In contrast to the male branches of the Hitler Youth, there were no special BDM departments apart from the “health girl service” and the land service provided for both sexes. Access to the special formations of the Hitler Youth, such as Motor, Reiter and Flieger-HJ, was denied to the girls because only boys or men were accepted into them.

While the boys were concerned with promoting strength, endurance and tenacity (see also “Nimble like greyhounds, tough like leather and hard like croup” ), the girls should above all develop grace through gymnastic training . “As a rule, instead of the expenditure of athletic strength, there was rhythmic gymnastics with its emphasis on harmony and the feeling of resting in one's own body and being part of the group. The girls practiced an organic ' national community ', at the same time the flow of gymnastic movements was tailored to the female anatomy and the future mother role. "Exceptions were only made where the BDM members were needed for the next generation of top athletes due to their outstanding athletic performance. because propaganda was going on. The effects of the role of women in sports teacher training were passed on.

In the winter half-year handicraft and handicraft evenings were part of the regular offer in the BDM homes. In the memories of a contemporary witness it says:

“The evenings at home, when people met in a dark and dirty basement, were devastatingly empty. The time was killed by collecting the contributions, keeping countless lists and cramming song texts, the lack of language I could not ignore despite my honest effort. Discussions about political texts - for example from 'Mein Kampf' - quickly ended in general silence. I have better memories of the weekend trips with hikes, sports, campfires and overnight stays in youth hostels. Occasionally there were field games with neighboring groups. When there was rivalry between them, the game sometimes degenerated into heartfelt fights. I would rather not imagine what kind of sight the girls fighting for a pennant might have presented to an outsider. "

BDM sewing room, in which the young people's clothing is repaired, 1942; on the wall a portrait of Adolf Hitler with the signature "We follow you"

Standard clothing in the BDM was a dark blue skirt, white blouse and black scarf with a leather knot. The type of knee socks and the hairstyle still left individual leeway. High-heeled shoes and silk stockings were not allowed; Jewelry was only permitted in the form of a finger ring and wristwatch. Hitler's early guidelines on clothing for young people were:

“Especially with young people, clothing must also be used for education. The boy who walks around in long skinny pants in the summer, wrapped up to his neck, loses a means of stimulating his physical fitness even in his clothing. [...] The girl should get to know her knight. If the physical beauty were not pushed into the background by our lumpy fashion, the seduction of hundreds of thousands of girls by bow-legged, disgusting Jewish bankers would not be possible. This is also in the interest of the nation, that the most beautiful bodies are found and thus help to give new beauty to the people . "

The vacation trips offered by the HJ and BDM, which also enabled children from socially disadvantaged families to travel to winter ski camps or summer camps through grants, were among the popular leisure activities. To prepare the girls for the service to the people and the family, there was also - initially on a voluntary basis, compulsory from 1938 onwards - a year of service as domestic or agricultural help (so-called rural woman year). The girls lived and worked in the households or on the farms. The preparatory camps for girls and boys for land service were often close to each other, which meant that there was frequent sexual intercourse, especially in 1936. Only 900 of the BDM members who returned from the Nazi party rally in Nuremberg that year were subsequently diagnosed with pregnancies.

Silesia , Pomerania and East Prussia were the focus regions for the land service, which was further expanded after 1936. Training and retraining centers no longer only laid the foundations for the internal colonization of rural areas, but also created a basis for the re-colonization of the non-German East, which the “master people ” were to conquer as “ living space ” according to the war plans of the Nazi regime .

Leadership and training

BDM leaders visiting the Dachau concentration camp , 1936

As in the Hitler Youth, it was also the case in the BDM that youth should be led by youth. Eva Sternheim-Peters , born in 1925, grew up as the daughter of a civil servant in Paderborn , which is dominated by Catholicism , and was impressed early on by "the magic of celebrations and rallies, poems and banners", and reflects on her own experiences in this regard:

“Those born between 1918 and 1928 were hit by the glamor of those years relatively unprotected, even when water was poured into the wine of youthful enthusiasm from their parents' house. Their individual development ran synchronously with the symbolic, romantic-revolutionary pathos of departure that the Nazi propaganda spread with skilful exploitation of generational conflicts. "

The youth was constantly invoked in the propaganda as the force that would bring about the “completion of the national revolution” and the “national rebirth”. The "storm of youth" was sung in songs and conveyed an intoxicating feeling of strength and power. The "yesterday", the "doubting" and "struggling" logically belonged to the older generation. According to Sternheim-Peters, youth and being young created “a slight disdain” between the Jungmädelbund and the BDM. Even with young girls leaders, the BDM work Faith and Beauty traded under “More Faith Than Beauty” and the NS women under “NS-Krampfgeschwader”.

