Carvo

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Carvo
Alternative name Carvone
limes Lower Germanic Limes
Dating (occupancy) by 70 to max. 225/230
Type Auxiliary fort
unit possibly rider
State of preservation destroyed by the Rhine
place Kesteren
Geographical location 51 ° 55 '47 "  N , 5 ° 33' 45"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 55 '47 "  N , 5 ° 33' 45"  E hf
Previous Overbetuwe-Randwijk Castle (east)
Subsequently Mannaricium (east)

Carvo (also: Carvone ), the Kesteren fort , was a Roman auxiliary fort in the Lower Germanic Limes . The former military camp was in the area of Kesteren , a village in the municipality of Neder-Betuwe in the Dutch province of Gelderland .

location

Carvo in the course of the Lower Germanic Limes

The existence of Carvo is attested both by the Tabula Peutingeriana (which shows the place between Castra Herculis and Levefanum ) and by the Itinerarium Antonini (after which the place was between Harenatium and Mannaricium ). Its exact location can no longer be determined, however, as the area in which the fort was presumably located was destroyed by the meandering Rhine during the Carolingian period or soon afterwards and was then built over. Carvo's original location is assumed not far west of the village, immediately south of a silted up arm of the Rhine and the Bandijk . There it was in a strategically favorable position in Roman times: this is where the Utrechtse Heuvelrug , a glacial ridge from the penultimate Ice Age, met the Rhine, which formed the border of the empire.

Findings

No traces of the fort itself have been preserved. The presence of the military, however, is implied by the findings and finds (including arrow and lance heads and hand sling stones) from the De Prinsenhof cemetery , excavated in 1974 , which contained more men than women graves. A number of horse graves suggests that the troops stationed in Carvo could have been a cavalry unit, an ala or a cohors equitata . An approximately 35 × 100 m strip of this burial ground was spared from the floods of the Rhine, as was the part of a civilian settlement (possibly the fort vicus ) that stretched along today's Nedereindsestraat , as well as two other burial grounds east of the settlement. The alleged camp village emerged from a Batavian settlement of the first century, which - after the Four Emperor's Year and the Batavian Uprising - expanded from the year 70. In the middle of the second century, the structure of the vicus changed, which at that time covered an area of ​​around 120 × 500 m and was surrounded by a ditch. The settlement was abandoned around 225/230.

The troop (s) stationed in Carvo is / are unknown. The brick stamps “legio I Minervia Antoniniana” , “exercitus Germanicus inferior” and “vexillarii exercitus Germanici inferioris” as well as the graffito “beneficiariorum” are inscribed . Presumably, Carvo was the camp of a (possibly mounted) auxiliary unit or legion vexillation and / or a beneficiary station .

Limes traces between Carvo and Mannaricium

Rhenes

To the north of the current course of the Rhine in the area of ​​the municipality of Rhenen , province of Utrecht , a late Roman military station was suspected.

Amerongen

Also north of today's Rhine, in the 't Spijk floodplain near the village of Amerongen in the municipality of Utrechtse Heuvelrug , province of Utrecht, excavation work between 1972 and 1975 and 1977 revealed Roman finds that apparently belonged to a military context. In addition to ceramics and rubble, fragments of helmets should be mentioned here, including the fragment of a face helmet.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Saskia G. van Dockum : The Dutch river basin . In: Tilmann Bechert , Willem J. H. Willems (Hrsg.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , p. 79.
  2. ^ A b c Saskia G. van Dockum: The Dutch river basin . In: Tilmann Bechert , Willem J. H. Willems (Hrsg.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , p. 79 f.
  3. ^ Roel CGM Lauwerier, Wilfried AM Hessing: Men, horses and the Miss Blanche effect. Roman horse burials in a cemetery at Kesteren, the Netherlands . In: Helinium 32 (1992), pp. 78-109.
  4. ^ A b Julianus Egidius Bogaers : Kesteren - Carvo . In: Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Christoph B. Rüger : The Lower Germanic Limes. Materials on its story . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1974, ISBN 3-7927-0194-4 , p. 70.
  5. ^ Willem JH Willems : Romans and Batavians. A Regional Study in the Dutch Eastern River Area . Dissertation University of Amsterdam 1986, p. 317 f. ( Full text )
  6. ↑ Wouter C. Braat : The headband of a Roman parade helmet . In: Outheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 42, 1961, pp. 60-62.