Lignite underground mining pit, Dölitz shaft
The brown coal underground mine shaft Dölitz was a brown coal - mine in Leipzig district Dölitz and is the last open to the public testimony of lignite civil engineering in Central Germany. Popularly known as the “Schacht Dölitz”, the facility was operated almost continuously from 1895 until 1959. The last coal was officially mined on June 13, 1959. The daytime facilities with headframe , shaft house , hoisting machine room and steam boilers as well as the new sorting system have been preserved . These buildings stand as "Technical monument bay Dölitz" under monument protection and are part of the Central German road of the brown coal .
location
The pit field of the mine, located in the south of Leipzig, extends over an area of around 3.8 km² (380 hectares) and is today for days and days. a. used as the "Landscape Protection Area Lößnig-Dölitz". Accessibility: with the tram line 11 of the Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe , stop Friederikenstraße.
history
Planning and construction phase 1894 to 1902
The first test drilling by the Leipzig company Gustav Klause in 1894 in the area of the Dölitz manor, which was then owned by Major Georg Ernst von Winckler , resulted in a 12-meter-thick lignite seam . The first sod by the company Wilhelm Schurath, Leipzig and Brandis took place a year later, in 1895. After initial problems with water inflows were still in Senkschachtverfahren two wells drilled are: a 73 meter deep production well and a 68 meter deep ventilation shaft .
After the upper coal seam was reached at a depth of 65 meters on December 7, 1902, the first Dölitz raw lignite was mined and taken to the Reiter inn in a float . In the remainder of 1902, 2,138 tons of coal were mined. First, the when was drifting recovered coal mainly for their own use of the steam engine to drive the conveyor system and the drainage required.
Until 1902, the operational facilities presumably consisted of a wooden devil frame with a bucket conveyor, a boiler house with a chimney, a machine house and a few sheds. The office was still south of the air shaft at this time. On December 29, 1902, the lignite company was converted into the " Leipzig-Dölitzer Coal Works Union ".
Preparation of industrial lignite mining from 1903 to 1905
Shafts continued to be sunk until December 1903, while the daytime facilities were rebuilt and rebuilt in preparation for the scheduled lignite mining. The company's log book No. 1, for example, records orders to be paid for the daytime systems for October 5, 1903 in Mark (M):
- Chimney (5,000.00)
- Iron construction conveyor tower (20,000.00)
- Machine parts conveyor system (10,000.00)
- two steam boilers (14,000.00)
After the threat of punishment by the mining authority , it was also decided at the meeting on October 5, 1903 to hire a graduate engineer to manage the not entirely harmless sinking and later drifting work. The annual cost of 2.400, - M stated.
The implementation of the new buildings decided on began. The shaft house surrounding the winding tower was built as a 12.50 meter high brick structure. On the domed roof of the steel truss existing upper floor the headframe sticking with the pulleys, the shaft height was 21.50 meters. A crusher and sorting plant was connected to the north. Four pairs of supports carried the coal bunkers and enabled the passage and the filling of the horse-drawn vehicles for coal removal. The steel structure was clad with corrugated iron. The machine house complex received a new boiler house with a second chimney. In addition, another engine room and a bucket were built on the west side of the shaft house.
Located north-west of the shaft on Friederikenstrasse, a new office and the officials' house with adjoining horse stables were built. The raw lignite, crushed in the coal crusher and separated using vibrating sieves, was offered in four types: clear coal, nut charcoal, nut charcoal and large nut charcoal.
At the end of 1905, the preparations for the scheduled coal mining, which took place in the piers, were completed.
Industrial coal mining 1906 to 1940
Industrial coal mining could begin. In 1907 a second steam engine was installed to drive the preparation and the dynamo, and in 1908 underground cable car conveyance was set up. It was driven by a friction winch with a steam engine, which was also installed underground. The wet press plant bought in 1908 went into operation. In open drying sheds, erected in 1909 in the east and in 1921 in the south, the wet-pressed bricks, a pre-form of briquette suitable for the heating quality of lignite, were air-dried.
In 1910 Dölitz was incorporated into Leipzig. This also brought some changes to the coal production at the Dölitz shaft: in 1917 the city of Leipzig took over the majority of the Kuxe of the Leipzig- Dölitz coal works union . The mine secured the fuel supply for municipal facilities and institutions and became the own operation of the Leipziger Stadtwerke. The annual production increased continuously up to the year 1913 up to 107,627 tons. This output could not be maintained during the First World War and fell to 67,554 tons by 1918.