“This quiet contempt of older female cohorts was probably subconsciously based on the desire to evade the common fate of women for as long as possible, and the BDM offered ample opportunity for this. Based on the demands of the youth movement , the apprenticeship and wandering years granted to the male sex for centuries as an independent youth period in the Hitler Youth, independent of the adult world, were expressly claimed for girls as well. "

However, the subordinate position of the female sex, which was fixed in the Nazi ideology, meant that BDM leaders usually did not achieve a position comparable to that of the Hitler Youth leaders. Less importance was attached to their ideological instruction. For example, the youth leadership academy, which opened in Braunschweig in 1939, was only open to girls for a short time because there were not enough suitable boys available to attend the course at that time.

Within the Hitler Youth, the responsibilities of the sexes were strongly separated. So the BDM leaders were subordinate to the Hitler Youth leaders from the level of the "Gaues". In the lower levels, they were on an equal footing with the Hitler Youth leaders. Until December 1932, the "federal leader" Elisabeth Greiff-Walden was at the head of BDM and JM. After that, the BDM remained leaderless for a year until Baldur von Schirach appointed Trude Mohr as "Reichsreferentin" in March 1934 , who was subordinate to the Reich Youth Leadership (RJF). Jutta Rüdiger held this post from 1937 to 1945.

The female leadership of the BDM was sometimes used in other areas in which women were active, as female personnel with management experience were rare. Such was Ilse Staiger , as Reich Commissioner in the SS helpers Corps , the top leader of the SS helpers Corps , full-time BDM leader and probably even never formally members of the Waffen-SS .

The training of the young women took place on the home evenings. To support them there was the monthly girls' union , according to the title page “Leaves for home evening design in the Association of German Girls”. For ideological and practical orientation, the female leaders had access to “female leaders' papers”, which were published at the Gau level. They also had to take part in weekend trainings, which took place monthly in winter. For this purpose, the office for ideological training of the RJF published material for “weekend training”, which was distributed up to and including the ring leader.

The special edition of September 1937 outlines the goal of these weekend training courses as follows: “It must be achieved that ... the leader gets the absolutely secure feeling of security within the community of the other leaders. How important this is is particularly evident in the case of female leaders who, exposed to constant attacks, have to work in the smallest of locations. They must gradually get a clear and unshakable ideological attitude in order to be something to their girls. They are to be further educated through the weekend training for independent work in order to get out of themselves (from their own work and their own attitude), with the help of the RJF portfolios. to be able to organize a home evening. "

Further special editions were published for the summer camps. Songbooks like We Girls Sing also circulated . In addition to "normal" folk songs, many nationalist , anti-Semitic and racist songs were also printed. In the foreword of the second extended edition from 1938 it is unmistakably emphasized that all songs should serve the National Socialist worldview:

"Our song tells of our worldview: the political song on the flag as well as the cheerful sage or a saying while eating - they shape our daily routine, they are an expression of our being."

The magazine “ Das Deutsche Mädel ”, produced by the “Reichsjugendführung” (Reich Youth Leadership), was also a political means of influencing it: It not only contained articles and reports on “Volkstum” and “Motherhood”; the Nazi youth organizations were also deliberately drawn attractively in order to give the Nazi state an influence on the upbringing and socialization of children and young people.

Members and forms of organization

Membership in BDM / JM has been compulsory for girls of the appropriate age since 1936. Young women from 17 to 21 years of age were able to join the work Faith and Beauty , founded in 1938 , which offered an age-appropriate program and was intended to bridge the period before joining the Nazi women's group.

At the beginning of 1939, the BDM had a total of 3,425,990 members. In the “Blood-based requirements” in March 1939, proof of Aryan status was made a prerequisite for membership of the BDM / JM. For Jews - they had been discriminated and ostracized since the beginning of the Nazi takeover, deprived of their citizenship by the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and increasingly persecuted not only since the November pogroms in 1938 - this meant their final exclusion from the BDM or HJ.

