Mountain (Bad Muskau)
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Mount
Hora City of Bad Muskau
Coordinates: 51 ° 32 ′ 40 " N , 14 ° 42 ′ 50" E
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| Height : | 141 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 3.89 km² |
| Residents : | 574 (December 31, 2008) |
| Population density : | 148 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | April 1, 1940 |
| Postal code : | 02953 |
| Area code : | 035771 |
Berg , in Upper Sorbian Hora , is a place in the Saxon country town of Bad Muskau in the Sorbian settlement area of Upper Lusatia . Despite its immediate geographical and cultural-historical proximity to the city, the community only lost its independence in 1940.
The ruins of the mountain church built from field stones are considered to be the oldest church building under the influence of the Muskau class .
geography
Berg lies on a hill west-southwest of the actual city, which extends along the Neisse valley , which is up to 30 meters below . In the form of a lane village , Berg lies on the original road from Muskau to Weißwasser . About one kilometer west of the town lies the island intersection where the between Gablenz running and Bad Muskau county road the combined federal road 115 / 156 crosses. It takes its name from the former Bergschen Vorwerk Eiland .
The southern and eastern end of the built-up settlement area is formed by the Bergpark , which extends in the east to state road 127 , in the south to federal road 115 and in the west to Krauschwitz . To the north of the main area, a small strip of the park stretches between the mountain and the city center. The Muskau forest railway has its end point in Muskau in the Bergpark .
history
Local history
The village of Berg belongs to the pre-colonizing Sorbian settlement area around Muskau. Similar to the village of Köbeln , which was first mentioned on a map, the medieval document situation is unsatisfactory. It is assumed that the village is the original ancestral seat of those von Berg, who appear as vassals of the Lower Lusatian rule Triebel . These were probably displaced to the northern estates of Jämlitz and Tschernitz by the owners of Muskau in the 13th century . The family is first documented in 1392 through a mention of Hans von dem Berge ; the village itself was first mentioned in documents in 1452, when Wenzel von Bieberstein confirmed various privileges to the city of Muskau and to the “ lehnman [...] zu dem Berge”. At that time, the village was undoubtedly part of the Muskau rule. The city was sacked by the Hussites in 1432 and the rulership was burdened with debt. In order to suppress this, Wenzel sold, among other things, the annual interest income of the Muskau goods on the mountain in 1456.
The Bergsche Vorwerk is mentioned for the first time together with the Braunsdorfer Vorwerk in the Urbarium on June 8, 1552. In addition to sheep breeding, forestry was practiced. In the land register of the year 1593, a brickworks was also mentioned, which processed the nearby clay deposits. In the deed of sale of the Muskau rule in 1597, the vineyard was also explicitly mentioned, which should bring in up to 50 quarters of wine in good years . Mulberry trees indicate that silkworms were also raised in later years . From the time of Wenzel von Bieberstein until the expropriation in 1945, the manorial farmland of the Vorwerk was leased to the townspeople.
A school for Berg and the neighboring village of Neustadt was established in 1769 under the registrar Johann Alexander Reichsgraf von Callenberg . From 1887, lessons took place in the former forester's house in Berg. A new school building was built in 1926, but the children from Berg attended the Muskau city school from the school year 1939/1940.
Despite an ordinance issued at the outbreak of World War II to postpone all applications for incorporation, the Mayor of Muskau was able to bring about the incorporation of Berg and Lugknitz on April 1, 1940. With over 1000 inhabitants each, the two communities were among the larger in the district , making the city larger than Niesky again.
A kindergarten for Muskau and the surrounding villages has now been set up in the former school building.
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1782 | 216 |
| 1825 | 354 |
| 1871 | 677 |
| 1885 | 661 |
| 1905 | 1009 |
| 1925 | 1136 |
| 1939 | 1169 |
| 1999 | 594 |
| 2002 | 588 |
| 2008 | 574 |
| year | Feudal farmers, one - and -a-half and two-hoopers |
Einhüfner |
farmers total |
gardener | Cottager | Owners overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1552 | 6th | 9 | 15th | 3 | 5 | 23 |
| 1630 | 6th | 7th | 13 | 5 | 12 | 30th |
| 1647 | 5 | 7th | 12 | 5 | 11 | 28 |
| 1708 | 1 | 12 | 13 | 8th | 12 | 33 |
| 1777 | 14th | 9 | 13 | 36 | ||
| 1782 | 2 | 12 | 14th | 9 | 12 | 35 |
| 1810 | 12 | 9 | 18th | 39 |
In the land register of the rulership of June 8, 1552, 23 farms are recorded for Berg, 15 of which are farms alone. In the next 100 years or so, despite the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), growth to 30 economies was recorded. The war seems to have affected Berg less than other villages of the Muskau rule, in 1647 just 2 out of 30 farms were desolate, while in the neighboring villages of Gablenz 8 out of 25, in Keula 15 out of 21 and in Krauschwitz 5 out of 16 were.
