Bartonella
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Bartonella is a genus of bacteria. As a rule, these arebacteria that liveparasitically within the host cells (intracellularly). The host cells are mostly endothelial cells or red blood cells ( erythrocytes ). For most species, carriers are insects. In humans and other vertebrates, the different species cause a wide range of infectious diseases. The various forms of disease in humans are collectively referred to as bartonellosis . Bartonella is the only genus in the Bartonellaceae family .
Bartonella is named after the Peruvian doctor and microbiologist Alberto Leonardo Barton (1870–1950).
features
They are small (0.5–0.6 × 1.0 micrometers), thread, rod, or droplet-shaped bacteria. They are among the gram-negative bacteria. Free oxygen is required for metabolism, they are aerobic .
Some species have pili for active movement , and species with polar flagella also occur. They are not necessarily intracellular , ie they can also live outside cells and can therefore be cultivated on nutrient media. This property separates them from the Rickettsiales to which they were previously assigned. Hemin is required for cultivation .
Bartonella as a pathogen
The three most important pathogenic species for humans are Bartonella bacilliformis , B. quintana and B. henselae .
Bartonella bacilliformis has 1–10 polar flagella , and subpolar or lateral flagella also occur. This type triggers the Oroya fever , from which the Verruga peruana (Peruvian wart) develops as the second phase of the disease . The vectors are mosquitoes ( sand flies , Lutzomyia ), humans are the main hosts . Since these pathogens persist within the erythrocytes if left untreated, infected people can remain symptom-free for months and only lead to symptoms of the disease if the immune status is impaired, e.g. B. in HIV infection, tumor disease, et cetera.
Bartonella quintana has pili instead of flagella and is the cause of five-day fever , peliosis hepatis and bacillary angiomatosis . The carrier is the clothes louse . The bacterium is excreted by the louse with the faeces.
The species Bartonella henselae is responsible for cat scratch disease and, like B. quintana, for peliosis hepatis and for bacillary angiomatosis . It also has pili instead of flagella. The reservoir is the house cat , the carrier to humans is the cat or the cat flea .
A special manifestation of bartonellosis can be nerve inflammation (facial nerve inflammation, meningitis), especially of the optic nerve with sudden, mostly unilateral loss of visual acuity, diffuse visual field deficits, a congestive papilla usually associated with it, and unilateral headache (misdiagnosed migraine). Often the classic accompanying symptoms of lymph node swelling and fever are missing. After about 2 weeks, a star figure ( macula stellata) caused by exudates is found on the retina . It is believed that this form of bartonellosis is diagnosed less often than it actually occurs because of its good self-healing tendency. A quick diagnosis by means of an enzyme immunessay as well as a fast and sufficiently sustainable therapy (doxycycline / rifampicin) is a prerequisite for a favorable healing process. Nevertheless, damage to the optic nerve that only becomes apparent years later can occur.
Other species associated with infectious diseases in humans are:
- Bartonella clarridgeiae (cat disease)
- Bartonella elizabethae ( endocarditis )
- Bartonella grahamii ( retinitis )
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. aurepensis ( bacteremia )
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (endocarditis)
- Bartonella clarridgeiae
Some non-pathogenic species:
- Bartonella alsatica , hosts are rabbits
- Bartonella doshiae , host rodents
- Bartonella grahamii rodents, insectivores (Insectivora)
Systematics
The genus Bartonella was separated from the order Rickettsiales and now assigned to its own family, the Bartonellaceae. The two genera Grahamella and Rochalimaea , formerly assigned to the Rickettsiales, are now added to Bartonella . Bartonella is the only genus in the Bartonellaceae family.
Bartonella's closest relatives are Agrobacterium , Rhizobium (both family Rhizobiaceae ) and Brucella (family Brucellaceae ). Like Bartonella , they belong to the alphaproteobacteria . Species of Brucella , like Bartonella, are intracellular parasites of mammals. Agrobacterium and Rhizobium can occur in plants as parasites or mutualistic. None of them are obligatory intracellular parasites and can be grown in vitro .
A selection of species and subspecies (as of September 9, 2017), B. bacilliformis is the type species.
- Bartonella alsatica Heller et al. 1999
- Bartonella bacilliformis ( Strong et al. 1913) Strong et al. 1915
- Bartonella birtlesii Bermond et al. 2000
- Bartonella bovis Bermond et al. 2002 non Donatien & Lestoquard 1934
- Bartonella capreoli Bermond et al. 2002
- Bartonella chomelii Maillard et al. 2004
- Bartonella clarridgeiae Lawson & Collins 1996
- Bartonella coopersplainsensis Gundi et al. 2009
- Bartonella doshiae Birtles et al. 1995
- Bartonella elizabethae ( Daly et al. 1993) Brenner et al. 1993
- Bartonella grahamii Birtles et al. 1995
- Bartonella henselae ( Regnery et al., 1992) Brenner et al., 1993
- Bartonella japonica Inoue et al. 2010
- Bartonella queenslandensis Gundi et al. 2009
- Bartonella quintana ( Schmincke 1917) Brenner et al. 1993
- Bartonella rochalimae Eremeeva et al. 2012
- Bartonella schoenbuchensis corrig. Dehio et al. 2001
- Bartonella talpae ( Ristic & Kreier 1984) Birtles et al. 1995
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Bartonella vinsonii ( Weiss & Dasch 1982) Brenner et al. 1993 emend. Kordick et al. 1996
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis Welch et al. 2000
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. Berkhoffii Kordick et al. 1996
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii ( Weiss & Dasch 1982) Kordick et al. 1996
literature
- Martin Dworkin et al. (Ed.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 5: Proteobacteria: Alpha and Beta Subclasses. 3rd edition, Springer, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25495-1 (print) and ISBN 978-0-387-30743-5 (online), doi: 10.1007 / 0-387-30743-5 .
- George M. Garrity (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria. Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6 .
- Werner Köhler (ed.): Medical microbiology. 8th edition, Munich / Jena 2001, ISBN 978-3-437-41640-8 .
Web links
- Bartonella LPSN - JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b George M. Garrity (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria. Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6 .
- ↑ a b M.Lapp, M.Ulbig, CPLohmann, A.Laubichler: Bartonella neuroretinitis . An atypical manifestation of cat scratch disease . In: German Ophthalmological Society (Hrsg.): Ophthalmologe . tape 116 , no. 1 . Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, Neu-Isenburg 2019, p. 51-57 .
- ↑ Martin Dworkin et al. (Ed.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 5: Proteobacteria: Alpha and Beta Subclasses. 3rd edition, Springer, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25495-1 (print) and ISBN 978-0-387-30743-5 (online), doi: 10.1007 / 0-387-30743-5 .
- ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Bartonella. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved September 9, 2017 .