Not only the participation in NSP and the state, also the professional life was determined by the HJ or BDM membership. In 1933, the state master craftsman of Hesse wrote to his colleagues: “The boys and girls who take up the ideological training of the Hitler Youth have only the right to be accepted into the apprenticeship of the craft. I expect you to only accept apprentices and apprentices who belong to the organizations of the youth of the Führer ... "

Like the male Hitler Youth, the BDM and Jungmädelbund were subdivided according to age as well as horizontally (according to regions) and vertically (according to association size):

Hitler Youth (HJ)
… male … Female
German young people (DJ)! Hitler Youth Jungmädelbund (JM) Association of German Girls (BDM)
area Obergau (area from 1942)
spell Untergau (ban from 1942)
Young line (until 1938 line) Trunk (until 1938 under ban) Jungmadelring Girl ring
Flag Allegiance Jungmaedel group Group of girls
Young train Crowd Young girls crowd Girls crowd
Boyhood Camaraderie Young girls Girlhood

A "girls 'group" comprised about ten to 15 girls, a "girls' group" three girls 'groups, a "girls' group" in turn three girls 'groups, and a "girls' ring" four groups of girls (around 360 to 540 girls). The "Untergau" had five girls' rings, the "Obergau" had around 25 Untergaue and the "Gauverband" had around five Obergaue (a total of around 225,000 to 337,500 girls). The Obergaue were geographically identical to the "areas" of the male Hitler Youth. In 1930 there were 20 upper valleys or areas, by 1934 the number grew to 26. At the end of 1938 - after the annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland - there were already 36, and after the invasion of Poland there were finally 42 upper valleys and areas. From Obergau onwards, joint offices were set up for BDM and JM.

Wartime and dissolution

Since the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939, BDM members were involved in military operations as hospital , air raid and land helpers and in a variety of other ways outside of the armed forces.

After the end of the conquest of Poland , BDM members were given new tasks in the annexed western Polish Reichsgau Wartheland . During the compulsory year or during voluntary work, they had to help the 350,000 “ ethnic German ” farmers from other regions of Poland , who had resettled there after the expulsion of around one million Poles, with housekeeping, handling the German language and raising children: “Zur Support in the National Socialist socialization was gradually brought 19,000 BDM members and their young leaders from the Reich to the 'Wartheland' and concentrated in 160 special camps. Their assignment lasted four to six weeks and took place in groups of up to 15 girls. Each group was responsible for four or five villages and worked in this case often with the SS together, which had recently expelled the Polish people. "The encounter with the Poles Germans often went sobering for young girls with-spread illiteracy , lack of hygiene and alcohol dependence were confronted .

Other areas of activity of the BDM members during the war were first aid measures for the wounded in hospitals and military hospitals, the care of arriving refugees at train stations and the support of those who became homeless in the bombing war. About 3,000 girls let themselves be lured away by the BDM directly to the SS entourage and some of them became concentration camp guards.

When BDM girls are on missions, physically separated from their families, with men such as B. Wehrmacht soldiers who lived and worked together resulted in numerous opportunities for sexual contact. The loosening of sexual morality caused by the war increasingly gave the BDM a bad reputation: "The vernacular interpreted the abbreviation BDM as 'Bund Deutscher Matratzen' or 'Bubi Drück Mich'."

As a subdivision of the Hitler Youth, the organization Bund Deutscher Mädel was banned and dissolved after the end of the war in 1945 by the Control Council Act No. 2 , and its assets were confiscated.

See also

literature

swell

  • Gisela Miller-Kipp (Ed.): "You too belong to the Führer." The history of the Association of German Girls (BDM) in sources and documents . Juventa-Verlag, Weinheim u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-7799-1131-0 ( materials on historical youth research. )
  • Service regulation of the Hitler Youth: The young girl service . Reich Youth Leadership, Berlin 1940, ( archive.org ).
  • Gerhard Honekamp: "Tight but not tight - bitter, but not rough" - "Education for German women" by the Association of German Girls . In: Learn history 24/1991 (special issue Childhood and Youth under National Socialism), pp. 44–47 (source collection for teaching).