Up until the Saxon state recession in 1777, 14 years after the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the number of farms rose slightly to 36, which was partly achieved by reducing the size of the larger farms. Further population growth only started again at the turn of the 19th century. In the almost 90 years between 1782 and 1871, the population tripled.
In the early 1880s, the majority of the population was Sorbs . Among the 698 inhabitants that Arnošt Muka counted for his Sorbian statistics in Upper Lusatia, 523 were Sorbs and 175 Germans, which corresponds to a Sorbian population of 75%. By the time it was incorporated, the population grew to almost 1200 inhabitants, with the greatest growth occurring before the First World War.
Today almost 600 residents still have their main residence in Berg.
Place name
The place name refers to the location of the settlement on or on the mountain. Documented forms of name include Hans von dem Berge (1392), zu dem Berge (1452), vor Muskau auf dem Berge (1456), Bergk (1552) and Dorff Bergk (1597). The form that is valid today can be proven in 1845.
The Sorbian place name corresponds to the German, whereby in the Muskau dialect the Lower Sorbian form Gora or Góra was also used, in contrast to the Upper Sorbian form Hora . Older documents are Hohra (1800) and Hora (Góra) (1843).
Mountain church
Today located on the eastern edge of settlement ruins of the built of boulders Mountain church is the oldest church building Muskau and is the oldest church building of the control of the Standesherrschaft lying places. Little is known about its origins, but the Meißner diocese register, which was created in 1346 and closed in 1495, mentions the Muskau parish, which was subordinate to the archpriesthood of Reichenbach / OL . A pastor and a chaplain are also listed, suggesting that the church must have existed for some time. Of the three bells that were later placed in the new town church, the little one bore the year 1408.
In 1540 the Catholic priest Georg Richter converted to the Protestant faith. The then chaplain Michael Lutwitz endeavored to maintain Catholicism in Muskau until his death and looked after the Catholic population in the mountain church.
Even in the pre-Reformation period, the capacity of the mountain church was no longer sufficient, so that a town church, the St. Andrew's Church, was built. From then on, the Sorbian service for the rural population took place in the mountain church and the German service for the citizens in the city church. After the construction of a new city church, which began in 1605, was completed in 1622, the St. Andrew's Church served the Sorbian rural population, and the mountain church was only used as a burial church for the villages of Berg, Krauschwitz and Weißwasser. The St. Andrew's Church was completely destroyed in the town fire in 1766, known as Zornfeuer . While the burnt-out German city church was soon renovated by the landlord Alexander Graf von Callenberg except for the tower, the necessary money was missing for the new construction of the Andreaskirche. In addition, there was the poor economic situation after the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) and the poor harvests of the famine years (1770–1772). The new construction of the St. Andrew's Church could only be started in 1781 and inaugurated in 1788, so that the mountain church was used again for Sorbian services for around 20 years. After that, it was left to gradually decay.
The ruin was placed under monument protection in 1935 and has since been renovated.
literature
- Hermann Graf von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke : Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse . Ullstein publishing house, Frankfurt / Main, Berlin, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-550-07377-1 .
- Robert Pohl : Heimatbuch des Kreis Rothenburg O.-L. for school and home . Buchdruckerei Emil Hampel, Weißwasser O.-L. 1924.
- From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein. Home book of the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District . Lusatia Verlag, Bautzen 2006, ISBN 978-3-929091-96-0 , p. 217 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau. P. 26.
- ↑ von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau. P. 29 f.
- ↑ a b c von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau. P. 599 ff.
- ↑ a b Berg in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- ↑ From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein. P. 217.
- ^ Ernst Tschernik: The development of the Sorbian rural population (= German Academy of Sciences in Berlin - publications of the Institute for Slavic Studies . Volume 4 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954, p. 116 .
- ↑ Ernst Eichler , Hans Walther : Oberlausitz toponymy - studies on the toponymy of the districts of Bautzen, Bischofswerda, Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Kamenz, Löbau, Niesky, Senftenberg, Weißwasser and Zittau. I name book (= German-Slavic research on naming and settlement history . Volume 28 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 23 .