Expansion of the mine
Between 1920 and 1930 the entire complex was modernized and expanded. In order to be able to continue using the existing facilities, the brick building of the shaft house was raised by approx. 4 meters. A new hanging bench (3rd floor) with a southern cantilever and a northern cantilever standing on three supports was put on as a steel framework with brick infill . The headframe was extended for the new shaft height of the rope sheaves of 27.20 meters, received a new strut and its final height of 30.35 meters.
The hanging bank with the mechanical extraction system for the coal hunte was connected to the newly built dry sorting and bunker system ("new sorting") above the existing old sorting system by a conveyor bridge. With the raised headframe, the so-called "new sorting", the suspended bank level and the conveyor bridge connecting both parts of the building, the shaft system received its features that still exist today.
Mechanization of the mine
Working above ground became increasingly mechanized. There were also changes underground: First of all, the 150 miners had to cope with the 70 meters difference in height between the hanging lawn bench and the filling point using ladders attached to the shaft. On August 22nd, 1927, the regular cableway ride approved by the mining authorities (transport of people in a cage) was introduced as a major advance in the main shaft , which made everyday life easier for the miners. Another weather and escape shaft was sunk in Leipzig-Probstheida in 1932/1933 for the eastern coal fields . After a structural expansion, the office also took on the porter in addition to the management. The writing "Glück auf 1925", which can still be seen today, was plastered over the porter's window. The drive of the hoisting machines was switched from steam to electricity, but the machine house complex received additional attachments for the necessary electrical systems. The boiler systems remained in operation for heating and emergency purposes until at least 1971. From 1927 to 1928 the world-famous company Adolf Bleichert & Co. in Leipzig-Gohlis built a cable car as a connection to the South Electricity Plant in Lößnig . The cable car transported lignite from the shaft to the power station and took ash with it on the way back, which was used to backfill the routes to the charred fracture fields. A steel truss bridge with a fork track (Bleichert monorail suspension) led from the shaft house to the southern work bunker, which served as an intermediate storage facility for sorting the lignite. After a short time, massive complaints from residents about dust and noise pollution caused the cable car to stop operating.
Second World War 1941 to 1945
Between 1941 and 1945 prisoners of war were used as labor to secure the fuel supply for the city of Leipzig. In 1943 the Leipzig-Dölitzer coal works union was dissolved; the city of Leipzig received the remaining assets. With the invasion of the Soviet Army in 1945, the mine fell into the possession of the Soviet military administration.
Use in the GDR from 1948 to 1958
In mid-1947, despite protests from Stadtwerke Leipzig, the mine became public property . The hygienic conditions were improved by new buildings and renovations. A HO company sales point and a new laundry room (changing room and washroom) were built, which adjoined the shaft building to the east. In addition, the shaft area received a larger medical center and the workforce set up a bowling alley in an annex to the southern bunker, which is still in use today. In 1952 a new building was built east of the "Neue Sortierung" building for the main office of the mine rescue and gas protection system and west of the shaft in 1954 a boarding school and a school building for the training of miners, who were mainly required to excavate the drainage routes in open-cast lignite mining. From 1953 to 1957 the Dölitz mine served as a training pit for 350 apprentices in the lignite mining industry.
Cessation of production and conversion from 1959 to 1993
Although the annual production of the 300 miners belonging to the workforce had risen to around 150,000 tons of raw lignite, the last official production shift was run on June 13, 1959, but coal was mined until the end of 1961 for the necessary backfilling work and our own boiler house requirements . The previously planned number of miners for work underground was no longer necessary because of the development of new methods of open pit drainage (filter wells). After the lignite mining stopped, the daytime facilities were used as offices and research facilities for the Supreme Mining Authority with the associated Institute for Mining Safety. The technical systems were largely scrapped for the conversion. In 1964 the weather shaft and in 1973 the escape and weather shaft in Leipzig-Probstheida were filled with boiler ash and further backfilling and safety measures were carried out in the mine building from above ground. In 1974 the Dölitz mine was included in the list of monuments of the city of Leipzig, and in 1979 it was deleted again after an objection by the Institute for Mining Safety. Due to a lack of maintenance work, the mine increasingly fell into disrepair. Presumably in 1981 the fork-lift to the southern work bunker was scrapped and the brick compartments of the conveyor bridge and the southern cantilever of the hanging bank level were broken out for safety reasons. A lack of funds prevented the entire demolition of the mine. In 1984 the conveyor shaft was filled with 1,200 tons of brown coal filter ash and sealed with a concrete slab. After the fall of the Wall in 1990, both the Supreme Mining Authority and the Institute for Mining Safety were dissolved. Various administrative and mining research institutions have settled on the mine site, for example the land registry and the Leipzig mining security . The newly founded Institute for Mountain Mechanics GmbH continued to work successfully in the salt mechanics research facilities. The Mining Employer's Liability Insurance Association continued the work for the safety of employees in special hazardous areas with the main office for mine rescue in Leipzig . The German Montan Technologie (DMT) led here before the change of location to Miltitz, to 2001, the research departments of Rock Mechanics and Seilfahrt essence of the former Institute of Mining safety. In the meantime, other companies have settled here and are using the converted office buildings and halls. a. since 1992 the technology and vocational training center Leipzig gGmbH (tbz).