Secondary literature

  • Michael H. Kater : Hitler Youth . Translated from the English by Jürgen Peter Krause. Primus-Verlag, Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 3-89678-252-5 .
  • Martin Klaus: Upbringing girls at the time of fascist rule in Germany (= social-historical studies on reform pedagogy and adult education , volumes 3 and 4). Dipa, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-7638-0803-5 (Part 1) and Part 2: Materialband, ISBN 3-7638-0804-3 (Dissertation University of Frankfurt am Main 1983, 483 and 234 pages).
  • Martin Klaus: Girls in the Third Reich. The Association of German Girls (= New Small Library , Volume 55). 3rd, updated edition. PapyRossa, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-89438-152-3 .
  • Arno Klönne : Youth in the Third Reich. The Hitler Youth and their opponents. Documents and analyzes . Diederichs, Düsseldorf a. a. 1982 1982, ISBN 3-424-00723-4 .
  • Gisela Miller-Kipp: “The Führer needs me”. The Association of German Girls (BDM). Life memories and memory discourse . Juventa Verlag, Weinheim u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-7799-1135-7 ( materials on historical youth research ).
  • Dagmar Reese (ed.): The BDM generation. Female adolescents in Germany and Austria under National Socialism (= Potsdam Studies , Volume 19). Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86650-530-8 .
  • Dagmar Reese: Girls in the Association of German Girls . In: Elke Kleinau, Claudia Opitz (Ed.): History of girls and women education . Volume 2: From March to the present . Campus, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-593-35413-6 .
  • Dagmar Reese: Tight, but not tight - tart, but not rough. On the socialization of girls by the Association of German Girls in a socio-cultural comparison of two milieus (= results of women's research , Volume 18). Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 1989, ISBN 3-407-58310-9 , (Dissertation FU Berlin 1987, 259 pages).
  • Dagmar Reese: Why girls didn't just hike. The "Association of German Girls" . In: History in Science and Education , Vol. 60, 2009, 268–281.
  • Eva Sternheim-Peters : Did I cheer alone? A youth under National Socialism . Europa Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-95890-010-3 .
  • Susanne Wiborg: Clara's downfall . In: Die Zeit , No. 17/2005.

College work

  • Johanna Gehmacher : Youth without a future: Hitler Youth and Association of German Girls in Austria before 1938. Picus, Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-85452-253-3 (Dissertation University of Vienna 1993 , under the title: National Socialist Youth Organizations in Austria , 479 pages) .
  • Birgit Jürgens: On the history of the BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel) from 1923 to 1939 (= European university publications , series 3: History and its auxiliary sciences , volume 593). 2nd, unchanged edition. Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1996, ISBN 3-631-30602-4 (first edition 1994, ISBN 3-631-46822-9 ) (dissertation University of Rostock 1993, 225 pages).
  • Gabriele Kinz: The Association of German Girls. A contribution to the out-of-school education of girls under National Socialism (= European university publications . Series 11: Pedagogy , Volume 421), Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1990, ISBN 3-631-42549-X (Dissertation University of Bielefeld 1989, 302 pages).
  • Martin Klaus: Upbringing girls at the time of fascist rule in Germany (= social-historical studies on reform pedagogy and adult education , volumes 3 and 4). Dipa, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-7638-0803-5 (Part 1) and Part 2: Materialband, ISBN 3-7638-0804-3 (Dissertation Uni Frankfurt am Main 1983, 483 and 234 pages).
  • Lisa Kock: “You were confirmed and you could do something!” The Association of German Girls as reflected in the memories of former girls' leaders (= international university publications ). Waxmann, Münster / New York, NY 1994, ISBN 3-89325-281-9 (dissertation University of Münster (Westphalia) 1994, 200 pages).
  • Alexandra Offermanns: “They knew what we like”: aesthetic manipulation and seduction under National Socialism, illustrated in the BDM work “Faith and Beauty” (= texts on the theory and history of education , volume 22). Lit, Münster © 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-7832-0 (Dissertation University of Wuppertal 2003, 254 pages).
  • Dagmar Reese: Tight, but not tight - tart, but not rough. On the socialization of girls by the Association of German Girls in a socio-cultural comparison of two milieus (= results of women's research , Volume 18). Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 1989, ISBN 3-407-58310-9 , (Dissertation FU Berlin 1987, 259 pages).