Monument protection since 1993
On August 27, 1993 the Dölitz shaft was again included in the list of cultural monuments of the city of Leipzig . Today he is the only listed material witness of civil engineering in the southern area of Leipzig and part of the Mitteldeutsche Strasse der Braunohle. The monument inventory includes:
- Shaft house with winding tower / elevator system
- Suspended bank level
- Coal sorting or new sorting
- Conveyor bridge
- Machine and boiler house
- Chews and New Chews
- Office
- Südwerkbunker
The road paving, which is also listed as a monument, could unfortunately not be preserved. In cooperation with the LMBV , the Saxon Real Estate and Construction Management (SIB) and the tbz , extensive repair and securing work has been carried out on the monument parts of the Dölitz shaft since 2000. The interest group “Schacht Dölitz” developed from November / December 2000 under the control of the technology and vocational training center, architect H. Kauschke and the association for technical safety and environmental protection eV parallel to the security work from the connections and a. between RP Leipzig - monument protection; LMBV; SIB; former Dölitz miners and other interested parties. In conjunction with the SIB and the tbz, you are committed to the preservation of the technical monument.
State today
The mines, routes and associated shafts have been moved (filled) and are no longer accessible. The shaft site was managed by the state company Sächsische Immobilien- und Baumanagement (SIB) and secured by structural measures. The Free State of Saxony was the owner until 2013 . A large part of the site is used by the sbh as a training center.
Since March 2014, the core of the system, consisting of the shaft house, headframe, old bucket, sorting, machine and boiler house, has been owned by a private community of owners. Despite fundamental maintenance and security work, there is still a need for extensive renovation, which for safety reasons currently does not allow unrestricted public inspection in this area. The owners have made it their business to get involved in the preservation and are planning to use the accessible parts of the complex temporarily for art projects and for the historical documentation of this fascinating place.
literature
- Hartmut Kauschke: Dölitz shaft . Diploma thesis, Bauhaus University Weimar, Faculty of Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Chair for Building Survey and Monument Preservation. Weimar 1999.
- Lignite mining in the south of Leipzig . In: Saxon State Office for Environment and Geology [LfuG] (Hrsg.): Mining in Saxony . tape June 11 , 2004.
- Horst Immisch, Markus Wellner, Helga Jentzsch: Dölitz. A historical and urban study . Ed .: Pro Leipzig eV Eigenverlag, Leipzig 2008, OCLC 426151579 .
- Hartmut Kauschke, Angela Holz, Gerhard Steinbach: Dölitz shaft . In: Förderverein Chemnitzer Industriemuseum (Hrsg.): Museum courier of the Chemnitzer Industriemuseum and its Förderverein . 21st edition, 2008.
- Otfried Wagenbreth: Report of October 21, 1991 for the City of Leipzig, Department for Monument Protection . Leipzig 1991.
- Protocol Book No. 1 of the Leipzig-Dölitz Coal Works Union of December 29, 1902 . Saxon State Archives. Leipzig 1902.
- List of cultural monuments in the city of Leipzig . District South. No. 21 . Leipzig 1993.
Web links
- Article from the year 2008 about the monument Schacht Dölitz ( Memento from May 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- Interest group Schacht Dölitz
Individual evidence
- ↑ Yearbook for mining and metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony to the year 1903. ( tu-freiberg.de ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original - and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 32.6 MB), p. B 19.
- ↑ Yearbook for mining and metallurgy for the year 1914. ( tu-freiberg.de ( Memento of the original dated November 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 32.8 MB, p. 109), p. B 17.
- ↑ Yearbook for mining and metallurgy for the year 1919. ( tu-freiberg.de ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 32.1 MB, p. 273), p. B 30.
- ^ Andreas Berkner: Lignite mining in the southern area of Leipzig (= mining in Saxony. Volume 11). Dresden 2004, p. 237.
- ^ Ottfried Wagenbreth: Expert opinion from October 21, 1991. for the city of Leipzig, Department for Monument Protection.
Coordinates: 51 ° 17 ′ 33.6 ″ N , 12 ° 24 ′ 0.3 ″ E