Web links

Commons : Bund Deutscher Mädel  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Section 1, Paragraph 2, No. 4 of the Second Implementing Ordinance to the Act on the Hitler Youth (Youth Service Ordinance) of March 25, 1939 (RGBl. I, p. 710)
  2. ↑ § 1 Paragraph 2 No. 3 of the Youth Service Ordinance
  3. ↑ Quoted from Werner Klose: Generation in lockstep. The Hitler Youth. A documentary report. Munich inter alia 1982, pp. 177-178. Already in Hitler’s Mein Kampf one could read: “Even marriage cannot be an end in itself, but must serve the one greater goal, the increase and preservation of species and race. [...] Therefore, early marriage is right, as it gives the young marriage the strength from which a healthy and resilient offspring can emerge. ”(85th – 94th edition, Munich 1934, pp. 275–276 ).
  4. ↑ Quoted from Arno Klönne : Youth in the Third Reich . License issue. Munich 1995, p. 83.
  5. ↑ Quoted from Kater, p. 75.
  6. ↑ Quoted from Klönne: Youth in the Third Reich . License issue. Munich 1995, p. 84.
  7. ↑ Quoted from Kater 2005, p. 91.
  8. ↑ Laura Bensow: "Women and girls, the Jews are your ruin!" An investigation into anti-Semitic Nazi propaganda using the analysis category of gender . Marta Press, Hamburg 2016, p. 209 ff .
  9. ↑ Quoted from Sternheim-Peters 2015, p. 259.
  10. ↑ Sternheim-Peters 2015, p. 260.
  11. ↑ a b Kater 2005, p. 74.
  12. ↑ Michaela Czech: Women and Sport in National Socialist Germany an investigation into the reality of female sport in a patriarchal system of rule. Berlin: Verlagsgesellschaft Tischler, 1994. ISBN 3-922654-37-1 .
  13. ↑ Arnd Krüger : "There was basically no sports lesson that, apart from gestures, would have been different from before and after". Reality and Reception of National Socialist Sport. In: Mechthild von Schoenebeck (Ed.): From dealing with the subject of music education with its history. Essen: Verl. Die Blaue Eule (2001), pp. 19–41.
  14. ↑ Melita Maschmann : Conclusion. No attempt at justification . Stuttgart 1963; quoted from Harald Focke, Uwe Reimer: Everyday life under the swastika . Reinbek 1979, p. 43.
  15. ↑ Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf . 85-94 Edition. Munich 1934, p. 454.
  16. ^ Klönne: Youth in the Third Reich . License issue. Munich 1995, p. 128.
  17. ↑ Kater 2005, p. 95, which also reports a case according to which a BDM girl who had just become a mother named 13 people as possible fathers. "In order to at least put a stop to the worst debauchery, the BDM was forbidden to camp outdoors in 1937." (ibid.)
  18. ↑ Kater 2005, pp. 75-76.
  19. ↑ Sternheim-Peters 2015, p. 252.
  20. ↑ Sternheim-Peters 2015, pp. 254-259.
  21. ↑ Sternheim-Peters 2015, p. 259.
  22. ↑ Kater, page 92. However, the regime has had an intensive propaganda effect on the population since childhood , as the following grace from the fund of the Nazi People's Welfare shows: “Führer, my Führer, given to me by God, / protect 'and receive long my life! / You saved Germany from deepest need, / Today I thank you for my daily bread. / Stay with me for a long time, don't leave me, / Guide, my guide, my faith, my light! / Heil, mein Führer! “(Quoted from J. Neuhäusler: Cross and Swastika. The struggle of National Socialism against the Catholic Church and the ecclesiastical resistance. Munich 1946, p. 251.)
  23. ↑ Dagmar Reese (ed.): The BDM generation: Female young people in Germany and Austria under National Socialism. Berlin 2007, p. 114 ff.
  24. ^ Jutta Mühlenberg: The SS helper corps. Training, deployment and denazification of the female members of the Waffen-SS 1942–1949 . Hamburg 2011, p. 155.
  25. ^ Jutta Mühlenberg: The SS helper corps. Training, deployment and denazification of the female members of the Waffen-SS 1942–1949 . Hamburg 2011, p. 408.
  26. ↑ We girls sing - songbook of the Association of German Girls . Second expanded edition, 371. – 390. Thousand. Reichsjugendführung (Ed.), Georg Kallmeyer Verlag, Wolfenbüttel / Berlin, 1938.
  27. ↑ ghi-dc.org/ (PDF; 75 kB)
  28. ↑ Quoted from Harald Focke, Uwe Reimer : Everyday life under the swastika . Reinbek 1979, p. 29.
  29. ↑ [Michael Buddrus: Total education for total war. Hitler Youth and National Socialist Youth Policy (= texts and materials on contemporary history. Vol. 13). 2 parts. KG Saur, Munich 2003, part 1, p. 14, ISBN 3-598-11615-2 ]
  30. ↑ [Michael Buddrus: Total education for total war. Hitler Youth and National Socialist Youth Policy (= texts and materials on contemporary history. Vol. 13). 2 parts. KG Saur, Munich 2003, part 1, p. 14, ISBN 3-598-11615-2 ]
  31. ↑ Museums Köln: Die Hitlerjugend (Geographical Classification Section) , accessed August 6, 2020
  32. ↑ Museums Köln: Die Hitlerjugend (Geographical Classification Section) , accessed August 6, 2020
  33. ↑ Museums Köln: Die Hitlerjugend (Section Geographical Structure) , accessed August 6, 2020
  34. ↑ Kater 2005, p. 79.
  35. ↑ Kater 2005, p. 80.
  36. ↑ Kater 2005, p. 82.
  37. ↑ Kater 2005, p. 97.